Austronesian languages: Aberrant languages: …languages of this category are Enggano, spoken on a small island of the same name situated off the southwest coast of Sumatra, and a number of Melanesian languages. In the most extreme cases the classification of a language as Austronesian or non-Austronesian has shifted back and forth repeatedly, as with…

Enggano Island, island in the Indian Ocean, off the southwestern coast of Sumatra, Bengkulu provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. Enggano lies about 110 miles (177 km) south of Bengkulu city. It is about 22 miles (35 km) long east-west and 10 miles (16 km) wide north-south and covers an area of 171

Enghalskrug, German faience ewer with an ovoid body and a long narrow neck, which has a hinged pewter lid, a slight lip, and a broad foot, usually bound with a ring of pewter. After having been developed as a specialty at Hanau, Enghalskrüge were made at a number of German factories in the 17th and

Louis II de Bourbon, 4e prince de Condé was the leader of the last of the series of aristocratic uprisings in France known as the Fronde (1648–53). He later became one of King Louis XIV’s greatest generals. The princes de Condé were the heads of an important French branch of the House of Bourbon.

Henri-Jules de Bourbon, 5e prince de Condé was the 5th prince de Condé, the eldest son of the Great Condé (the 4th prince), whom he accompanied on military campaigns. Known from 1646 as the Duc d’Enghien, he was taken to and fro by his mother during the Fronde and eventually into exile with his

Louis II de Bourbon, 4e prince de Condé was the leader of the last of the series of aristocratic uprisings in France known as the Fronde (1648–53). He later became one of King Louis XIV’s greatest generals. The princes de Condé were the heads of an important French branch of the House of Bourbon.

Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé, duke d’Enghien was a French prince whose execution, widely proclaimed as an atrocity, ended all hope of reconciliation between Napoleon and the royal house of Bourbon. The only son of Louis-Henri-Joseph, Duke de Bourbon, and Louise-Marie-Thérèse-Bathilde

Björn Engholm is a German politician who served as leader of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) from 1991 to 1993. Although born in Germany, Engholm was of Swedish descent. He was educated at the University of Hamburg and worked as a printer before becoming a freelance journalist and lecturer in

Fujiwara Tokihira: Tokihira began work on the Engi-shiki (“Institutes of the Engi Period”), a compilation of administrative regulations; after his death it was completed by others and was presented at court in 927. Upon Tokihira’s death, his brother Tadahira succeeded him and in 941 assumed the office of kampaku.

Engadin, Swiss portion of the upper Inn (Romansh En) River valley, in Graubünden canton, extending about 60 mi (100 km) from the Inn’s source near the Maloja Pass (5,955 ft [1,815 m]) northeast to Finstermünz (3,621 ft), near the Austrian border. It is bounded on the south by the Bernina Alps and

Tien Shan: Glaciation: …in the Tien Shan is Engil’chek (Inylchek) Glacier, which is approximately 37 miles (60 km) long; it descends from the western slopes of the Khan Tängiri massif and branches into numerous tributaries. Other large glaciers in this area include North Engil’chek (24 miles [39 km]) and one at Muzat Pass…

history of flight: The generation and application of power: the problem of propulsion: …19th century approached, the internal-combustion engine emerged as an even more promising aeronautical power plant. The process had begun in 1860, when Étienne Lenoir of Belgium built the first internal-combustion engine, fueled with illuminating gas. In Germany, Nikolaus A. Otto took the next step in 1876, producing a four-stroke engine…

military technology: Mechanical artillery: …in 399 bce directed his engineers to construct military engines in preparation for war with Carthage. Dionysius’s engineers surely drew on existing practice. The earliest of the Greek engines was the gastrophetes, or “belly shooter.” In effect a large crossbow, it received its name because the user braced the stock…

gasoline engine: Cylinder block: The main structural member of all automotive engines is a cylinder block that usually extends upward from the centre line of the main support for the crankshaft to the junction with the cylinder head. The block serves as the structural framework of the engine…

ship: Crewing: …and nonmachinery components, (2) the engine department, which operated machinery and performed at-sea maintenance, and (3) the stewards department, which did the work of a hotel staff for the crew and passengers. The total number of crew varied widely with the function of the ship and with changes in technology.…

lathe: On an engine lathe the tool is clamped onto a cross slide that is power driven on straight paths parallel or perpendicular to the work axis. On a screwcutting lathe the motion of the cutting tool is accurately related to the rotation of the spindle by means…

gasoline engine: Lubrication system: …for each engine, and the oil must be suitable for the severity of the operating conditions. Oils are improved with additives that reduce oxidation, inhibit corrosion, and act as detergents to disperse deposit-forming gums and solid contaminants. Motor oils also include an antifoaming agent. Various systems of numbers are used…

improvised explosive device: Tactical use: Engineer Ordnance Disposal (EOD) experts disable or destroy IEDs through a variety of means, including the use of robotic ground vehicles and explosives.

engineering, the application of science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. The field has been defined by the Engineers Council for Professional Development, in the United States, as the creative application of “scientific principles to design or develop

Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), trade association representing the interests of Indian businesses in various sectors, chiefly including engineering, manufacturing, consulting, and services. The organization was founded as the Engineering and Iron Trades Association (EITA) in 1895. It

advanced ceramics, substances and processes used in the development and manufacture of ceramic materials that exhibit special properties. Ceramics, as is pointed out in the article ceramic composition and properties, are traditionally described as inorganic, nonmetallic solids that are prepared

drafting, graphical representation of structures, machines, and their component parts that communicates the engineering intent of a technical design to the craftsman or worker who makes the product. At the design stage, both freehand and mechanical drawings serve the functions of inspiring and

engineering geology, the scientific discipline concerned with the application of geological knowledge to engineering problems—e.g., to reservoir design and location, determination of slope stability for construction purposes, and determination of earthquake, flood, or subsidence danger in areas

drafting, graphical representation of structures, machines, and their component parts that communicates the engineering intent of a technical design to the craftsman or worker who makes the product. At the design stage, both freehand and mechanical drawings serve the functions of inspiring and

plastic: The composition, structure, and properties of plastics: …this group are the so-called engineering plastics, or engineering resins, which are plastics that can compete with die-cast metals in plumbing, hardware, and automotive applications. Important engineering plastics, less familiar to consumers than the commodity plastics listed above, are polyacetal, polyamide (particularly those known by the trade name nylon), polytetrafluoroethylene…

human-factors engineering, science dealing with the application of information on physical and psychological characteristics to the design of devices and systems for human use. The term human-factors engineering is used to designate equally a body of knowledge, a process, and a profession. As a

plastic: The composition, structure, and properties of plastics: …this group are the so-called engineering plastics, or engineering resins, which are plastics that can compete with die-cast metals in plumbing, hardware, and automotive applications. Important engineering plastics, less familiar to consumers than the commodity plastics listed above, are polyacetal, polyamide (particularly those known by the trade name nylon), polytetrafluoroethylene…

engineering studies, multidisciplinary branch of engineering that examines the relationships between technical and nontechnical aspects of engineering practices. Engineering studies encompasses a wide range of scholarly work that seeks to understand what it means to be an engineer and what is

humanitarian engineering: …prominent humanitarian engineering organization is Engineers Without Borders USA (EWB-USA), which was founded in 2002 by civil engineer Bernard Amadei. Both the organization and the field have grown rapidly since then, and many American universities host EWB-USA chapters. Such chapters frequently include both undergraduate and graduate students as well as…

England, predominant constituent unit of the United Kingdom, occupying more than half of the island of Great Britain. Outside the British Isles, England is often erroneously considered synonymous with the island of Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales) and even with the entire United

Edward Gibbon Wakefield: Further, Wakefield’s anonymous England and America . . ., 2 vol. (1833), an elaboration of his theories, influenced the South Australian Act of 1834, which forbade the organization of South Australia as a convict settlement and incorporated the notion of the “sufficient price” for subsidizing immigration. The colony…

Graham Swift: …fiction, and the extensive collection England and Other Stories (2014). Making an Elephant: Writing from Within (2009) gathers personal memoirs, poems, interviews, and other ephemera.

ProCon Debate: Should Medical Aid in Dying (MAID) Be Legal? ProCon Issue in the News: After five hours of debate on November 30, 2024, members of Parliament (MPs) voted 330 to 274 in favor of the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill, which would legalize medical aid in dying in England and

cricket: The Cricket Council and the ECB: A reorganization of English cricket took place in 1969, resulting in the end of the MCC’s long reign as the controlling body of the game, though the organization still retains responsibility for the laws. With the establishment of the Sports Council (a government agency…

ProCon Debates: Is Vaping Safe?, Should Single-use Plastics Be Banned? ProCon Issue in the News: Tackling both single-use plastics and teen vaping, England will ban disposable vapes beginning June 2025, pending approval of the UK Parliament. Similar laws are in the works in Scotland and Wales, with

Henry Mayers Hyndman: …conference (June 1881) he wrote England for All, the first socialist book published in England since the decline of Robert Owen’s reform movement in the 1830s. In this work he expounded the theories of Marx, who was offended, however, because in his view Hyndman did not make the necessary acknowledgment…

Anglican Church of Australia, independent Australian church within the Anglican Communion. It developed from the churches established by the English settlers in Australia in the 18th century. The first settlers, convicts sent from England to settle the country in 1788, were accompanied by one

Thomas Mun: …of Mun’s ideas appears in England’s Treasure by Forraign Trade, a book that was not published until 1664—decades after his death.

Bank of England, the central bank of the United Kingdom. Its headquarters are in the central financial district of the City of London. The Bank of England was incorporated by act of Parliament in 1694 with the immediate purpose of raising funds to allow the English government to wage war against

Church of England, English national church that traces its history back to the arrival of Christianity in Britain during the 2nd century. It has been the original church of the Anglican Communion since the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. As the successor of the Anglo-Saxon and medieval English

flag of a constituent unit of the United Kingdom, flown subordinate to the Union Jack, that consists of a white field (background) with a red cross known as the Cross of St. George.The origin of the flag, its association with St. George (the patron saint of England), and its adoption by England all

Richard Cobden: …he wrote two influential pamphlets—England, Ireland, and America (1835) and Russia (1836)—in which he demanded a new approach to foreign policy, based not on attempts to maintain a balance of power but on the recognition of the prime necessity of promoting international economic expansion through the free movement of…

John England was an Irish-born American Roman Catholic prelate who became the first bishop of Charleston and who founded the first Roman Catholic newspaper in the United States. Ordained in 1808, England became an instructor at St. Patrick’s Seminary, Cork, where in 1812 he was made president. His

Edmund Bolton: …the best in the miscellany Englands Helicon (1600), a widely known anthology of late 16th-century lyric and pastoral poetry.

Robert F. Engle is an American economist, corecipient of the Nobel Prize for Economics in 2003 for his development of methods for analyzing time series data with time-varying volatility. He shared the award with Clive W.J. Granger. Engle received an M.S. (1966) and Ph.D. (1969) from Cornell

Sir Francis Englefield was an English Roman Catholic who was a personal friend and influential adviser to Queen Mary I and a vigorous opponent in exile of Queen Elizabeth I. During the reign of Henry VIII, Englefield accepted the principle of royal supremacy over the English church but rejected the

Adolf Engler was a German botanist famous for his system of plant classification and for his expertise as a plant geographer. Engler obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Breslau (now Wrocław) in 1866. After four years of teaching he became, in 1871, custodian of botanical collections of the

Adolf Engler was a German botanist famous for his system of plant classification and for his expertise as a plant geographer. Engler obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Breslau (now Wrocław) in 1866. After four years of teaching he became, in 1871, custodian of botanical collections of the

Flint water crisis: The creation of a crisis: John Engler declared a state of financial emergency in the city, and for the next two years, executive power in Flint was wielded by a manager selected by Engler. The city’s financial doldrums continued, however, and in 2011 Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder appointed the first…

François Englert is a Belgian physicist who was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize for Physics for proposing the existence of the Higgs field, which endows all elementary particles with mass through its interactions with them. He shared the prize with British physicist Peter Higgs, who hypothesized that

Englewood, city, Arapahoe county, north-central Colorado, U.S., on the South Platte River, immediately south of Denver. In 1858 a gold placer deposit, one of the first in Colorado, was discovered nearby. Englewood was formed from the settlement of Orchard Place in 1875, and it developed as an

Englewood, city, Bergen county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies across the Hudson River from the Bronx, New York City. Founded in 1647 as part of Hackensack, it was detached for urban development as the township of Englewood in 1871 and incorporated as a city in 1899. Englewood is mainly

Angle: …well as to the word Englisc, used even by Saxon writers to denote their vernacular tongue. The Angles are first mentioned by Tacitus (1st century ce) as worshippers of the deity Nerthus. According to the Venerable Bede in the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, their Continental homeland was centred…

Leopold von Ranke: The search for objectivity.: … 1852); and, in 1859–69, the Englische Geschichte, vornehmlich im sechzehnten und siebzehnten Jahrhundert (A History of England Principally in the Seventeenth Century, 1875)—each consisting of several volumes that, although partly rendered obsolete by later research, are still worth reading today for their great narrative skill. In these works, too, Ranke…

Englische Komödianten, any of the troupes of English actors who toured the German-speaking states during the late 16th and the 17th centuries, exerting an important influence on the embryonic German drama and bringing with them many versions of popular Elizabethan and Jacobean plays that are of

English horn, orchestral woodwind instrument, a large oboe pitched a fifth below the ordinary oboe, with a bulbous bell and, at the top end, a bent metal crook on which the double reed is placed. It is pitched in F, being written a fifth higher than it sounds. Its compass is from the E below middle

England: Ethnic groups and languages: …main ethnic stem of the English: the Anglo-Saxons, who invaded and colonized England in the 5th and 6th centuries. Their language provides the most commonly used words in the modern English vocabulary.

Alexander Brome was a Royalist poet who wrote drinking songs and satirical verses against the Rump Parliament in England. Brome was probably an attorney in the Lord Mayor’s Court or the Court of King’s Bench. Izaak Walton wrote an introductory eclogue to Brome’s Songs and Other Poems (1661), a

Francis J. Child: …final collection was published as The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, first in 10 parts (1882–98) and then in 5 quarto volumes, containing 305 ballads. Few significant additions have been made since, and Child’s collection remains the authoritative treasury.

William Carey: …was the founder of the English Baptist Missionary Society (1792), a lifelong missionary to India, and an educator whose mission at Shrirampur (Serampore) set the pattern for modern missionary work. He has been called the “father of Bengali prose” for his grammars, dictionaries, and translations.

English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, satire in verse by Lord Byron, first published anonymously in 1809. The poem was written in response to the adverse criticism that The Edinburgh Review had given Hours of Idleness (1807), Byron’s first published volume of poetry. In English Bards and Scotch

Ingraj Bazar, city, north-central West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies on the west bank of the Mahananda River. The city was chosen as the site of the British East India Company’s silk factories (trading stations) in 1676. The Dutch and French also had settlements there. It was

Two-Tone Movement: …and the Beat (called the English Beat in the United States) split to become General Public and the Fine Young Cannibals. The legacy of 2-Tone would be explored during the American ska revival of the late 1990s. During the heyday of 2-Tone, and a little farther north, in Birmingham, another…

English billiards, game that is a type of billiards

bluebell: …clusters of English bluebell, or wild hyacinth (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), and Spanish bluebell (H. hispanica) are borne on plants about 30 cm (1 foot) tall. Both species are cultivated as garden ornamentals.

English bond, form of bonding courses of stones or bricks in walling. See

broom: English, or Scotch, broom (Cytisus scoparius) is a shrub with bright yellow flowers and is often grown for erosion control in warm climates.

Bulldog, breed of dog developed centuries ago in England for use in fighting bulls (bullbaiting). Characteristically powerful and courageous, often vicious, and to a great extent unaware of pain, the Bulldog nearly disappeared when dogfighting was outlawed in 1835. Fanciers of the breed, however,

chamomile: …English, or Roman, chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) or German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). Several species are cultivated as garden ornamentals, especially golden marguerite, or yellow chamomile (Cota tinctoria).

English Channel, narrow arm of the Atlantic Ocean separating the southern coast of England from the northern coast of France and tapering eastward to its junction with the North Sea at the Strait of Dover (French: Pas de Calais). With an area of some 29,000 square miles (75,000 square km), it is

English Civil Wars, (1642–51), fighting that took place in the British Isles between supporters of the monarchy of Charles I (and his son and successor, Charles II) and opposing groups in each of Charles’s kingdoms, including Parliamentarians in England, Covenanters in Scotland, and Confederates in

English Classics, in horse racing, five of the oldest and most important English horse races. They are the Derby, the Oaks, the One Thousand Guineas, the Saint Leger, and the Two Thousand Guineas

cocker spaniel: The English cocker spaniel is similar to the American cocker spaniel but is larger and has longer legs and a longer muzzle. It stands 15 to 17 inches (38 to 43 cm) and weighs 26 to 34 pounds (12 to 15 kg). It has a medium-length,…

College of Arms, corporation of the royal heralds of England and Wales. After the Court of Lord Lyon (the heraldic corporation of Scotland), it is the oldest active heraldic institution in Europe. The college investigates, records, and advises on the use of coats of arms (armorial bearings), royal

Englische Komödianten, any of the troupes of English actors who toured the German-speaking states during the late 16th and the 17th centuries, exerting an important influence on the embryonic German drama and bringing with them many versions of popular Elizabethan and Jacobean plays that are of

comedy: The human contradiction: …“On Wit and Humour” in English Comic Writers (1819), “Man is the only animal that laughs and weeps; for he is the only animal that is struck with the difference between what things are, and what they ought to be.”

constitution: Constitutional stability: …wrote a classic analysis of the English constitution (The English Constitution), stressed the “deferential” character of the English people, who were quite happy to leave government in the hands of the governing class.

association croquet, lawn game in which players use wooden mallets to hit balls through a series of wire hoops, or wickets, with a central peg as the ultimate goal. It is played on an organized basis in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa. (For the origins of the game and a

daisy: The English daisy (B. perennis) is often used as a bedding plant. It has numerous spoon-shaped, slightly hairy leaves near its base that form a rosette. The plant has leafless flower stalks and hairy bracts (leaflike structures) below the flower heads. Some varieties of the English…

William Combe: …and Rowlandson also collaborated on The English Dance of Death (1815), which contains some of Combe’s best verse, and The Dance of Life (1816–17).

country dance: …and courtly: Italian (15th–16th century), English (16th–19th century), and French (18th century). The chief English source is John Playford’s The English Dancing Master of 1650, continued in additional volumes until 1728 and critically revised in 1957 by M.J. Dean-Smith.

Gothic art: High Gothic: …the Continent and as the Decorated Gothic (1300–75) style in England. This style was characterized by the application of increasingly elaborate geometrical decoration to the structural forms that had been established during the preceding century.

dictionary: Specialized dictionaries: …collecting culminated in the splendid English Dialect Dictionary of Joseph Wright in six volumes (1898–1905). American regional speech was collected from 1774 onward; John Pickering first put a glossary of Americanisms into a separate book in 1816. The American Dialect Society, founded in 1889, made extensive collections, with plans for…

dictionary: From 1604 to 1828: …word dictionary in its title: The English Dictionary; or, An Interpreter of Hard English Words. It added many words that have never appeared anywhere else—adpugne, adstupiate, bulbitate, catillate, fraxate, nixious, prodigity, vitulate, and so on. Much fuller than its predecessors was Thomas Blount’s work of 1656, Glossographia; or, A Dictionary…

East India Company, English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India, incorporated by royal charter on December 31, 1600. Starting as a monopolistic trading body, the company became involved in politics and acted as an agent of British imperialism in India

elm: Major species: …species with interesting mottled bark; English elm (U. procera), with a compact crown and deeply fissured bark; Wych elm (U. glabra), with smoother bark; and Camperdown elm (U. glabra camperdownii), a variety of Wych elm also known as umbrella elm because of its drooping branches. The fast-growing Siberian elm (U.…

dictionary: From 1604 to 1828: …next dictionary, by John Bullokar, An English Expositor, is first heard of on May 25, 1610, when it was entered in the Stationers’ Register (which established the printer’s right to it), but it was not printed until six years later. Bullokar introduced many archaisms, marked with a star (“only used…

papermaking: Book paper: English finish is a step higher in the book paper scale; this finish is distinguished from machine finish by a higher degree of stack beating, by greater pressure between the rollers of a machine calender, and by calendering at a greater moisture content of the…

flageolet: The English flageolet is a late 18th-century adaptation of the French form, with six front finger holes and, sometimes, keywork. Flageolets were often built as double pipes (the English also as triple pipes), all with a single mouthpiece.

Cecil Sharp: His other published works include English Folk-Songs from the Southern Appalachians, with Olive Dame Campbell (1917); English Folk Songs (1921); The Morris Book (5 parts; 1907–13); The Country Dance Book (6 parts; 1909–22); and Sword Dances of Northern England (5 parts; 1911–13). Cecil Sharp House was established in London in…

English Football League (EFL), English professional football (soccer) organization. The league was formed in 1888, largely through the efforts of William McGregor, known afterward as the “father of the league.” Twelve of the strongest professional clubs of the time joined in the league, and the

industrial glass: Glass melting: …17th century, cone-shaped, or “English,” glass furnaces using coal as fuel appeared. The cones rose as high as 35 metres and were 10 to 12 metres in diameter. In these furnaces, covered pots for glass melting were placed on a middle level slightly below the ground, and an underground…

English garden, type of garden that developed in 18th-century England, originating as a revolt against the architectural garden, which relied on rectilinear patterns, sculpture, and the unnatural shaping of trees. The revolutionary character of the English garden lay in the fact that, whereas

Richard Brathwaite: …as a country gentleman, writing The English Gentleman (1630) and The English Gentlewoman (1631), books on social conduct that are of interest to the social historian. He also wrote the lively Barnabee’s Journal (originally written in Latin rhymed verse under the pseudonym Corymbaeus; Eng. trans. 1638), containing amusing topographical information…

Richard Brathwaite: …The English Gentleman (1630) and The English Gentlewoman (1631), books on social conduct that are of interest to the social historian. He also wrote the lively Barnabee’s Journal (originally written in Latin rhymed verse under the pseudonym Corymbaeus; Eng. trans. 1638), containing amusing topographical information and unflagging gaiety.

gooseberry: Major species: …common commercial fruits are the English gooseberries (Ribes uva-crispa), popularly called grossularia, which are native to the Old World and have long been cultivated. In Europe the large-fruited cultivated gooseberries became naturalized. Grossularia do not prosper in the United States, because they are susceptible to mildews and rusts. Because they…

punctuation: Punctuation in English since 1600: …was Ben Jonson, in his English Grammar, a work composed about 1617 and published posthumously in 1640, who first recommended syntactic punctuation in England. An early example is the 1625 edition of Francis Bacon’s Essayes; and from the Restoration onward syntactic punctuation was in general use. Influential treatises on syntactic…

holly: Major species: English holly (I. aquifolium), a tree growing to 15 metres (nearly 50 feet) tall, bears shining spiny dark evergreen leaves and usually red fruits. The somewhat taller American holly (I. opaca) has oblong prickly leaves and usually red fruits. There are spineless and yellow-fruited forms…

English horn, orchestral woodwind instrument, a large oboe pitched a fifth below the ordinary oboe, with a bulbous bell and, at the top end, a bent metal crook on which the double reed is placed. It is pitched in F, being written a fifth higher than it sounds. Its compass is from the E below middle

hymn: …English poet Robert Bridges, and The English Hymnal (1906), edited by Percy Dearmer and the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams; the latter includes many plainsong and folk melodies.