Alexander II was the pope from 1061 to 1073. At Bec in Normandy he studied under the Benedictine scholar Lanfranc, who later became archbishop of Canterbury. As bishop of Lucca, Anselm worked for the abolition of simony and the enforcement of clerical celibacy. His election as Pope Alexander II was

Philip II: Early life and accession: …disintegrating while his elder brothers Alexander II and Perdiccas III, who each reigned for a few years, strove unsuccessfully against insubordination of their regional vassal princes, intervention of the strong Greek city Thebes, and invasion by the Illyrians of the northwest frontier.

Alexander II was the king of Scotland from 1214 to 1249; he maintained peace with England and greatly strengthened the Scottish monarchy. Alexander came to the throne on the death of his father, William I (the Lion; reigned 1165–1214). When the English barons rebelled against King John (reigned

Alexander II was the emperor of Russia (1855–81). His liberal education and distress at the outcome of the Crimean War, which had demonstrated Russia’s backwardness, inspired him toward a great program of domestic reforms, the most important being the emancipation (1861) of the serfs. A period of

Alexander III was the emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894, an opponent of representative government, and a supporter of Russian nationalism. He adopted programs, based on the concepts of Orthodoxy, autocracy, and narodnost (a belief in the Russian people), that included the Russification of

Alexander III was the king of Scotland from 1249 to 1286, the last major ruler of the dynasty of kings descended from Malcolm III Canmore (reigned 1058–93), who consolidated royal power in Scotland. Alexander left his kingdom independent, united, and prosperous, and his reign was viewed as a golden

Alexander III was the pope from 1159 to 1181, a vigorous exponent of papal authority, which he defended against challenges by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa and Henry II of England. After studies in theology and law, Bandinelli became professor of law at Bologna and emerged as an

Alexander the Great was the king of Macedonia (336–323 bce), who overthrew the Persian empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms. Already in his lifetime the subject of fabulous stories, he later became the hero of a

Alexander Island, large island in the Bellingshausen Sea, separated from the Antarctica mainland by the George VI Sound. An extremely rugged region with peaks up to 9,800 feet (2,987 m) above sea level, it is 270 miles (435 km) long and up to 125 miles (200 km) wide and has an area of about 16,700

Alexander IV was the pope from 1254 to 1261. Alexander was appointed cardinal deacon (1227) and cardinal bishop of Ostia (1231) by his uncle Pope Gregory IX. After becoming pope, Alexander followed the policies of his predecessor Innocent IV: he continued war on Manfred, Emperor Frederick II’s

Alexander the Great: Consolidation of the empire: …Alexander’s posthumous son by Roxana, Alexander IV, as kings, sharing out the satrapies among themselves, after much bargaining. The empire could hardly survive Alexander’s death as a unit. Both kings were murdered, Arrhidaeus in 317 and Alexander in 310/309. The provinces became independent kingdoms, and the generals, following Antigonus’s lead…

coin: Coinage in Judaea: Alexander Jannaeus (103–76 bc) was the first of the Maccabean priestly princes to style himself king on his coins, which bore his name and title in Greek as well as Hebrew, but Pompey’s withdrawal of the kingly title was reflected in the coins of John…

Alexander Island, large island in the Bellingshausen Sea, separated from the Antarctica mainland by the George VI Sound. An extremely rugged region with peaks up to 9,800 feet (2,987 m) above sea level, it is 270 miles (435 km) long and up to 125 miles (200 km) wide and has an area of about 16,700

Philo Judaeus: Life and background: Philo’s brother Alexander Lysimachus, who was a general tax administrator in charge of customs in Alexandria, was the richest man in the city and indeed must have been one of the richest men in the Hellenistic world, because Josephus says that he gave a huge loan to…

Sergei Eisenstein: …recounting the medieval epic of Alexander Nevsky, in accordance with Stalin’s policy of glorifying Russian heroes. Made in 1938, this film transfigured the actual historical events, majestically leading to a final resolution that represented the triumph of collectivism. As in medieval epics, the characters were the strongly stylized heroes or…

Alexander Nevsky, film score by Sergey Prokofiev for a patriotic epic of the same name directed by Sergey Eisenstein. The film opened in 1938 and won immediate acclaim. In 1939 Prokofiev reworked the music into a cantata for orchestra and chorus in seven movements. The film tells the story of

Saint Alexander Nevsky ; canonized in Russian Church 1547; feast days November 23, August 30) was a prince of Novgorod (1236–52) and of Kiev (1246–52) and grand prince of Vladimir (1252–63), who halted the eastward drive of the Germans and Swedes but collaborated with the Mongols in imposing their

Eusebius of Caesarea: …fully support either Arius or Alexander, bishop of Alexandria from 313 to 328, whose views appeared to tend toward Sabellianism (a heresy that taught that God was manifested in progressive modes). Eusebius wrote to Alexander, claiming that Arius had been misrepresented, and he also urged Arius to return to communion…

Alexander Of Aphrodisias was a philosopher who is remembered for his commentaries on Aristotle’s works and for his own studies on the soul and the mind. Toward the end of the 2nd century, Alexander became head of the Lyceum at Athens, an academy then dominated by the syncretistic philosophy of

Balkans: Forging the state: Likewise, Alexander of Battenberg, the first prince of Bulgaria, attempted to reconstruct Sofia’s municipal council in 1879 and was told that not even the Turks would have dared to do that.

Demetrius II: …boy by defeating and dethroning Alexander of Epirus, thus saving Macedonia (c. 263). On his accession he was faced by an Aetolian and Achaean coalition, later joined by an Epirote League. Thus threatened, he was drawn northward by a Dardanian invasion, and after a defeat there he died. His failure…

Alexander Of Hales was a theologian and philosopher whose doctrines influenced the teachings of such thinkers as St. Bonaventure and John of La Rochelle. The Summa theologica, for centuries ascribed to him, is largely the work of followers. Alexander studied and taught in Paris, receiving the

Alexander the Great was the king of Macedonia (336–323 bce), who overthrew the Persian empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms. Already in his lifetime the subject of fabulous stories, he later became the hero of a

Alexander Of Pherae was the despot of Pherae in Thessaly, Greece, from 369 to 358, whose tyranny caused the intervention of a number of city-states in Thessalian affairs. The other Thessalian cities, refusing to recognize Alexander as tagos, or head magistrate, appealed to the Thebans, who sent

Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander was a prominent British field marshal in World War II noted for his North African campaigns against Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and for his later commands in Italy and western Europe. The third son of the 4th Earl of Caledon, Alexander was educated at Harrow and

Alexander I was the 10th king of ancient Macedonia, who succeeded his father, Amyntas I, about 500 bc. More than a decade earlier, Macedonia had become a vassal state of Persia; and in 480 Alexander was obliged to accompany Xerxes I in a campaign through Greece, though he secretly aided the Greek

Alexander Polyhistor was a philosopher, geographer, and historian whose fragmentary writings provide valuable information on antiquarian and Jewish subjects. Imprisoned by the Romans in the war of the Roman general Sulla against King Mithradates VI of Pontus, Alexander was sold as a slave to a

James W. Alexander II: …polynomial, now known as the Alexander polynomial, for distinguishing various knots regardless of how they are stretched or twisted. This was an important first step in providing an algebraic way of distinguishing knots (and therefore three-dimensional manifolds).

Alexander romance, any of a body of legends about the career of Alexander the Great, told and retold with varying emphasis and purpose by succeeding ages and civilizations. The chief source of all Alexander romance literature was a folk epic written in Greek by a Hellenized Egyptian in Alexandria

Christopher McCandless was an American adventurer who died from starvation and possibly poisoning, at age 24, while camping alone on a remote trail in Alaska. His death made him a figure of controversy, admired by some as an idealist in the tradition of David Thoreau and Leo Tolstoy but disparaged

Molière: Harassment by the authorities: …Racine transferred his next play, Alexandre le Grand, to a longer-established theater while Molière’s actors were actually performing it, which turned the two men against each other. Molière was constantly harassed by the authorities, especially the ecclesiastical ones for the challenge to orthodoxy they saw in his plays. These setbacks…

Alexander the Great was the king of Macedonia (336–323 bce), who overthrew the Persian empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms. Already in his lifetime the subject of fabulous stories, he later became the hero of a

Robert Rossen: After the blacklist: Alexander the Great (1956), with a blond Richard Burton, was a handsomely mounted account of Alexander’s remarkable conquests, but Island in the Sun (1957) marked the first time in many years that Rossen neither produced nor scripted one of his own films, and it suffered…

Alexander The Paphlagonian was a celebrated impostor and worker of false oracles. The only account of his career occurs in an exposé by Lucian, whose investigations of Alexander’s frauds led to a serious attempt on the writer’s life. Alexander established an oracle of Asclepius (the Greek god of

Alexander I was the 10th king of ancient Macedonia, who succeeded his father, Amyntas I, about 500 bc. More than a decade earlier, Macedonia had become a vassal state of Persia; and in 480 Alexander was obliged to accompany Xerxes I in a campaign through Greece, though he secretly aided the Greek

Alexander v. Choate, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on January 9, 1985, ruled unanimously (9–0) that the state of Tennessee’s reduction in the number of annual inpatient hospital days covered by Medicaid (a health-insurance program for low-income persons run jointly by the federal

disparate impact: Application beyond Title VII: Yet in Alexander v. Sandoval (2001), the Supreme Court closed the door on disparate-impact suits brought by individuals under Title VI, ruling that although the agency’s regulations were valid, no private right of action existed for individuals to enforce them. Sandoval’s precedent also has been applied to…

Major Supreme Court Cases from the 2023–24 Term: Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP: ” Argued on October 11, 2023. In January 2023 a federal district court in South Carolina ruled that one of the electoral districts redrawn in legislation enacted in 2022 by the state’s Republican-controlled General Assembly following the…

Alexander VI was a corrupt, worldly, and ambitious pope (1492–1503), whose neglect of the spiritual inheritance of the church contributed to the development of the Protestant Reformation. Rodrigo was born into the Spanish branch of the prominent and powerful Borgia family. His uncle Alonso de

Alexander VII was the pope from 1655 to 1667. Grandnephew of Pope Paul V, Chigi served the church as vice legate at Ferrara and as nuncio at Cologne (1639–51). During the negotiations leading to the Peace of Westphalia (1648), he refused to deliberate with the Protestant heretics and urged the

Alexander VIII was the pope from 1689 to 1691, best known for his condemnation of Gallicanism, a French clerical and political movement that sought to limit papal authority. Ottoboni was born into a wealthy Venetian family. He was a distinguished student at the University of Padua and subsequently

Giovanni Paolo Pannini: His reception piece, “Alexander Visiting the Tomb of Achilles” (1719), is typical of his earlier easel paintings, having small figures dwarfed by an elaborate architectural construction derived from Bolognese theatrical scenography. Many of his canvases prior to 1730 feature explicit historical or religious subjects. His frescoes at the…

Willa Cather: Cather’s first novel, Alexander’s Bridge (1912), was a factitious story of cosmopolitan life. Under the influence of Sarah Orne Jewett’s regionalism, however, she turned to her familiar Nebraska material. With O Pioneers! (1913) and My Ántonia (1918), which has frequently been adjudged her finest achievement, she found her…

Thais: …the subject of John Dryden’s Alexander’s Feast (1697), is doubtful, since it is based upon the authority of Cleitarchus, one of the least trustworthy of the historians of Alexander. Persepolis was probably set afire for political reasons.

Gog and Magog: …and Magog was that of Alexander’s Gate, said to have been built by Alexander the Great to imprison these uncivilized and barbaric people until the end of time. In medieval legends of Antichrist and the Last Emperor, Gog and Magog were allied with the armies of Satan. And in various…

James W. Alexander II: His “horned sphere,” which is a remarkable deformation of the usual sphere, shows that the topology of three-dimensional space is very different from two-dimensional space. In 1928 Alexander discovered an invariant polynomial, now known as the Alexander polynomial, for distinguishing various knots regardless of how they…

Henry King: Films of the 1930s: King next directed the musical Alexander’s Ragtime Band (1938), featuring Power, Ameche, Faye, and Ethel Merman, with songs by Irving Berlin. It also received an Oscar nomination for best picture. Now hitting his stride, King made Jesse James (1939), one of Power’s best vehicles; the biopic about the famed outlaw…

dictionary: From 1604 to 1828: Another, by Caleb Alexander, was called The Columbian Dictionary of the English Language (1800) and on the title page claimed that “many new words, peculiar to the United States,” were inserted. It received abuse from critics who were not yet ready for the inclusion of American words.

Iggy and the Stooges: ), bassist Dave Alexander (b. June 3, 1947, Whitmore Lake, Michigan—d. February 10, 1975, Ann Arbor, Michigan), guitarist Ron Asheton (b. July 17, 1948, Washington, D.C.—found dead January 6, 2009, Ann Arbor), and drummer Scott Asheton (b. August 16, 1949, Ann Arbor—d. March 15, 2014, Ann Arbor).

Dorothy Alexander was an American ballet dancer and choreographer, founder of the Atlanta Ballet, and pioneer of the regional ballet movement. Alexander began dancing after recovering from a childhood attack of osteomyelitis. She received degrees from Atlanta Normal Training School (1925) and

African American literature: Drama and poetry: In addition, Elizabeth Alexander and Amanda Gorman joined the small number of poets, which have included Robert Frost and Maya Angelou, who were invited to read at a U.S. presidential inauguration, in 2009 and 2021, respectively.

Francesca Alexander was an American expatriate illustrator and author, remembered for her collections of Tuscan folk songs, tales, and lore. When she was 16, Alexander and her prosperous family moved to Europe and settled at length in Florence. She was educated at home, and her extremely protective

Francesca Alexander was an American expatriate illustrator and author, remembered for her collections of Tuscan folk songs, tales, and lore. When she was 16, Alexander and her prosperous family moved to Europe and settled at length in Florence. She was educated at home, and her extremely protective

Francesca Alexander was an American expatriate illustrator and author, remembered for her collections of Tuscan folk songs, tales, and lore. When she was 16, Alexander and her prosperous family moved to Europe and settled at length in Florence. She was educated at home, and her extremely protective

Franz Alexander was a physician and psychoanalyst sometimes referred to as the father of psychosomatic medicine because of his leading role in identifying emotional tension as a significant cause of physical illness. Already a physician when he enrolled as the first student at the Berlin

Franz Alexander was a physician and psychoanalyst sometimes referred to as the father of psychosomatic medicine because of his leading role in identifying emotional tension as a significant cause of physical illness. Already a physician when he enrolled as the first student at the Berlin

Grover Cleveland Alexander was an American professional baseball player, one of the finest right-handed pitchers in the history of the game, frequently considered the greatest master of control. From 1911 to 1930 he won 373 major league games and lost 208. Alexander pitched for three National

Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander was a prominent British field marshal in World War II noted for his North African campaigns against Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and for his later commands in Italy and western Europe. The third son of the 4th Earl of Caledon, Alexander was educated at Harrow and

Hattie Elizabeth Alexander was an American pediatrician and microbiologist whose groundbreaking work on influenzal meningitis significantly reduced infant death rates and advanced the field of microbiological genetics. Alexander received her bachelor’s degree in 1923 from Goucher College, in

James W. Alexander II was an American mathematician and a founder of the branch of mathematics originally known as analysis situs, now called topology. The son of John White Alexander, an American painter who created murals for the Library of Congress, James studied mathematics and physics at

James W. Alexander II was an American mathematician and a founder of the branch of mathematics originally known as analysis situs, now called topology. The son of John White Alexander, an American painter who created murals for the Library of Congress, James studied mathematics and physics at

African art: African art in the 20th century and beyond: Jane Alexander’s sculptural installation, Butcher Boys (1985), is equally charged: the figures are nude, masked, and immobile, seeming to observe what is wrong in society yet finding no will to act. William Kentridge’s work in a range of media and Sue Williamson’s powerful set of…

Jane Alexander is an American actress who, in addition to achieving a successful performance career, became the first actor to chair the National Endowment for the Arts (1993–97). Alexander grew up in Brookline, a suburb of Boston. In 1957 she enrolled at Sarah Lawrence College, and two years later

Jason Alexander is an American television, film, and stage actor best known for his portrayal of George Costanza, Jerry Seinfeld’s chronically neurotic pal, on the acclaimed situation comedy series Seinfeld (1989–98). His other notable roles include lawyer Philip Stuckey in the romantic comedy

James W. Alexander II: The son of John White Alexander, an American painter who created murals for the Library of Congress, James studied mathematics and physics at Princeton University, obtaining a B.S. degree in 1910 and an M.S. degree the following year. For the next few years he traveled and studied in…

Kwame Alexander is an American poet, author of young adult and children’s fiction, and advocate for introducing literary works and the art of writing to schoolchildren. He gained national prominence after winning the Newbery Medal in 2015 for his novel The Crossover (2014), much of which he wrote

Lamar Alexander is an American politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 2002 and began representing Tennessee the following year. He previously served as governor of the state (1979–87). A seventh-generation Tennessean, Alexander was born in Maryville, the son of a

Lincoln Alexander was a Canadian politician and lawyer who was the first Black member of the Canadian Parliament, serving in the House of Commons (1968–80); the first Black cabinet member, as minister of labour (1979–80); and the first Black person to hold a viceregal office in Canada, as the 24th

Lincoln Alexander was a Canadian politician and lawyer who was the first Black member of the Canadian Parliament, serving in the House of Commons (1968–80); the first Black cabinet member, as minister of labour (1979–80); and the first Black person to hold a viceregal office in Canada, as the 24th

Margaret Walker was an American novelist and poet who was one of the leading black woman writers of the mid-20th century. After graduating from Northwestern University (B.A., 1935), Walker joined the Federal Writers’ Project in Chicago, where she began a brief literary relationship with novelist

Meena Alexander was an Indian poet and teacher whose works reflect her multicultural life in India, Sudan, and the United States. Educated at the University of Khartoum in Sudan (B.A., 1969) and at the University of Nottingham in England (Ph.D., 1973), Alexander held a number of teaching positions

Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander was an economist and attorney who was one of the first African American women in the United States to earn a doctoral degree. Alexander served in the administration of Pres. Harry S. Truman as a member of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights (1946). She helped

Samuel Alexander was a philosopher who developed a metaphysics of emergent evolution involving time, space, matter, mind, and deity. After studying in Melbourne, Alexander went to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1877 on a scholarship. In 1887 he received the Green Prize for “Moral Order and Progress”

Shaun Alexander is an American professional gridiron football player who was one of the most prolific touchdown scorers in National Football League (NFL) history. Named a high-school All-American by Parade magazine and USA Today in 1995, Alexander earned the nickname “Mr. Touchdown” early in his

Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander was a prominent British field marshal in World War II noted for his North African campaigns against Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and for his later commands in Italy and western Europe. The third son of the 4th Earl of Caledon, Alexander was educated at Harrow and

William Alexander, 1st earl of Stirling was a Scottish courtier, statesman, and poet who founded and colonized the region of Nova Scotia in Canada. When King James VI of Scotland ascended the English throne as James I in 1603, Alexander attended his court in London. He there wrote, in 1604, his

Berlin Alexanderplatz, novel by Alfred Döblin, published in 1929. It appeared in English under the original title and as Alexanderplatz, Berlin. It tells the story of Franz Biberkopf, a Berlin petty criminal who tries to rehabilitate himself after his release from jail. Often compared to James

Ernst F.W. Alexanderson was an electrical engineer and television pioneer who developed a high-frequency alternator (a device that converts direct current into alternating current) capable of producing continuous radio waves and thereby revolutionized radio communication. In 1901 Alexanderson

Ernst F.W. Alexanderson was an electrical engineer and television pioneer who developed a high-frequency alternator (a device that converts direct current into alternating current) capable of producing continuous radio waves and thereby revolutionized radio communication. In 1901 Alexanderson

Alexandra was the consort of the Russian emperor Nicholas II. Her misrule while the emperor was commanding the Russian forces during World War I precipitated the collapse of the imperial government in March 1917. A granddaughter of Queen Victoria and daughter of Louis IV, grand duke of

Nicholas I: Education: …Princess Charlotte of Prussia (Alexandra, after she became Orthodox).

Alexandra was the queen consort of King Edward VII of Great Britain. The eldest daughter of Christian IX of Denmark, Alexandra was married to Edward (then Albert Edward, prince of Wales) in St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, on March 10, 1863. The exceptional beauty and graceful manner of the princess

Alexandra, town, south-central South Island, New Zealand. It lies at the junction of the Clutha and Manuherikia rivers and is surrounded by three mountain ranges. Originally known as Lower Dunstan and Manuherikia, the settlement was named Alexandra South in 1863 to commemorate the marriage of the

Lycophron of Chalcis: …him of the extant poem Alexandra.

Alexandra was the queen consort of King Edward VII of Great Britain. The eldest daughter of Christian IX of Denmark, Alexandra was married to Edward (then Albert Edward, prince of Wales) in St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, on March 10, 1863. The exceptional beauty and graceful manner of the princess

Hay River: The 103-foot (32-metre) Alexandra Falls on the Hay River are 34 miles (55 km) south of the town. Pop. (2006) 3,648; (2011) 3,606.

Haringey: Alexandra Palace, with its surrounding park, was built in the late 19th century as an arts and entertainment complex, and it became the original home of British Broadcasting Television in 1936. After a fire in 1980, it was restored (1988) to serve as an exhibition…

Johannesburg: The city layout: Alexandra township, a 20-square-block enclave carved out of Johannesburg’s white northern suburbs, houses a population of nearly half a million. At least three times that number live in Soweto (South-West Townships), a sprawling urban complex 10 miles southwest of the city. Johannesburg’s small Coloured population…

Paris: The Invalides of Paris: …the Quai d’Orsay and the Alexandre III Bridge. The first stone for the bridge, which commemorates the Russian tsar Alexander III, was laid in 1897 by Alexander’s son, Tsar Nicholas II. The bridge was finished in time for the International Exposition of 1900, and it leads to two other souvenirs…

Molière: Harassment by the authorities: …Racine transferred his next play, Alexandre le Grand, to a longer-established theater while Molière’s actors were actually performing it, which turned the two men against each other. Molière was constantly harassed by the authorities, especially the ecclesiastical ones for the challenge to orthodoxy they saw in his plays. These setbacks…

Amedeo Modigliani: …artist Pablo Picasso, and—in 1907—with Paul Alexandre, a friend of many avant-garde artists and the first to become interested in Modigliani and to buy his works. In 1908 the artist exhibited five or six paintings at the Salon des Indépendants.

Latin literature: The 12th to the 14th century: …Châtillon’s foray into epic, the Alexandreis (written c. 1180), is one of the most distinguished products of the medieval fascination with the legends of Alexander the Great, and it exercised an immense influence on subsequent vernacular literature.

ancient Greek civilization: The conquest of Bactria and the Indus valley: …Alexander founded the city of Alexandreschate (“Alexandria the Farthest”), not far from the site of Cyropolis, a city of Cyrus II the Great, whom Alexander highly admired. This is a reminder that Persian urbanization in Central Asia had not been negligible. (At the interesting Bactrian site of Ai Khanum, which…

Romanian literature: The national renaissance: …enriched the Romantic heritage was Grigore Alexandrescu. Alexandrescu wrote Poezii (1832, 1838, and 1839) and Meditaƫii (1863), fables and satires influenced mostly by French writers. A literary magazine, Dacia Literară, edited by Mihail Kogălniceanu, a leading statesman and father of modern Romanian historiography (1840), marked a beginning of the traditionalist…

İskenderun, seaport and chief city of İskenderun ilçe (district), Hatay il (province), southern Turkey. Located on the eastern shore of the Gulf of Iskenderun, it lies on or near the site of Alexandria ad Issum, founded to commemorate Alexander the Great’s victory over Darius III at Issus (333

Alexandria, city, seat of Douglas county, west-central Minnesota, U.S. It is situated about 70 miles (115 km) northwest of St. Cloud in a lake-resort and dairy-farm region. Settled in 1858 on land that was once part of Ojibwa and Sioux camping grounds, Alexandria was organized as a township in 1866

West Dunbartonshire: …council area’s administrative centre, and Alexandria, near Loch Lomond, supports tourism and whisky distilling. Area 61 square miles (159 square km). Pop. (2001) 93,378; (2011) 90,720.

Jackson, city, seat (1821) of Madison county, western Tennessee, U.S. It lies about 80 miles (130 km) northeast of Memphis. The area was settled about 1819 as a port on the Forked Deer River and developed as a cotton depot and railroad junction. First called Alexandria, the community was renamed in

Alexandria, major city and urban muḥāfaẓah (governorate) in Egypt. Once among the greatest cities of the Mediterranean world and a centre of Hellenic scholarship and science, Alexandria was the capital of Egypt from its founding by Alexander the Great in 332 bce until its surrender to the Arab

Alexandria, town, capital of Teleorman judeƫ (county), southern Romania. It lies along the southward-flowing Vedea River in the Danube floodplain. Alexandria is a regional marketing centre for agricultural produce, mostly grain. The town also has flour mills and other food-processing plants.