Arc-en-Ciel, Hungarian puppet theatre in Paris from 1929 until 1940 under the leadership of the painter and puppeteer Géza Blattner (1893–1967). In 1919 Blattner, together with photographer Rónai Dénes, founded a wayang (“shadow”) puppet theatre in Budapest. Blattner then went to Paris in 1925 and

plate tectonics: Island arcs: …the arc, known as the arc-trench gap, depends on the angle of subduction. Steeper subduction zones have relatively narrow arc-trench gaps. A basin may form within this region, known as a fore-arc basin, and may be filled with sediments derived from the volcanic arc or with remains of oceanic crust.

ark shell: …especially those of the genera Arca and Barbatia, live attached by a byssus (a tuft of horny threads secreted by a gland on the foot) in rock and coral crevices. Other species, particularly of the genus Anadara, live shallowly buried in sands and silts. Some species, such as the western…

arcade, in architecture, a series of arches carried by columns or piers, a passageway between arches and a solid wall, or a covered walkway that provides access to adjacent shops. An arcade that supports a wall, a roof, or an entablature gains enough strength from lateral thrusts that each

Arcade Fire, Canadian alternative rock group that surged to international popularity in the early 21st century. Arcade Fire was founded in 2003 in Montreal when transplanted Texan singer and guitarist Win Butler (b. April 14, 1980) met multi-instrumentalist Régine Chassagne (b. August 18, 1977) at

electronic fighting game: …genre originated in Japanese video arcades and continues primarily on home video consoles, especially in online matches.

Jacques Arcadelt was a composer of madrigals whose early style—characterized by sonorous homophony and combined with the texts of such poets as Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Jacopo Sannazzaro, Pietro Bembo, and Michelangelo—helped establish that musical form as a serious art form. Arcadelt produced

Jacques Arcadelt was a composer of madrigals whose early style—characterized by sonorous homophony and combined with the texts of such poets as Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Jacopo Sannazzaro, Pietro Bembo, and Michelangelo—helped establish that musical form as a serious art form. Arcadelt produced

Jacques Arcadelt was a composer of madrigals whose early style—characterized by sonorous homophony and combined with the texts of such poets as Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Jacopo Sannazzaro, Pietro Bembo, and Michelangelo—helped establish that musical form as a serious art form. Arcadelt produced

Arcadia, city, Los Angeles county, California, U.S. It lies at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains. The region had been inhabited by Tongva (or Gabrielino) Indians before it became part of the original Mission San Gabriel Arcángel holding. The city was laid out in 1888 on lands of what by then

Tom Stoppard: Arcadia, which juxtaposes 19th-century Romanticism and 20th-century chaos theory and is set in a Derbyshire country house, premiered in 1993, and The Invention of Love, about A.E. Housman, was first staged in 1997.

Sir Philip Sidney: …his heroic prose romance, the Arcadia. It is typical of his gentlemanly air of assumed nonchalance that he should call it “a trifle, and that triflingly handled,” whereas it is in fact an intricately plotted narrative of 180,000 words.

romance: The spread and popularity of romance literature: …appearance, in 1504, of the Arcadia by the Italian poet Jacopo Sannazzaro and, in about 1559, of the Diana by the Spanish poet and novelist Jorge de Montemayor. Both works were widely influential in translation, and each has claims to be regarded as the first pastoral romance, but in spirit…

arcádia, any of the 18th-century Portuguese literary societies that attempted to revive poetry in that country by urging a return to classicism. They were modeled after the Academy of Arcadia, which had been established in Rome in 1690 as an arbiter of Italian literary taste. In 1756 António Dinis

Arcadia, mountainous region of the central Peloponnese (Modern Greek: Pelopónnisos) of ancient Greece. The pastoral character of Arcadian life together with its isolation are reflected in the fact that it is represented as a paradise in Greek and Roman bucolic poetry and in the literature of the

20th-century international relations: The turning point, 1942: …for three weeks at the Arcadia Conference in Washington after December 22, 1941. They reaffirmed the “Europe first” strategy and conceived “Gymnast,” a plan for Anglo-American landings in North Africa. They also created a Combined Chiefs of Staff Committee and issued, on January 1, 1942, the United Nations Declaration in…

arcádia: …Silva and others established the Arcádia Lusitana, its first aim being the uprooting of Gongorism, a style studded with Baroque conceits and Spanish influence in general. Cruz e Silva’s mock-heroic poem O Hissope (1768), inspired by the French poet Nicolas Boileau’s mock epic Le Lutrin (1674), was a telling satirical…

Academy of Arcadia, Italian literary academy founded in Rome in 1690 to combat Marinism, the dominant Italian poetic style of the 17th century. The Arcadians sought a more natural, simple poetic style based on the classics and particularly on Greek and Roman pastoral poetry. The Academy of Arcadia

Academy of Arcadia, Italian literary academy founded in Rome in 1690 to combat Marinism, the dominant Italian poetic style of the 17th century. The Arcadians sought a more natural, simple poetic style based on the classics and particularly on Greek and Roman pastoral poetry. The Academy of Arcadia

Arcadian League, confederation of ancient Greek city-states of Arcadia. Arcadian towns had been forced to ally with Sparta by 550 bc, and most Arcadians remained faithful to Sparta during the Peloponnesian War (431–404 bc). In an effort to contain Sparta, Epaminondas of Thebes founded the

Arcadius was the Eastern Roman emperor conjointly with his father, Theodosius I, from 383 to 395, then solely until 402, when he associated his son Theodosius II with his own rule. Frail and ineffectual, he was dominated by his ministers, Rufinus, Eutropius, and Anthemius, and by his wife Eudoxia.

Greek language: History and development: This

Denys Arcand is a French Canadian filmmaker whose movies, most notably Les Invasions barbares (2003; The Barbarian Invasions), embody his intellectual curiosity and passion for politics, art, and life. Arcand was raised in a devout Roman Catholic home and educated by Jesuits before entering the

Thomas Middelhoff: …mail-order business KarstadtQuelle (later called Arcandor), and in 2005 he was made CEO. Middelhoff left Arcandor in 2009, just before the company went bankrupt. That same year he cofounded the investment company Berger Lahnstein Middelhoff & Partners.

arcanist, (from Latin arcanum, “secret”), in the 18th century, a European who knew or claimed to know the secret of making certain kinds of pottery (especially true porcelain), which until 1707 was known only by the Chinese. The secret was discovered in Saxony by Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus

Eddie Arcaro was an American jockey who was the first to ride five Kentucky Derby winners and two U.S. Triple Crown champions (winners of the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, and the Belmont Stakes). In 31 years of riding Thoroughbreds (1931–61), he won 549 stakes events, a total of 4,779

Eddie Arcaro was an American jockey who was the first to ride five Kentucky Derby winners and two U.S. Triple Crown champions (winners of the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, and the Belmont Stakes). In 31 years of riding Thoroughbreds (1931–61), he won 549 stakes events, a total of 4,779

Eddie Arcaro was an American jockey who was the first to ride five Kentucky Derby winners and two U.S. Triple Crown champions (winners of the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, and the Belmont Stakes). In 31 years of riding Thoroughbreds (1931–61), he won 549 stakes events, a total of 4,779

Luis Arce is a Bolivian politician, economist, banker, and academic who became president of Bolivia in November 2020, returning the country to socialist rule after an interregnum of acting right-wing government that had resulted from the 2019 presidential election in which the victory of nearly

Bolivia: Increase in tin mining: …magnates themselves (Gregorio Pacheco, 1884–88; Aniceto Arce, 1888–92) or closely associated with such magnates as partners or representatives (Mariano Baptista, 1892–96; Severo Fernández Alonso, 1896–99), the Liberals and subsequent 20th-century presidents were largely outside the mining elite. No tin magnate actively participated in leadership positions within the political system. Rather,…

Louis-Armand de Lom d’Arce, baron de Lahontan was a French soldier and writer who explored parts of what are now Canada and the United States and who prepared valuable accounts of his travels in the New World. Lahontan went to Canada in 1683 as a marine lieutenant. He participated in an

Luis Arce is a Bolivian politician, economist, banker, and academic who became president of Bolivia in November 2020, returning the country to socialist rule after an interregnum of acting right-wing government that had resulted from the 2019 presidential election in which the victory of nearly

United Provinces of Central America: Manuel José Arce was elected first president in 1825.

testacean: …the inner layer (as in Arcella), sand or solid particles glued together (as in Difflugia), or siliceous plates that are secreted by cytoplasm, pushed out, and cemented in place (as in Euglypha). The genus Nebela forms its pear-shaped shell from the plates of other testaceans ingested as food. Arcella, a…

testacean, any member of the protozoan order Arcellinida (formerly Testacida) of the class Rhizopodea. Testaceans are usually encased in one-chambered tests, or shells, and usually found in fresh water, although sometimes they occur in salt water and in mossy soil. The test has an underlying

ArcelorMittal, steelmaking company that, when formed from the merger of the Arcelor and Mittal steel companies in 2006, was the world’s largest. Its headquarters are in Luxembourg city. Arcelor’s roots were in the Luxembourgian company Aciéries Réunies de Burbach-Eich-Dudelange (ARBED SA), which

Anish Kapoor: Kapoor’s later works include ArcelorMittal Orbit (completed 2011), a 377-foot (115-metre) tower surrounded by a looping lattice of red tubular steel. The structure, commissioned by the city of London for the 2012 Olympic Games, stood in London’s Olympic Park, and an observation deck at the top of the tower…

Arcesilaus was a philosopher who succeeded Crates as head of the Greek Academy; he introduced a skepticism derived either from Socrates or from Pyrrhon and Timon. Refusing to accept or deny the possibility of certainty in knowing, Arcesilaus advocated a skeptical “suspension of judgment” (epochē).

dwarf mistletoe, any plant that is a member of the genus Arceuthobium (family Viscaceae), which contains about 8 to 15 species of small-flowered plants that are parasitic on coniferous trees. The species are distributed primarily throughout the Northern Hemisphere, though a few tropical species are

dwarf mistletoe: The common dwarf mistletoe, A. minutissimum, is one of the smallest plants having specialized water-conducting tissues. Its flowering stems extend less than 3 mm (about 18 inch) from its host plant. The fruits of most Arceuthobium species are about 4 mm long, and each contains a…

arch, in architecture and civil engineering, a curved member that is used to span an opening and to support loads from above. The arch formed the basis for the evolution of the vault. Arch construction depends essentially on the wedge. If a series of wedge-shaped blocks—i.e., ones in which the

Robert F. Engle: Inherent in Engle’s autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (known as ARCH) model was the concept that, while most volatility is embedded in random error, its variance depends on previously realized random errors, with large errors being followed by large errors and small by small. This contrasted with earlier models wherein…

arch bridge, bridge in which the main supporting elements are arches. Arch bridges can be made of stone, concrete, iron, or steel and typically require less material than a beam bridge of the same span. An arch bridge carries loads primarily by compression, which exerts on the foundation both

arch dam, a thick shell dam that derives considerable strength from its curved profile. Typically built in river gorges, arch dams have the form of a horizontal arch in which the convex side is upstream and abuts against the side walls of the gorge. The advantages of building a curved dam—thus

animal development: Circulatory organs: These are the aortic arches, which served originally to supply blood to the gills in aquatic vertebrates. The arches are laid down in all vertebrates, six or more being found in cyclostomes and fishes; six are present in the embryos of tetrapods, but the first two are degenerate.…

Arch of Titus, triumphal arch, located on the Via Sacra near the Roman Forum, in Rome, Italy. Designed to glorify the memory of individual emperors and their deeds, Rome’s monumental arches were also focal points for the magnificent triumphal processions that were staged in the city to welcome home

Lewis Milestone: War dramas: Arch of Triumph (1948), adapted from the Remarque novel and coscripted by Milestone, was a romance set in wartime France between a refugee (Charles Boyer) and a woman (Ingrid Bergman) he saves from a suicide attempt. The Red Pony (1949) was an adaptation by Steinbeck…

Louisa Lane Drew: …and it was reopened as Mrs. John Drew’s Arch Street Theatre. For 31 years she remained as manager. She quickly built up one of the most brilliant repertory companies in the history of the American stage. It lasted until 1878, when the company was disbanded and the theatre given over…

Joseph Arch was an organizer who became the leader of England’s agricultural labourers. The son and grandson of farm labourers, Arch used his training as a Primitive Methodist preacher to good effect in the early 1870s when farm labourers in the south and central areas of England began to protest

Hinduism: Vaishnavism: …within an iconic form (archa avatara) for worship. In many South Indian temples, the regional manifestations of Vishnu have distinct identities and are known by local names (e.g., as Venkateswara in Tirumala-Tirupati and in the Hindu diaspora). Each of these distinct forms has specific attributes and weapons, which are…

Jacques Arcadelt was a composer of madrigals whose early style—characterized by sonorous homophony and combined with the texts of such poets as Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Jacopo Sannazzaro, Pietro Bembo, and Michelangelo—helped establish that musical form as a serious art form. Arcadelt produced

archaea, (domain Archaea), any of a group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms (that is, organisms whose cells lack a defined nucleus) that have distinct molecular characteristics separating them from bacteria (the other, more prominent group of prokaryotes) as well as from eukaryotes (organisms,

archaea, (domain Archaea), any of a group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms (that is, organisms whose cells lack a defined nucleus) that have distinct molecular characteristics separating them from bacteria (the other, more prominent group of prokaryotes) as well as from eukaryotes (organisms,

archaea, (domain Archaea), any of a group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms (that is, organisms whose cells lack a defined nucleus) that have distinct molecular characteristics separating them from bacteria (the other, more prominent group of prokaryotes) as well as from eukaryotes (organisms,

Archean Eon, the earlier of the two formal divisions of Precambrian time (about 4.6 billion to 541 million years ago) and the period when life first formed on Earth. The Archean Eon began about 4 billion years ago with the formation of Earth’s crust and extended to the start of the Proterozoic Eon

archaea, (domain Archaea), any of a group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms (that is, organisms whose cells lack a defined nucleus) that have distinct molecular characteristics separating them from bacteria (the other, more prominent group of prokaryotes) as well as from eukaryotes (organisms,

archaea, (domain Archaea), any of a group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms (that is, organisms whose cells lack a defined nucleus) that have distinct molecular characteristics separating them from bacteria (the other, more prominent group of prokaryotes) as well as from eukaryotes (organisms,

Archaefructus, extinct genus of aquatic flowering plants (angiosperms) from northeastern China dated to the Early Cretaceous Epoch (145 million to 100 million years ago). The genus includes three described species: Archaefructus eoflora, A. liaoningensis, and A. sinensis. The fossils come from

Archaefructus: …genus includes three described species: Archaefructus eoflora, A. liaoningensis, and A. sinensis. The fossils come from lacustrine (lake and pond) deposits of the Yixian Formation, which also preserves some of China’s famous feathered dinosaurs, early birds, mammals, and a wide range of

Archaefructus: …three described species: Archaefructus eoflora, A. liaoningensis, and A. sinensis. The fossils come from lacustrine (lake and pond) deposits of the Yixian Formation, which also preserves some of China’s famous feathered dinosaurs, early birds, mammals, and a wide range of plants. The first report of Archaefructus suggested that it

Archaefructus: liaoningensis, and A. sinensis. The fossils come from lacustrine (lake and pond) deposits of the Yixian Formation, which also preserves some of China’s famous feathered dinosaurs, early birds, mammals, and a wide range of plants. The first report of Archaefructus suggested that it emerged during the Jurassic…

archaea, (domain Archaea), any of a group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms (that is, organisms whose cells lack a defined nucleus) that have distinct molecular characteristics separating them from bacteria (the other, more prominent group of prokaryotes) as well as from eukaryotes (organisms,

archaea, (domain Archaea), any of a group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms (that is, organisms whose cells lack a defined nucleus) that have distinct molecular characteristics separating them from bacteria (the other, more prominent group of prokaryotes) as well as from eukaryotes (organisms,

cetacean: Paleontology: …whether the first cetaceans (archaeocetes) descended from an extinct group of large carnivores called mesonychids or from a group of hoofed herbivores (artiodactyls). The earliest archaeocetes were huge dolphinlike creatures 6 to 10 metres long. Basilosaurus (Zeuglodon) was an unusual genus that was up to 34 metres long, but…

cetacean: Paleontology: …whether the first cetaceans (archaeocetes) descended from an extinct group of large carnivores called mesonychids or from a group of hoofed herbivores (artiodactyls). The earliest archaeocetes were huge dolphinlike creatures 6 to 10 metres long. Basilosaurus (Zeuglodon) was an unusual genus that was up to 34 metres long, but…

archaeocyathid, any member of an extinct group of marine organisms of uncertain relationships found as fossils in marine limestones of Late Precambrian and Early Cambrian age (Precambrian time ended about 542 million years ago and was followed by the Cambrian). The archaeocyathid fossils represent

archaeocyathid, any member of an extinct group of marine organisms of uncertain relationships found as fossils in marine limestones of Late Precambrian and Early Cambrian age (Precambrian time ended about 542 million years ago and was followed by the Cambrian). The archaeocyathid fossils represent

annelid: Tissues and fluids: …granules are taken up by amoebocytes, which increase in size, becoming large brown bodies that are never eliminated from the body.

mollusk: Annotated classification: …at visceral loop; orders include Archaeogastropoda (long cerebropleural connectives) and Apogastropoda (bifurcate tentacle nerves, 2 pedal commissures); at least 20,000 species. Subclass Opisthobranchia (Euthyneura) (bubble shells, sea hares, nudibranchs, and snails) Marine, limnic, or terrestrial snails and slugs without operculum; visceral loop with

bristletail, (order Archaeognatha), any of approximately 350 species of primitive wingless insects that measure from 5 to 20 mm (0.2 to 0.8 inch) in length when they are fully grown and have three slender bristlelike appendages at the tip of the abdomen. Bristletails have small compound eyes and

primate: Classification: Family Archaeolemuridae (baboon lemurs) 2 recently extinct genera and 3 species from Madagascar, all extinct within the past 2,000 years. Holocene. Infraorder Lorisiformes 2 families. Family Lorisidae 4 or more genera, 11 or more

archaeological timescale, chronology that describes a period of human or protohuman prehistory. Some archaeological timescales are based on relative dating techniques, such as stratigraphy, which illuminate a sequence of change. Others are based on chronometric (absolute) methods such as carbon-14

museum: Museums of antiquities: …of the Black Sea, four archaeological museums were opened, at Feodosiya, Kerch, Nikolayev, and Odessa (all now located in Ukraine). The Museum of Northern Antiquities was opened in Copenhagen in 1819 (it was there that its first director, Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, developed the three-part system of classifying prehistory into the…

Olympia: History and excavations: The Archaeological Museum at Olympia opened in its present location in 1982.

Archaeological Museum of Barcelona, institution in Barcelona, Spain, notable for its collection of prehistoric objects and for its collection of ancient Greek and Roman art and examples illustrating Iberian archaeology. Exhibits include a scale model of a part of the excavation at Ampurias

Osman Hamdi Bey: Hamdi Bey founded the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul and became its director in 1881. His taste and energy did much to establish the reputation of the museum and its impressive collection of Greco-Roman antiquities. Included among the treasures that he secured for the museum are the famous Greek sarcophagi…

ancient Greek civilization: Social and commercial exchanges: Bilingual inscriptions in the Archaeological Museum of Piraeus, in Greek and Aramaic, testify to the presence of Phoenician traders, who also left more strictly epigraphic traces. (Conversely, Greco-Aramaic stelae in the Archaeological Museums in Istanbul may attest Greek or partially Greek settlements in the Persian empire.) An

anthropology: Archaeology: These include archaeological survey (reconnaissance), excavation, and detailed analysis of recovered artifacts. Survey, or the discovery and recording of archaeological sites or other human-created features, such as roads and irrigation systems, is usually the first phase of archaeological research. Archaeological survey often employs aerial photographs and satellite…

anthropology: Archaeology: These include archaeological survey (reconnaissance), excavation, and detailed analysis of recovered artifacts. Survey, or the discovery and recording of archaeological sites or other human-created features, such as roads and irrigation systems, is usually the first phase of archaeological research. Archaeological survey often employs aerial photographs and satellite…

archaeological timescale, chronology that describes a period of human or protohuman prehistory. Some archaeological timescales are based on relative dating techniques, such as stratigraphy, which illuminate a sequence of change. Others are based on chronometric (absolute) methods such as carbon-14

ProCon Debate: Is There Really a Santa Claus? ProCon Issue in the News: Archaeologists working at the Church of St. Nicholas in Demre, Turkey, have found a limestone sarcophagus that they believe to be the burial place of St. Nicholas, who is the real man on whom the legendary figure Santa Claus is

archaeology, the scientific study of the material remains of past human life and activities. These include human artifacts from the very earliest stone tools to the man-made objects that are buried or thrown away in the present day: everything made by human beings—from simple tools to complex

artiodactyl: Evolution and paleontology: A possible ruminant ancestor was Archaeomeryx from the upper Eocene of China, a small animal that already had a fused naviculo-cuboid bone in the ankle. Tragulids occurred in Africa and Eurasia back to the Miocene, and the more advanced gelocids are known from the upper Eocene and lower Oligocene. At…

archaea, (domain Archaea), any of a group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms (that is, organisms whose cells lack a defined nucleus) that have distinct molecular characteristics separating them from bacteria (the other, more prominent group of prokaryotes) as well as from eukaryotes (organisms,

Archaeopteris, genus of plants that was probably the first true tree to form forests during the Late Devonian Epoch (about 385 to 359 million years ago). Fossils of Archaeopteris confirm the presence of a woody trunk and branching patterns similar to those of modern conifers, but with fernlike

Archaeopteryx, genus of feathered dinosaur that was once thought to be the oldest known fossil bird. The specimens date to approximately 150 million years ago, during the Late Jurassic Epoch (163.5 million to 145 million years ago), and all were found in the Solnhofen Limestone Formation in

Archaeopteryx, genus of feathered dinosaur that was once thought to be the oldest known fossil bird. The specimens date to approximately 150 million years ago, during the Late Jurassic Epoch (163.5 million to 145 million years ago), and all were found in the Solnhofen Limestone Formation in

vertebrate: Annotated classification: Subclass Archaeornithes †Extinct; teeth in both jaws; long, feathered tail; less specialized for flight; body elongated and reptilelike; forelimb had 3 clawed digits; small brain and eyes; nonpneumatic bones. Subclass Neornithes (true birds) Well-developed sternum; tail is not long; no teeth; forelimbs modified to wings; teeth

bird: Fossil birds: …lineage of modern birds is Archaeornithura meemannae. The species was described in 2015 after having been found in rocks of the Huajiying Formation of northeastern China that date to 130.7 million years ago.

Africa: The Paleozoic Era: Fossilized plants that include Archaeosigillaria (ancient club mosses) may be traced in formations of the earlier Devonian Period in the Sahara and in South Africa (Witteberg Series).

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Archaeosporales Arbuscular mycorrhizal; example genera include Archaeospora and Geosiphon. Class Glomeromycetes Arbuscular mycorrhizal; single or clustered spores; contains 4 orders. Order Diversisporales Arbuscular mycorrhizal; forms complexes

fungus: Annotated classification: Class Archaeosporomycetes Arbuscular mycorrhizal; spores form singly or in loose clusters. Order Archaeosporales Arbuscular mycorrhizal; example genera include Archaeospora and Geosiphon. Class Glomeromycetes Arbuscular mycorrhizal; single or

crustacean: Annotated classification: †Order Archaeostraca Devonian to Triassic. †Order Hoplostraca Carboniferous. Order Leptostraca Permian to present; bivalved carapace encloses 8 pairs of leaflike limbs; movable rostrum; telson with caudal rami; marine; about 10 species.

protozoan: Annotated classification: Archaeplastida Consists mostly of photosynthetic algae; evolved from a heterotrophic ancestor that acquired a plastid via primary endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium; this ancestor may be common to all groups within Archaeplastida, or multiple endosymbiotic events may have occurred. Only known lineage with primary plastids until…

Chinese languages: …Proto-Sinitic (Proto-Chinese; until 500 bc), Archaic (Old) Chinese (8th to 3rd century bc), Ancient (Middle) Chinese (through ad 907), and Modern Chinese (from c. the 10th century to modern times). The Proto-Sinitic period is the period of the most ancient inscriptions and poetry; most loanwords in Chinese were borrowed after…

Archaic culture, any of the ancient cultures of North or South America that developed from Paleo-Indian traditions and led to the adoption of agriculture. Archaic cultures are defined by a group of common characteristics rather than a particular time period or location; in Mesoamerica, Archaic

Horace: Life: …to the ideals of the Archaic Greek lyric, in which the poet was also the bard of the community, and the poet’s verse could be expected to have a political effect. In his erotic Epodes, Horace began assimilating themes of the Archaic lyric into the Hellenistic atmosphere, a process that…

Archaic period, in history and archaeology, the earliest phases of a culture; the term is most frequently used by art historians to denote the period of artistic development in Greece from about 650 to 480 bc, the date of the Persian sack of Athens. During the Archaic period, Greek art became less

Archaic smile, the smile that characteristically appears on the faces of Greek statues of the Archaic period (c. 650–480 bc), especially those from the second quarter of the 6th century bc. The significance of the convention is not known, although it is often assumed that for the Greeks this kind

dialect: Dialectal change and diffusion: …with the unchanged usage (archaism) in dialect B. Sometimes a separate innovation occurs in each of the two dialects. Of course, different innovations will appear in different dialects, so, in comparison with its contemporaries, no one dialect as a whole can be considered archaic in any absolute sense. A…