• Barack Obama Presidential Center (building proposal, Chicago, Illinois, United States)

    Barack Obama: Life after the presidency of Barack Obama: …as the location for the Obama Presidential Center. Intended as an economic engine for the South Side, nestled in parkland, and dedicated to informing and inspiring future leaders, the center was designed to include a library, museum, athletic facility, and forum for public meetings. It also was planned to serve…

  • barack palinka (alcoholic beverage)

    brandy: …produced in various Balkan countries; barack palinka, from Hungary, the best known of apricot brandies; Kirschwasser, or kirsch, produced mainly in Alsace, Germany, and Switzerland, distilled from cherries; and the French plum wines, from Alsace and Lorraine, including Mirabelle, made from a yellow plum, and quetsch, from a blue plum.

  • Baracoa (Cuba)

    Baracoa, port city, eastern Cuba. It is situated on the extreme eastern part of the island, along a small semicircular bay on the north (Atlantic) coast. Baracoa is surrounded by rugged mountains, which isolated it from the rest of Cuba until a road was built through the mountains to connect it

  • Barad, Jill E. (American businesswoman)

    Jill E. Barad is an American business executive who served as chief executive officer (CEO) of the toy manufacturer Mattel, Inc. from 1997 to 2000. At the time, she was one of a very small number of female CEOs. Barad received a B.A. (1973) from Queens College in New York City. Following

  • Baradā River (river, Syria)

    Baradā River, river of western Syria. It rises in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains and flows southward for 52 miles (84 km) through Damascus to intermittent Lake Al-ʿUtaybah and its marshes. The Baradā River sets out peacefully on its course only to become within 20 miles a raging torrent, its volume

  • Baradaeus, Jacob (bishop of Edessa)

    Bar Hebraeus: …group named after its founder, Jacob Baradaeus. The Jacobites were members of a west Syrian church that refused to accept the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon concerning the nature of Christ.

  • Baradar Akhund, Mullah (Taliban leader)

    Abdul Ghani Baradar is an Islamic militant and a founding member of the Taliban movement in Afghanistan. After the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, he grew increasingly central to the group’s operation, and by 2009 he was often characterized in the press as the movement’s de facto leader.

  • Baradar, Abdul Ghani (Taliban leader)

    Abdul Ghani Baradar is an Islamic militant and a founding member of the Taliban movement in Afghanistan. After the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, he grew increasingly central to the group’s operation, and by 2009 he was often characterized in the press as the movement’s de facto leader.

  • baradari (Indian and Pakistani government)

    bhāīband, (“brotherhood”), important instrument of caste self-government in India; the bhāīband is the council formed by the heads of families that belong to the same lineage in a particular area, thus constituting an exogamous (those who do not intermarry) unit within the endogamous (those who do

  • Baradla-Domica Caverns (caves, Hungary and Slovakia)

    Aggtelek Caves, limestone cave system on the Hungarian-Slovakian border, about 30 miles (50 km) northwest of Miskolc, Hungary, and 40 miles (65 km) southwest of Košice, Slovakia. It is the largest stalactite cave system in Europe, and its stalactite and stalagmite formations are spectacular. The

  • Baradostian industry (archaeology)

    ancient Iran: The Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age): …Paleolithic flint industry called the Baradostian. Radiocarbon dates suggest that this is one of the earliest Upper Paleolithic complexes; it may have begun as early as 36,000 bc. Its relationship to neighbouring industries, however, remains unclear. Possibly, after some cultural and typological discontinuity, perhaps caused by the maximum cold of…

  • barae (religious rite)

    harai, in Japanese religion, any of numerous Shintō purification ceremonies. Harai rites, and similar misogi exercises using water, cleanse the individual so that he may approach a deity or sacred power (kami). Salt, water, and fire are the principal purificatory agents. Many of the rites, such as

  • Baragwanath (hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa)

    Johannesburg: Health: …indeed in all Africa, is Baragwanath, a sprawling complex on the northern edge of Soweto; it serves more than 5,000 patients per day, placing a severe burden on limited facilities. With the end of segregation, an increasing number of whites have resorted to expensive “private clinics,” where they receive treatment…

  • Baragwanathia (fossil plant genus)

    Baragwanathia, genus of early lycopsid plants that had true leaves bearing a single strand of vascular tissue and kidney-bean-shaped sporangia arranged in zones along the stem. These features relate it to both ancient and modern club mosses. The first confirmed occurrence of Baragwanathia is in

  • Barahanagar (India)

    Baranagar, city, southeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies on the east bank of the Hugli (Hooghly) River opposite Bally and is part of the Kolkata (Calcutta) urban agglomeration. The site was originally a Portuguese settlement that became the seat of a Dutch trading station and an

  • barahmasa (poetics)

    Indo-Aryan literature: …many northern Indian languages: the barahmasa (“12 months”), in which, perhaps, 12 beauties of a girl or 12 attributes of a deity might be extolled by relating them to the characteristics of each month of the year; and the chautis (“34”), in which the 34 consonants of the northern Indian…

  • Barahona (Dominican Republic)

    Barahona, city, southwestern Dominican Republic. It lies along Neiba Bay, off the Caribbean Sea, at the northeastern foot of the Baoruco Mountains. The gateway to the Dominican Republic’s lake district, Barahona is an important port and fishing centre. Sugarcane is grown in the surrounding alluvial

  • Barahona de Soto, Luis (Spanish poet)

    Luis Barahona de Soto was a Spanish poet who is remembered for his Primera parte de la Angélica (1586; “The First Part of the Angelica”), more commonly known as Las lágrimas de Angélica (“The Tears of Angelica”), a continuation of the Angelica and Medoro episode in Ludovico Ariosto’s Orlando

  • barai (religious rite)

    harai, in Japanese religion, any of numerous Shintō purification ceremonies. Harai rites, and similar misogi exercises using water, cleanse the individual so that he may approach a deity or sacred power (kami). Salt, water, and fire are the principal purificatory agents. Many of the rites, such as

  • Baraita (Judaism)

    Baraita, any of the ancient oral traditions of Jewish religious law that were not included in the Mishna (the first authoritative codification of such laws). The Baraitot that are found dispersed singly throughout the Palestinian and Babylonian Talmuds are often recognizable by such introductory

  • Baraitha (Judaism)

    Baraita, any of the ancient oral traditions of Jewish religious law that were not included in the Mishna (the first authoritative codification of such laws). The Baraitot that are found dispersed singly throughout the Palestinian and Babylonian Talmuds are often recognizable by such introductory

  • Baraithoth (Judaism)

    Baraita, any of the ancient oral traditions of Jewish religious law that were not included in the Mishna (the first authoritative codification of such laws). The Baraitot that are found dispersed singly throughout the Palestinian and Babylonian Talmuds are often recognizable by such introductory

  • Baraitot (Judaism)

    Baraita, any of the ancient oral traditions of Jewish religious law that were not included in the Mishna (the first authoritative codification of such laws). The Baraitot that are found dispersed singly throughout the Palestinian and Babylonian Talmuds are often recognizable by such introductory

  • Baraitoth (Judaism)

    Baraita, any of the ancient oral traditions of Jewish religious law that were not included in the Mishna (the first authoritative codification of such laws). The Baraitot that are found dispersed singly throughout the Palestinian and Babylonian Talmuds are often recognizable by such introductory

  • Barajas Airport (airport, Spain)

    Madrid: Transportation: Barajas Airport, Madrid’s international airport, lies about 8 miles (13 km) east of the city. A motorway (expressway) system encircles Madrid in a roughly pentagonal shape, coming to a point in the south. Other major motorways radiate from the encircling artery in all directions. There…

  • Barajas International Airport (airport, Spain)

    Madrid: Transportation: Barajas Airport, Madrid’s international airport, lies about 8 miles (13 km) east of the city. A motorway (expressway) system encircles Madrid in a roughly pentagonal shape, coming to a point in the south. Other major motorways radiate from the encircling artery in all directions. There…

  • Barak River valley (valley, Asia)

    Assam: Relief and drainage: …a small portion of the Barak River valley lies within Assam’s borders, it nevertheless forms an extensive lowland area that is important for agriculture in the state’s southern region. Geologically, the Brahmaputra and Barak valleys lie on ancient alluvial sediments, which themselves cover a variety of deposits from the Neogene…

  • Barak, Ehud (prime minister of Israel)

    Ehud Barak is an Israeli general and politician who was prime minister of Israel from 1999 to 2001. Barak was born in a kibbutz that had been founded by his father, an emigrant from Lithuania, in 1932. Barak was drafted into the Israel Defense Forces in 1959, thus beginning a distinguished military

  • Barak, William (Australian leader and activist)

    William Barak was an Australian Aboriginal leader, activist, and artist who was the last ngurungaeta (traditional leader) of the Wurunderjeri clan. He later became a noted artist of Indigenous life. Barak’s people, the Wurunderjeri, were the first inhabitants of the Yarra River valley (the

  • Baraka, Amiri (American writer)

    Amiri Baraka was an American poet and playwright who published provocative works that assiduously presented the experiences and suppressed anger of Black Americans in a white-dominated society. After attending Rutgers University and then Howard University in the early 1950s, Jones served in the

  • Baraka, Imamu Amiri (American writer)

    Amiri Baraka was an American poet and playwright who published provocative works that assiduously presented the experiences and suppressed anger of Black Americans in a white-dominated society. After attending Rutgers University and then Howard University in the early 1950s, Jones served in the

  • barakah (religion)

    nature worship: Nature as a sacred totality: Only the barakah (derived from the pre-Islamic thought world of the Berber and Arabs), the contagious superpower (or holiness) of the saints, and the power Nyama in the western Sudan that works as a force within large wild animals, certain bush spirits, and physically handicapped people—appearing especially…

  • Barakah (Mongol ruler)

    Berke was a Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde (1257–67), and a great-grandson of Genghis Khan. The first Mongol ruler to embrace Islām, Berke succeeded to the khanate soon after the death of his brother Batu. His conversion, as well as the rising power of his cousin Hülegü in Persia, led him to seek

  • Barakaldo (Spain)

    Barakaldo, industrial suburb, northern Vizcaya provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Basque Country, northeastern Spain. It lies on the south bank of the Nervión River. The city was traditionally known for manufacturing shipbuilding equipment. Its modern-day

  • Barakāt II (sharif of Mecca)

    history of Arabia: The Ottomans: Sharif Barakāt II of Mecca sent his son to negotiate at the Ottoman court and was confirmed as lord of the Holy Cities and Jeddah, subject to recognizing the Ottoman sultan as overlord. Selim’s successor, Süleyman I the Magnificent, at the zenith of Ottoman power, munificently…

  • Barakāt, Sīdī (Moroccan religious leader)

    Islamic world: Trans-Saharan Islam: It was one such Sufi, Sīdī Barakāt, who legitimated the Saʿdī family of sharifs as leaders of a jihad that expelled the Portuguese and established an independent state (1511–1603) strong enough to expand far to the south. Meanwhile, the greatest Muslim kingdom of the Sudan, Songhai, was expanding northward, and…

  • Barakpur (India)

    Barrackpore, city, southeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies just east of the Hugli (Hooghly) River and is part of the Kolkata (Calcutta) urban agglomeration, lying 15 miles (24 km) north of Kolkata. The name Barrackpore is probably derived from there having been troops stationed

  • Bārakzay dynasty (Afghan ruling family)

    Bārakzay dynasty, ruling family in Afghanistan in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Bārakzay brothers seized control of Afghanistan and in 1826 divided the region between them. Dōst Moḥammad Khan gained preeminence and founded the dynasty about 1837. Thereafter his descendants ruled in direct

  • Baram River (river, Malaysia)

    Baram River, river in northwestern Borneo. Rising in the Iran Mountains, it flows 250 miles (400 km) west and northwest, mostly through primary rain forest to the South China Sea at Baram Point. Above the lowest 100 miles, gorges and rapids make upstream navigation difficult. The Baram is Sarawak’s

  • Barama Ngolo (African leader)

    Bambara states: …was founded by two brothers, Barama Ngolo and Nia Ngolo. Initially little more than marauding robber barons, the brothers settled sometime before 1650 near the market town of Ségou, on the south bank of the Niger. The Bambara empire extended to include Timbuktu during the reign (c. 1652–82) of Kaladian…

  • Barama River Carib (people)

    South American Indian: Tropical-forest farming villages: …the Guianas, such as the Barama River Carib, the Taulipang, and the Makushí (Macushí); the Tupians of the coast of Brazil, such as the Tupinambá; and inland groups among whom were the Mundurukú, Kawaíb (Parintintín), and their neighbours.

  • bārāmāsa (poetics)

    Indo-Aryan literature: …many northern Indian languages: the barahmasa (“12 months”), in which, perhaps, 12 beauties of a girl or 12 attributes of a deity might be extolled by relating them to the characteristics of each month of the year; and the chautis (“34”), in which the 34 consonants of the northern Indian…

  • Baramula (India)

    Baramula, town, northwestern Jammu and Kashmir union territory, northern India. It is situated on the Jhelum River about 7 miles (11 km) beyond the river’s emergence from Wular Lake. Baramula is located some 28 miles (45 km) west and slightly north of Srinagar, the state’s summer capital. It is

  • Baran (India)

    Bulandshahr, city, western Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies about 40 miles (65 km) southeast of Delhi, on the Kali River. The city was formerly called Baran. Its present name, which means “Elevated Town,” refers to its location on high ground. The area passed from a Hindu raja to Maḥmūd

  • Baran, Paul (American electrical engineer)

    Paul Baran was an American electrical engineer, inventor of the distributed network and, contemporaneously with British computer scientist Donald Davies, of data packet switching across distributed networks. These inventions were the foundation for the Internet. In 1928 Baran’s family moved to

  • Baranagar (India)

    Baranagar, city, southeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies on the east bank of the Hugli (Hooghly) River opposite Bally and is part of the Kolkata (Calcutta) urban agglomeration. The site was originally a Portuguese settlement that became the seat of a Dutch trading station and an

  • Baranauskas, Antanas (Lithuanian poet)

    Antanas Baranauskas was a Roman Catholic bishop and poet who wrote one of the greatest works in Lithuanian literature, Anykyščių šilelis (1858–59; The Forest of Anykščiai). The 342-line poem, written in East High Lithuanian dialect, describes the former beauty of a pine grove near his village and

  • Baranavichy (Belarus)

    Baranavichy, town, western Belarus, on the southern edge of the Navahrudak Hills. It developed from a small village in the late 19th century into a major railway junction with lines to Moscow, Warsaw, and other eastern European centres. It has cotton, food-processing, and machine construction

  • Baranga, Aurel (Romanian author)

    Romanian literature: After World War II: Dramatists of the period included Aurel Baranga, who dealt satirically with the problems of contemporary life, Mihail Davidoglu, the author of plays set in mines and factories, and the intellectual but didactic Horia Lovinescu.

  • barangay (Filipino settlement)

    barangay, type of early Filipino settlement; the word is derived from balangay, the name for the sailboats that originally brought settlers of Malay stock to the Philippines from Borneo. Each boat carried a large family group, and the master of the boat retained power as leader, or datu, of the

  • barani (farming area)

    Pakistan: Traditional regions: …practiced are referred to as barani. Later, large areas of uncultivated land in the Indus River plain of the southern Punjab were irrigated by canals and populated by colonists drawn from other parts of the province. Referred to as the Canal Colony, that area now forms the richest agricultural region…

  • Baranī, Ẕiyāʾ al-Dīn (Muslim historian)

    Ẕiyāʾ al-Dīn Baranī was the first known Muslim to write a history of India. He resided for 17 years at Delhi as nadim (boon companion) of Sultan Muḥammad ibn Tughluq. Using mainly hearsay evidence and his personal experiences at court, Baranī in 1357 wrote the Tārīkh-e Fīrūz Shāhī (“History of

  • Baranof Island (island, Alaska, United States)

    Alaskan mountains: Physiography of the southern ranges: …and the mountains of Admiralty, Baranof, and Chicagof islands. Those islands have small glaciers and rugged coastlines indented by fjords. The archipelago is composed of southeast–northwest-trending belts of Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary, metasedimentary, and volcanic rocks. Metamorphic facies rocks are exposed in the eastern sectors. Those have been intruded by…

  • Baranof, Aleksandr A. (Russian governor of Alaska)

    Sitka: …established in July 1799 by Aleksandr Baranov (Baranof), the first Russian governor of Alaska. The fort was destroyed by the Tlingit in 1802. The present city was founded as Novo Arkhangelsk (“New Archangel”) in 1804, when Baranov moved the headquarters of the Russian-American Company (a Russian trading company) there from…

  • Baranov, Aleksandr A. (Russian governor of Alaska)

    Sitka: …established in July 1799 by Aleksandr Baranov (Baranof), the first Russian governor of Alaska. The fort was destroyed by the Tlingit in 1802. The present city was founded as Novo Arkhangelsk (“New Archangel”) in 1804, when Baranov moved the headquarters of the Russian-American Company (a Russian trading company) there from…

  • Baranovichi (Belarus)

    Baranavichy, town, western Belarus, on the southern edge of the Navahrudak Hills. It developed from a small village in the late 19th century into a major railway junction with lines to Moscow, Warsaw, and other eastern European centres. It has cotton, food-processing, and machine construction

  • Barante, Amable-Guillaume-Prosper Brugière, baron de (French statesman, historian, and author)

    Amable-Guillaume-Prosper Brugière, baron de Barante was a French statesman, historian, and political writer. He was a liberal representative under the Bourbon restoration and a leading member of the narrative school of Romanticist historians who portrayed historical episodes with high literary

  • Bárány, Robert (Swedish otologist)

    Robert Bárány was an Austrian otologist who won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1914 for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular (balancing) apparatus of the inner ear. Bárány graduated in medicine from the University of Vienna in 1900. After study at German clinics

  • Baranya (county, Hungary)

    Baranya, megye (county), southern Hungary, bounded by the counties of Tolna to the north and Bács-Kiskun to the east, by Croatia to the south, and by the county of Somogy to the west. Pécs is the county seat. With adjacent Somogy county, it is the most sparsely populated part of Hungary. Over half

  • Baranya Mountains (mountain range, Hungary)

    Mecsek Mountains, mountain range in southern Hungary. The range consists of a fractured local fold system of an origin contemporaneous with the Carpathian Mountains. The Mecsek emerged from beneath the sea in the Mesozoic Era (which began about 250 million years ago) and reached mountain

  • Barari Ghat, Battle of (Indian history)

    Battle of Barari Ghat, (Jan. 9, 1760), in Indian history, one of a series of Afghan victories over the Marathas in their war to gain control of the decaying Mughal Empire, which gave the British time in which to consolidate their power in Bengal. At the Barari Ghat (ferry station) of the Jumna

  • Barasat (India)

    Barasat, city, southeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies in the eastern part of the Kolkata (Calcutta) urban agglomeration, just north-northeast of the Dum Dum suburban complex and about 15 miles (24 km) northeast of central Kolkata. Barasat was constituted a municipality in 1869.

  • Barash, Asher (Jewish author)

    Hebrew literature: Émigré and Palestinian literature: …by few writers, among them Asher Barash, who described the early struggles of Palestinian Jewry. S.Y. Agnon, the outstanding prose writer of this generation (and joint winner of the 1966 Nobel Prize for Literature), developed an original style that borrowed from the Midrash (homiletical commentaries on the Hebrew Scriptures), stories,…

  • barasingha (mammal)

    barasingha, (Cervus duvauceli), graceful deer, belonging to the family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla), found in open forests and grasslands of India and Nepal. The barasingha stands about 1.1 m (45 inches) at the shoulder. In summer its coat is reddish or yellowish brown with white spots; in winter

  • barasman (Zoroastrianism)

    ancient Iran: Zoroastrianism: …carried in his hand the barsman (barsom), or bundle of sacred grass. His mouth was covered to prevent the sacred fire from being polluted by his breath. The practice of animal sacrifice, abhorred by the modern followers of Zoroaster, is attested for the Sāsānian period at least as late as…

  • Barat, St. Madeleine-Sophie (French nun)

    St. Madeleine-Sophie Barat ; canonized 1925; feast day May 25) was a Roman Catholic nun and founder of the Society of the Sacred Heart. Born of peasant stock, Madeleine was expertly tutored by her brother Louis, then a young deacon. After the French Revolution, she went to Paris with Louis, who had

  • Barataria Bay (inlet, Louisiana, United States)

    Barataria Bay, inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, about 15 miles (24 km) long and 12 miles (19 km) wide, in southeastern Louisiana, U.S. Its entrance, largely blocked by Grand Isle and the Grand Terre Islands, is via a narrow Gulf channel navigable through connecting waterways into the Gulf Intracoastal

  • Baratieri, Oreste (Italian governor of Eritrea)

    Oreste Baratieri was a general and colonial governor who was responsible for both the development of the Italian colony of Eritrea and the loss of Italian influence over Ethiopia. Baratieri had been a volunteer for Giuseppe Garibaldi, the popular hero of Italian unification, serving under him in

  • Baratynsky, Yevgeny Abramovich (Russian poet)

    Yevgeny Abramovich Baratynsky was a foremost Russian philosophical poet contemporary with Aleksandr Pushkin. In his poetry, he combined an elegant, precise style with spiritual melancholy in dealing with abstract idealistic concepts. Of noble parentage, Baratynsky was expelled from the imperial

  • Barauni (India)

    Barauni, town, central Bihar state, northeastern India. It lies north of the Ganges (Ganga) River and is part of the Begusarai urban agglomeration. The town merged with Phulwaria township in 1961. It has major highway, rail, and ferry connections and is an agricultural trade centre. Barauni is

  • Barayagwiza, Jean-Bosco (Rwandan politician)

    Rwanda genocide of 1994: ICTR: …release, on procedural grounds, of Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, a prominent genocide suspect. He had been charged with orchestrating a media campaign that urged the Hutu to kill their Tutsi neighbors. The order to release him was suspended, though, and in February 2000 the Rwandan government announced that it would resume cooperation…

  • Barb (breed of horse)

    Barb, native horse breed of the Barbary states of North Africa. It is related to, and probably an offshoot of, the Arabian horse but is larger, with a lower placed tail, and has hair at the fetlock (above and behind the hoof). The coat colour is usually bay or brown. Like the Arabian, it is noted

  • barb (feather)

    feathered dinosaur: Evolution of feathers: …into the structures known as barbs, which occur in the feathers of living birds. Although microscopic evidence from fossil forms is scant, at some point the barbs evolved barbules, the tiny hooks that provide mechanical structure to the vanes and give them aerodynamic integrity. The first such feathers were simple…

  • barb (fish)

    barb, (genus Barbus), any of numerous freshwater fishes belonging to a genus in the carp family, Cyprinidae. The barbs are native to Europe, Africa, and Asia. The members of this genus typically have one or more pairs of barbels (slender, fleshy protuberances) near the mouth and often have large,

  • Barb City (Illinois, United States)

    DeKalb, city, DeKalb county, north-central Illinois, U.S. It lies on the south branch of the Kishwaukee River, about 60 miles (100 km) west of Chicago. Founded in 1837, it was called Buena Vista and then Huntley’s Grove (for city founder Russell Huntley of New York) until the 1850s, when it was

  • barba amarilla (snake genus, Bothrops)

    fer-de-lance, any of several extremely venomous snakes of the viper family (Viperidae) found in diverse habitats from cultivated lands to forests throughout tropical America and tropical Asia. The fer-de-lance, known in Spanish as barba amarilla (“yellow chin”), is a pit viper (subfamily

  • Barba de Padilla, Sebastián (Spanish conquistador)

    Cochabamba: …in 1574 by the conquistador Sebastián Barba de Padilla, it was elevated to city status in 1786 and renamed Cochabamba, the Quechua name (Khocha Pampa) for the area, meaning “a plain full of small lakes.” A favourable climate and attractive setting have helped make it one of Bolivia’s largest cities.…

  • Barbā, al- (Egypt)

    Jirjā: …was probably the town of This (Tny), ancestral home of the 1st dynasty (c. 2925–c. 2775 bce), which unified Egypt. Its present name derives from the ancient Coptic monastery of Mar Girgis, dedicated to St. George. In the 14th century ce it became a centre of the Hawwārah, an Arabized…

  • Barba, Eugenio (theater critic)

    theatre: The influence of Grotowski and the Polish Laboratory Theatre: Eugenio Barba, of Odin Theater in Holstebro, Den., a pupil of Grotowski, has formulated the ideological position of these theatres under the term third theatre. His book The Floating Islands (1979) examines a theatre existing independently that creates from whatever material resources are at hand.…

  • Barbacena (Brazil)

    Barbacena, city, southeastern Minas Gerais estado (state), Brazil. It is situated in the Serra da Mantiqueira Mountains, at 3,727 feet (1,136 metres) above sea level. The settlement was made the seat of a municipality in 1791 and elevated to city rank in 1840. It is now the trade and manufacturing

  • barbacoa (method of cooking meat)

    barbacoa, a method of cooking meat that originated in Mexico; the term also can refer to the meat itself. Traditionally, lamb or goat is slow roasted for several hours in a pit that is topped with maguey leaves. Some types of barbacoa, however, feature pork or beef, and many modern recipes use a

  • Bārbad (Persian musician)

    Islamic arts: The pre-Islamic period: Some became famous, such as Bārbad, to whom is attributed the invention of the complicated pre-Islamic system of modes. The compositions of Bārbad, who became a model of artistic achievement in Arabic literature, survived at least until the 10th century.

  • Barbadiño (Portuguese theologian and philosopher)

    Portuguese literature: The 18th century: …of the theologian and philosopher Luís António Verney) poured scorn on prevailing methods of education in Veradeiro método de estudar (1746; “True Method of Studying”). Matias Aires, who studied science in Spain and France, returned to Portugal to write Reflexões sobre a vaidade (1752; “Reflections on Vanity”), a philosophical and…

  • Barbados

    Barbados, island country in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, situated about 100 miles (160 km) east of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Roughly triangular in shape, the island measures some 20 miles (32 km) from northwest to southeast and about 15 miles (25 km) from east to west at its widest

  • Barbados cherry (plant and fruit)

    Barbados cherry, (Malpighia emarginata), tropical and subtropical shrub or small tree (family Malpighiaceae), cultivated as an ornamental plant and for its tart edible fruits. The fruits are very rich in vitamin C and are used in preserves and commercial vitamin production. The plant is native to

  • Barbados Cricket Association (Barbadian organization)

    Joel Garner: …served as president of the Barbados Cricket Association. He was inducted into the International Cricket Council Cricket Hall of Fame in 2010.

  • Barbados gooseberry (plant)

    Pereskia: Leafy cactus (P. aculeata), also known as Barbados gooseberry, is cultivated extensively for hedges and for its orange edible fruit. Both P. bleo and P. grandifolia have been used in traditional medicine and show some anticancer potential, though additional studies are needed.

  • Barbados Labour Party (political party, Barbados)

    Barbados: Barbados since independence: …intervals, the DLP and the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) have alternated in leading the government. In November 2021 Barbados became a republic, replacing Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state with the country’s newly elected president, Dame Sandra Mason.

  • Barbados nut (plant)

    jatropha: The barbados nut (J. curcas), with yellow-green flowers and three- to five-lobed leaves on trees 6 m tall from Mexico and Central America, produces seeds from which cooking oil, soap, and a strong purgative are obtained. The seeds themselves are eaten if thoroughly roasted to remove…

  • Barbados Ridge (submarine feature, Caribbean Sea)

    Barbados Ridge, submarine ridge of the Caribbean Sea rising from the southern end of the axis of the Puerto Rico Trench. The Barbados Ridge is paralleled on either side by a shallow trough. Negative gravity anomalies (observed gravity values less than theoretically calculated values because of a

  • Barbados threadsnake (snake)

    Barbados threadsnake, (Leptotyphlops carlae), tiny burrowing member of the snake family Leptotyphlopidae. Reaching a maximum adult length of only 10.4 cm (4.1 inches) and an average weight of 0.6 g (0.02 ounce), it is thought to be the world’s smallest known snake. Its habitat is most likely

  • Barbados, flag of

    vertically striped national flag of blue-yellow-blue with a central black trident head. It has a width-to-length ratio of 2 to 3.The colonial flag badge of Barbados showed a fanciful scene in which an enormous shell with paddle wheels drawn by sea horses carried a king. The monarch held a trident,

  • Barbados, history of

    history of Barbados, history of Barbados from prehistoric times to the present. Little of the island’s prehistory is known, but archaeological investigation indicates that it may have been settled as early as 1600 bce by people from northern South America who later disappeared from the

  • Barbaia, Domenico (Italian impresario)

    Gioachino Rossini: Italian period: …where the reigning impresario was Domenico Barbaia, an ambitious former coffeehouse waiter who by gambling and running a gaming house had amassed a fortune and was now in charge of the two great Neapolitan theatres. Barbaia realized Rossini’s growing fame and went to Bologna to offer him a contract. Impressed…

  • Barbalissus, Battle of (Persian history)

    ancient Iran: Wars of Shāpūr I: including Antioch, the capital of Syria, itself. A third encounter took place when the emperor Valerian came to the rescue…

  • Bārbār (ancient temple, Bahrain)

    Dilmun: Bārbār, the remains of an ancient temple (largely built of limestone) situated on Bahrain Island, and many thousands of burial mounds attest to the island’s prominence. Qalaʿat (fort) al-Baḥrain, a large low tell covering about 45 acres (18 hectares) on the northern coast of the…

  • Barbara (syllogistic)

    history of logic: Aristotle: … in the form known as Barbara (on this terminology, see below Syllogisms).

  • Barbara Allen (ballad)

    folk music: Transmission and variation: …of the English ballad “Barbara Allen,” found 198 versions of the story sung in the English-speaking world, accompanied by tunes belonging to three tune families. (Accompanying this article are audio recordings of five renditions of “Barbara Allen” from collections at the Library of Congress.)

  • Barbara Frietchie (poem by Whittier)

    Frederick: …John Greenleaf Whittier’s poem “Barbara Frietchie.” Inc. 1817. Pop. (2000) 52,767; Bethesda-Rockville-Frederick Metro Division, 1,068,618; (2010) 65,239; Bethesda-Rockville-Frederick Metro Division, 1,205,162.

  • Barbara Rebell (work by Lowndes)

    Marie Adelaide Lowndes: …Heart of Penelope (1904) and Barbara Rebell (1905)—she wrote The Chink in the Armour (1912), a psychological study of a murder-plot victim. The Lodger, published the following year, was a fictional treatment of the Jack the Ripper murders. Her numerous works, spanning the first 40 years of the 20th century,…