bitterroot, (Lewisia rediviva), ornamental succulent plant of the purslane family (Portulacaceae), native to western North America and cultivated in rock gardens. The main stem and root merge into a tuberous structure. The leaves are barely 2.5 cm (1 inch) long, and the flowering stalk with pink or

Bitterroot Range, segment of the northern Rocky Mountains, U.S., extending southward for 300 mi (480 km) along the Idaho–Montana border. Peaks average about 9,000 ft (2,700 m), with Scott Peak, in Idaho, the highest (11,394 ft). Owing to the inaccessibility of the mountains from the east, the

bitters, any of numerous aromatized and often alcoholic liquids containing bitter substances (chiefly alkaloids, glycosides, or complexes), used as tonics, liqueurs, appetizers, digestives, flavourings, and ingredients to add tang or smoothness to alcoholic drinks. Bitters are prepared according to

Colleen McCullough: …Prejudice (1813); and the romantic Bittersweet (2013). On, Off (2006), Too Many Murders (2009), and Sins of the Flesh (2013) were entries in her murder-mystery series featuring the police captain Carmine Delmonico. She also wrote the biography The Courage and the Will: The Life of Roden Cutler, V.C. (1999).

bittersweet: ) or woody nightshade (Solanum dulcamara), belongs to the family Solanaceae. It is an herbaceous vine, up to 4.5 m long; the violet and yellow star-shaped flowers are followed by shiny green berries that gradually turn bright red.

bittersweet, any of several vines with colourful fruit. The genus Celastrus, in the staff tree family (Celastraceae), includes the American bittersweet, or staff vine (C. scandens), and the Oriental bittersweet (C. orbiculatus), woody vines grown as ornamentals. The flowers, in whitish clusters,

cocoa: Milk chocolate: …to either baking chocolate or bittersweet chocolate. Bittersweet is similar to sweet chocolate but contains less sugar and more chocolate liquor. Minimum percentages of chocolate liquor are fixed by law in some countries, such as the United States.

Celastraceae, the staff-tree family, in the order Celastrales, comprising about 55 genera of woody vines, shrubs, and trees, native in tropical and temperate zones but best known for ornamental forms of the genera Euonymus and Celastrus (bittersweet). Fruit of the family is often colourful. Leaves

ragweed: Major species: The common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), also called Roman wormwood, hogweed, hogbrake, and bitterweed, is found across the North American continent. It typically grows about 1 metre (3.5 feet) high and has thin, alternate or opposite, much-divided leaves. The great, or giant, ragweed (A. trifida), also called…

Bernardo Bitti was a Jesuit painter who introduced Mannerism to Peruvian art. Bitti began training as an artist as a teenager in Rome, where he learned the Italian Mannerist style that he would later disseminate in Peru. In 1568 he became a Jesuit, and in 1571 he received orders to join a Jesuit

BitTorrent, protocol for sharing large computer files over the Internet. BitTorrent was created in 2001 by Bram Cohen, an American computer programmer who was frustrated by the long download times that he experienced using applications such as FTP. Files shared with BitTorrent are divided into

bitumen, dense, highly viscous, petroleum-based hydrocarbon that is found in deposits such as oil sands and pitch lakes (natural bitumen) or is obtained as a residue of the distillation of crude oil (refined bitumen). In some areas, particularly in the United States, bitumen is often called

bituminous coal, the most abundant form of coal, intermediate in rank between subbituminous coal and anthracite according to the coal classification used in the United States and Canada. In Britain bituminous coal is commonly called “steam coal,” and in Germany the term Steinkohle (“rock coal”) is

tar sand, deposit of loose sand or partially consolidated sandstone that is saturated with highly viscous bitumen. Oil recovered from tar sands is commonly referred to as synthetic crude and is a potentially significant form of fossil fuel. A brief treatment of tar sands follows. For full

oil shale, any sedimentary rock containing various amounts of solid organic material that yields petroleum products, along with a variety of solid by-products, when subjected to pyrolysis—a treatment that consists of heating the rock to above 300 °C (about 575 °F) in the absence of oxygen. The

Bituriges, Celtic tribe that in about 600 bc was the most powerful in Gaul. By about 500 bc the tribe was divided into two groups: the Cubi, with a capital at Avaricum (modern Bourges) in the region later known as Berry; and the Vivisci, with a capital at the port of Burdigala (modern Bordeaux) on

Billy Bitzer was a U.S. motion-picture cameraman who, in partnership with the pioneer director D.W. Griffith, developed camera techniques that set the standard for all future motion pictures and stimulated important experimentation in the field. Bitzer achieved success in 1896 when his film of

Billy Bitzer was a U.S. motion-picture cameraman who, in partnership with the pioneer director D.W. Griffith, developed camera techniques that set the standard for all future motion pictures and stimulated important experimentation in the field. Bitzer achieved success in 1896 when his film of

Jeremias Gotthelf was a Swiss novelist and short-story writer whose vivid narrative works extol the virtues of Bernese rural people and defend traditional church and family life. The son of a pastor, Bitzius studied theology at Bern and Göttingen and took part in the political activities that ended

Biu, town, historic kingdom, and traditional emirate, Borno State, northeastern Nigeria. The town lies on the Biu Plateau and has road connections to Damaturu, Mubi, and Shani. According to tradition, the Biu kingdom was founded by conquest in the mid-16th century by Yamta-ra-Wala (Yamta the Great;

Biu Plateau, highlands in northeastern Nigeria, covering an area of approximately 2,000 square miles (5,200 square km) with an average elevation of 2,300 feet (700 m). Its highest point is Wiga Hill (2,693 feet [821 m]), and its most prominent relief features are the many well-defined, extinct

Javier Bardem: …Alejandro González Iñárritu’s Spanish-language drama Biutiful (2010), Bardem earned a third Academy Award nomination. His role as a flamboyantly vengeful terrorist served as a villainous foil for James Bond in the blockbuster Skyfall (2012). In Terrence Malick’s To the Wonder (2012), Bardem portrayed a priest experiencing a crisis of faith.…

crystal: Conductivity of metals: Divalent atoms, such as magnesium or calcium, donate both valence electrons to become conduction electrons, while monovalent atoms, such as lithium or gold, donate one. As will be recalled, the number of conduction electrons alone does not determine conductivity; it depends on electron mobility as…

meiosis: Each pair of chromosomes—called a tetrad, or a bivalent—consists of four chromatids. At this point, the homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material by the process of crossing over (see linkage group). The homologous pairs line up along the midline of the cell in metaphase I and then separate in anaphase I,…

polio vaccine: Poliovirus serotypes: …the disease was endemic, a bivalent oral vaccine, or bOPV, targeting PV1 and PV3 was developed. In the first decade of the 21st century, this vaccine was found to be more effective than either mOPV or tOPV in reducing the number of cases in polio-endemic countries. Today, especially in areas…

organosulfur compound: Organic compounds of bivalent sulfur: Assorted Referencescrude oil

bivalve, (class Bivalvia), any of more than 15,000 species of clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and other members of the phylum Mollusca characterized by a shell that is divided from front to back into left and right valves. The valves are connected to one another at a hinge. Primitive bivalves

bivalve, (class Bivalvia), any of more than 15,000 species of clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and other members of the phylum Mollusca characterized by a shell that is divided from front to back into left and right valves. The valves are connected to one another at a hinge. Primitive bivalves

phase: Unary systems: …is stable) the system is divariant—i.e., two degrees of freedom exist. Thus, the two variables (pressure and temperature) can be changed independently, and the same phase assemblage continues to exist.

biwa, Japanese short-necked lute, distinguished by its graceful, pear-shaped body. The biwa has a shallow, rounded back and silk strings (usually four or five) attached to slender lateral pegs. The instrument is played with a large wedge-shaped plectrum called a bachi. The strings are tuned in

Japan: Kamakura culture: the new Buddhism and its influence: …country by Buddhist troubadours called biwa hōshi. After the middle Kamakura period, as Buddhist pessimism grew fainter, various kinds of instruction manuals and family injunctions were composed, while collections of essays such as Yoshida Kenkō’s Essays in Idleness (Tsurezuregusa) also made their appearance. The new nationalistic fervor aroused by the…

Lake Biwa, largest freshwater lake in Japan, located in Shiga ken (prefecture), west-central Honshu. Approximately 40 miles (64 km) long from north to south, the lake covers an area of 259 square miles (672 square km). Its name refers to the biwa, a Japanese musical instrument that the lake

Lake Biwa, largest freshwater lake in Japan, located in Shiga ken (prefecture), west-central Honshu. Approximately 40 miles (64 km) long from north to south, the lake covers an area of 259 square miles (672 square km). Its name refers to the biwa, a Japanese musical instrument that the lake

Oceanic art and architecture: The Sepik River regions: …people, especially the Biwat (Mundugumor), carved slit gongs, shields, masks, and various types of figure sculpture. Masks, like those of the Kambot, were usually hemispheric. Small figures used as flute stops had grossly enlarged heads that projected forward; they were often carved in conjunction with parrots and other creatures.…

Malvales: Bixaceae: …to include only one genus, Bixa). The plants in Bixaceae have fibrous bark, canals containing exudate, branches that end at the inflorescence, large flowers, and seed coats with a very distinctive anatomy.

annatto, (Bixa orellana), tree native to the New World tropics and the only species of the family Bixaceae. Annatto grows up to 9 metres (30 feet) tall and has rose-pink flowers about 5 cm (2 inches) wide and ovate leaves about 8 to 18 cm (3 to 7 inches) long. The brown fruits, about 5 cm (2

Malvales: Bixaceae: Cochlospermaceae (with genera Cochlospermum and Amoreuxia) and Diegodendraceae (with genus Diegodendron) are former families that are now included in Bixaceae (which used to include only one genus, Bixa). The plants in Bixaceae have fibrous bark, canals containing exudate, branches that end at the inflorescence,…

Mount Tai: …spirit himself to his daughter, Taishan Niangniang (“The Lady of Mount Tai”)—also called Bixia Yunjun (“Goddess of the Colorful Clouds”)—whose cult had begun to grow from about 1000 and who became a northern Daoist equivalent to the Buddhist Guanyin (Kuan-yin) or to Avalokitesvara (bodhisattva of mercy), whose cult was powerful…

Altai Mountains: Drainage: The Katun, Bukhtarma, and Biya—all tributaries of the Ob River—are among the biggest. Rivers of the Gobi Altai are shorter, shallower, and often frozen in winter and dry in summer. There are more than 3,500 lakes, most of structural or glacial origin. Those of the Gobi Altai are often…

Paul Biya is a Cameroonian politician who has served as president of Cameroon since 1982. Prior to that post, he served as prime minister (1975–82). He is among the longest-serving heads of state (excluding monarchs) in the world. Biya was born to Etienne Mvondo Assam and Anastasie Eyenga Elle in

Paul Biya is a Cameroonian politician who has served as president of Cameroon since 1982. Prior to that post, he served as prime minister (1975–82). He is among the longest-serving heads of state (excluding monarchs) in the world. Biya was born to Etienne Mvondo Assam and Anastasie Eyenga Elle in

Mongo Beti was a Cameroonian novelist and political essayist. A member of the Beti people, he wrote his books in French. An essential theme of Beti’s early novels, which advocate the removal of all vestiges of colonialism, is the basic conflict of traditional modes of African society with the

Biysk, city, Altay kray (region), central Russia. The city is situated on the right bank of the Biya River, just above the latter’s confluence with the Katun, which then forms the Ob. Biysk is located at the head of navigation on the Biya and is the terminus of a railway from Barnaul. The city is

Vizcaya, provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Basque Country, northern Spain. Originally a tribal territory of the Vascones (4th century), Vizcaya was vested in the crown of Castile and Leon in 1379, but the central government has always had difficulties ruling

mnemonic: Later developments: …a phenomenon known as the bizarreness effect. The bizarreness effect holds that items associated with bizarre sentences or phrases are more readily recalled than those associated with common sentences or phrases. For example, a student might better remember the five main vowels of the English alphabet (A, E, I, O,…

Japanese pottery: Kamakura and Muromachi periods (1192–1573): …the size of its production; Bizen (Okayama prefecture), which produced an excellent unglazed stoneware from the Heian period to the 20th century; Tamba (Kyōto prefecture); Shigaraki (Shiga prefecture); and Echizen (Fukui prefecture). The wares of Seto, especially those made for Buddhist ceremonies, were regarded as the finest pottery of this…

Bizen ware, pottery manufactured at and near Imbe, Okayama ken (prefecture), on the Inland Sea of Japan, from at least the 6th century ad, in what was once Bizen province. Bizen ware has a dark gray stoneware body that generally fires to a brick-red, brown, or deep bronze colour. The surface of

Bizerte, town in northern Tunisia. It lies along the Mediterranean coast at the mouth of a channel that links Lake Bizerte with the sea. The town originated as a Phoenician outpost and was known through Carthaginian and Roman times as Hippo Diarrhytus or Hippo Zarytus. Captured in 661 ce by

Bizerte, town in northern Tunisia. It lies along the Mediterranean coast at the mouth of a channel that links Lake Bizerte with the sea. The town originated as a Phoenician outpost and was known through Carthaginian and Roman times as Hippo Diarrhytus or Hippo Zarytus. Captured in 661 ce by

Georges Bizet was a French composer best remembered for his opera Carmen (1875). His realistic approach influenced the verismo school of opera at the end of the 19th century. Bizet’s father was a singing teacher and his mother a gifted amateur pianist, and his musical talents declared themselves so

Georges Bizet was a French composer best remembered for his opera Carmen (1875). His realistic approach influenced the verismo school of opera at the end of the 19th century. Bizet’s father was a singing teacher and his mother a gifted amateur pianist, and his musical talents declared themselves so

Tujia, any member of a people distributed over western Hunan and southwestern Hubei provinces in China. The Tujia numbered more than eight million in the early 21st century. Their language, which remains unwritten and is spoken by only a few hundred thousand of the total population, belongs to the

Rwanda: Genocide and aftermath: …transitional government was established, with Pasteur Bizimungu, a Hutu, as president and Paul Kagame, a Tutsi, as vice president.

Vizcaya, provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Basque Country, northern Spain. Originally a tribal territory of the Vascones (4th century), Vizcaya was vested in the crown of Castile and Leon in 1379, but the central government has always had difficulties ruling

20th-century international relations: The division of Europe: “Bizonia,” the product of an economic merger between the U.S. and British occupation zones, was announced on May 29, 1947, and a new U.S. policy followed on July 11 that ended Germany’s punitive period and aimed at making its economy self-sufficient. When in March 1948…

Giulio Bizzozero was an Italian pathologist who, as professor of general pathology at the University of Turin, made it one of the most important European centres of medical scholarship. Among those who studied or worked in his laboratory were Edoardo Bassini, the surgeon who perfected the operation

Beersheba, biblical town of southern Israel, now a city and the main centre of the Negev (in Hebrew, Ha-Negev; in Arabic, al-Naqab) region. Beersheba is first mentioned as the site where Abraham, founder of the Jewish people, made a covenant with the Philistine king Abimelech of Gerar (Genesis 21).

micronation: …micronations claim as their territory Biʾr Ṭawīl, a section of desert between Egypt and Sudan that remains unclaimed by any country. Others exist solely in concept and may possess little more than a Web site. A great number of micronations are tongue-in-cheek, such as the Conch Republic in Key West,…

Judaism: Pilgrim Festivals: …are destroyed by fire (biʿur ḥametz). From then until after Pesaḥ, no leaven is consumed. Many Jews sell their more valuable leaven products to non-Jews before Passover (mekhirat ḥametz), repurchasing the foodstuffs immediately after the holiday.

Iceland: Political developments: …government with Independence Party leader Bjarni Benediktsson as prime minister.

European exploration: Exploration of the Atlantic coastlines: About 1000 ce, one Bjarni Herjulfsson, on his way from Iceland to Greenland, was blown off course far to the southwest; he saw an unknown shore and returned to tell his tale. Leif, Erik’s son, together with some 30 others, set out in 1001 to explore. They probably reached…

European exploration: Exploration of the Atlantic coastlines: About 1000 ce, one Bjarni Herjulfsson, on his way from Iceland to Greenland, was blown off course far to the southwest; he saw an unknown shore and returned to tell his tale. Leif, Erik’s son, together with some 30 others, set out in 1001 to explore. They probably reached…

Biju Janata Dal (BJD), regional political party in Odisha (Orissa) state, eastern India. Although the party’s focus has been primarily in the state, it also has had a small but significant presence on the national political scene in New Delhi. The BJD does not profess any particular ideology,

Jacob Bjerknes was a Norwegian American meteorologist whose discovery that cyclones (low-pressure centres) originate as waves associated with sloping weather fronts that separate different air masses proved to be a major contribution to modern weather forecasting. The work of his father, the

Vilhelm Bjerknes was a Norwegian meteorologist and physicist, one of the founders of the modern science of weather forecasting. As a youth Bjerknes assisted his father, a professor of mathematics at Christiania, with research in hydrodynamics. In 1890 he went to Germany and became an assistant to

Ole Einar Bjørndalen is a former biathlete whose 13 Olympic Games medals are the most for any male Winter Olympian. The Norwegian-born Bjørndalen is widely considered the greatest biathlete of all time. Bjørndalen, the youngest of five children, grew up on a farm in Simostranda, Norway, where he

Marit Bjørgen is a Norwegian cross-country skier who was the greatest female athlete in the sport and who was also the most-decorated Winter Olympian in history; her record 15 medals included 8 golds. Bjørgen grew up on a farm in Rognes, Norway, and took the typical route of a young Norwegian by

Bergen, city and port, southwestern Norway. The principal port and business section is on a peninsula projecting into By Fjord, bounded to the north by the inlet and harbour of Vågen (for small ships) and on the south by Pudde Bay (for larger vessels) and the Store Lungegårds Lake. Originally

Björk is an Icelandic singer-songwriter and actress best known for her solo work covering a wide variety of music styles. Integrating electronic and organic sounds, her music frequently explored the relationship between nature and technology. Björk recorded her first solo album, a collection of

Björketorp Stone, well-preserved 7th-century monument in Blekinge, Sweden. More than 12 feet (3 1 2 metres) high, it bears a runic inscription, the exact interpretation of which has been much debated. The inscription is magical in nature and is obviously intended to protect a grave. One possible

Finnish literature: Lyric poetry: Gunnar Björling, the Dadaist of Finland, expressed his philosophical idea of the relativity and incompleteness of everything in elliptic poems with highly idiosyncratic grammar and broken syntax. Both Diktonius and Björling turned later to more-serene nature poetry. Rabbe Enckell was a key theoretician of the…

Jussi Björling was a Swedish tenor, admired for the musicianship of his performances, particularly in the Italian and French repertory. At the age of six Björling began singing under the guidance of his father, who then took him and his two brothers on tours in Scandinavia and the United States as

Jussi Björling was a Swedish tenor, admired for the musicianship of his performances, particularly in the Italian and French repertory. At the age of six Björling began singing under the guidance of his father, who then took him and his two brothers on tours in Scandinavia and the United States as

Ole Einar Bjørndalen is a former biathlete whose 13 Olympic Games medals are the most for any male Winter Olympian. The Norwegian-born Bjørndalen is widely considered the greatest biathlete of all time. Bjørndalen, the youngest of five children, grew up on a farm in Simostranda, Norway, where he

Jens Bjørneboe was a Norwegian novelist, dramatist, essayist, and poet whose work was generally inspired by a sense of outrage at the misuse of power in the modern world. At the beginning of the 21st century, he was considered to be one of Norway’s more significant postwar writers. Bjørneboe began

Jens Bjørneboe was a Norwegian novelist, dramatist, essayist, and poet whose work was generally inspired by a sense of outrage at the misuse of power in the modern world. At the beginning of the 21st century, he was considered to be one of Norway’s more significant postwar writers. Bjørneboe began

Pori, city, southwestern Finland. It lies along the Kokemäen River near the Gulf of Bothnia, north-northwest of Turku. Originally settled in the 12th century farther up the Kokemäen and chartered as Ulvila in 1365, it was moved to its present site in 1558. It was destroyed by fire in the 16th and

Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson was a poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, editor, public speaker, theatre director, and one of the most prominent public figures in the Norway of his day. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1903 and is generally known, together with Henrik Ibsen,

Sveinn Björnsson was a statesman and diplomat who from 1944 to 1952 served as the first president of the Republic of Iceland. Björnsson was a lawyer at the Supreme Court after 1907 and became a member of the Reykjavík town council in 1912, acting as its president (1918–20). A member of the Althingi

Gunnar Björnstrand was a motion-picture actor. Though born to an acting family, Björnstrand attempted other careers before returning to his father’s profession. After playing a bit part in Falske millionären (1931; False Millionaire), he studied acting at the Royal Dramatic Theatre School.

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), pro-Hindu political party of postindependence India. The party has enjoyed broad support among members of the higher castes and in northern India. It has attempted to attract support from lower castes, particularly through the appointment of several lower-caste members

Bharatiya Janata Party: Origin and establishment: …traces its roots to the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS; Indian People’s Association), which was established in 1951 as the political wing of the pro-Hindu group Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS; “National Volunteers Corps”) by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. The BJS advocated the rebuilding of India in accordance with Hindu culture and called…

semiconductor device: Bipolar transistors: This type of transistor is one of the most important of the semiconductor devices. It is a bipolar device in that both electrons and holes are involved in the conduction process. The bipolar transistor delivers a change in output current in response to…

Bob Jones University (BJU), private, coeducational, institution of higher learning in Greenville, South Carolina. A nondenominational Protestant liberal arts university, it emphasizes fundamentalist Christian values in its programs. It was established in 1927 by the evangelist Bob Jones, Sr., and

Molla Mallory was a Norwegian-born U.S. tennis player who was the only woman to win the U.S. singles championship eight times. She defeated Suzanne Lenglen of France for the U.S. title in 1921, the only loss in Lenglen’s amateur career. Mallory was known for her endurance and baseline game, relying

Rajnath Singh: Early rise in politics: …of the BJP’s youth wing, Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM; Indian People’s Youth Movement). In 1986 he became the BJYM’s national general secretary, and in 1988 he was appointed as the organization’s national president.

berkelium (Bk), synthetic chemical element of the actinoid series of the periodic table, atomic number 97. Not occurring in nature, berkelium (as the isotope berkelium-243) was discovered in December 1949 by American chemists Stanley G. Thompson, Albert Ghiorso, and Glenn T. Seaborg at the

Bka’-’gyur, the collection of Tibetan Buddhist sacred literature representing the “Word of the Buddha”—as distinct from the Bstan-’gyur (“Translation of Teachings”), or collection of commentaries and miscellaneous works. This body of canonical literature contains more than 1,000 works, most of them

Bka’-brgyud-pa, Buddhist sect in Tibet. Its members are followers of the 11th-century teacher Mar-pa, who distinguished himself as a translator of Buddhist texts while continuing to live the life of a householder. Mar-pa studied in India under the master yogi (spiritual adept, or ascetic) Naropa.

Buddhism: The Bka’-gdams-pa and Dge-lugs-pa: The school produced the Bka’-gdams gces-bsdus (Tibetan: “Collection of the Sayings of the Bka’-gdams-pa Saints”), which preserves the poetic utterances of the founder’s disciples. The central practice of the school was the purification of the mind, which required the elimination of intellectual and moral blemishes in order to obtain…

Atīśa: …the basis of the Tibetan Bka’-gdams-pa (“Those Bound by Command”) sect of Buddhism, founded by his disciple ’Brom-ston.

Bka’-’gyur, the collection of Tibetan Buddhist sacred literature representing the “Word of the Buddha”—as distinct from the Bstan-’gyur (“Translation of Teachings”), or collection of commentaries and miscellaneous works. This body of canonical literature contains more than 1,000 works, most of them

Bulgaria: Communist uprising: The Bulgarian communists, who had declared their neutrality when the coup occurred, were chastised by Moscow and directed to prepare an armed revolt against the Tsankov regime. The communists’ September Uprising was ruthlessly suppressed and provided Tsankov with a pretext for outlawing the Bulgarian Communist Party…

British Library, national library of Great Britain, formed by the British Library Act (1972) and organized by July 1, 1973. For much of the 20th century its holdings were divided among the British Museum library (with some 12 million volumes) and several other buildings, but in 1997–98 a new

capacitor dielectric and piezoelectric ceramics: Barrier-layer capacitors: Two other strategies to produce ceramic materials with high dielectric constants involve surface barrier layers or grain-boundary barrier layers; these are referred to as barrier-layer (BL) capacitors. In each case conductive films or grain cores are formed by donor doping or reduction firing…

British Leyland Motor Corporation, Ltd., historic British automotive corporation. It was formed through the 1968 merger of British Motor Holdings Ltd. and Leyland Motor Corp. Ltd. to create the entities known as British Leyland Motor Corporation, Ltd. (1968–75), and British Leyland Limited

British Leyland Motor Corporation, Ltd., historic British automotive corporation. It was formed through the 1968 merger of British Motor Holdings Ltd. and Leyland Motor Corp. Ltd. to create the entities known as British Leyland Motor Corporation, Ltd. (1968–75), and British Leyland Limited

lama, in Tibetan Buddhism, a spiritual leader. Originally used to translate “guru” (Sanskrit: “venerable one”) and thus applicable only to heads of monasteries or great teachers, the term is now extended out of courtesy to any respected monk or priest. The common Western usage of “lamaism” and

orthopteran: Annotated classification: Family Blaberidae Mostly large species; spines of middle and hindfemurs variable; male subgenital plate asymmetrical; viviparous or ovoviparous; from 10 to 60 mm in size; worldwide in distribution; about 650 species. Suborder Mantodea (mantids) Head usually conspicuous anterior to a narrow pronotum, seldom concealed by a…

hydrocarbon: Sources and occurrence: The so-called aggregation pheromone whereby Blaberus craniifer cockroaches attract others of the same species is a 1:1 mixture of the volatile but relatively high-boiling liquid alkanes undecane, CH3(CH2)9CH3, and tetradecane, CH3(CH2)12CH3. Hentriacontane, CH3(CH2)29CH3, is a solid alkane present to the extent of 8–9 percent in