Greek alphabet, writing system that was developed in Greece about 1000 bce. It is the direct or indirect ancestor of all modern European alphabets. Derived from the North Semitic alphabet via that of the Phoenicians, the Greek alphabet was modified to make it more efficient and accurate for writing

Ionic alphabet, most important variety of the eastern form of the ancient Greek alphabet, developed late in the 5th century bc. In 403 the Ionic alphabet used in the Anatolian city of Miletus was adopted for use in Athens, and by the middle of the 4th century the Ionic had become the common,

Greek Anthology, collection of about 3,700 Greek epigrams, songs, epitaphs, and rhetorical exercises, mostly in elegiac couplets, that can be dated from as early as the 7th century bce to as late as 1000 ce. The nucleus of the Anthology is a collection made early in the 1st century bce by Meleager,

architecture: Places of worship: …or reserved for priests; in ancient Greece it contained an accessible cult image, but services were held outside the main facade; and in the ancient Near East and in the Mayan and Aztec architecture of ancient Mexico, where the temple was erected at the summit of pyramidal mounds, only privileged…

Greek calendar, any of a variety of dating systems used by the several city-states in the time of classical Greece and differing in the names of their months and in the times of beginning the year. Each of these calendars attempted to combine in a single system the lunar year of 12 cycles of phases

Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, largest of the Eastern Catholic (also known as Eastern rite or Greek Catholic) churches, in communion with Rome since the Union of Brest-Litovsk (1596). Byzantine Christianity was established among the Ukrainians in 988 by St. Vladimir (Volodimir) and followed

Greek Catholic church, an Eastern Catholic church of the Byzantine rite, in communion with Rome since the mid-19th century. A small body of Greek Catholics came into existence in Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and Thrace largely through the efforts of John Hyacinth Marango, a Latin priest, and

Greek Civil War, (December 1944–January 1945 and 1946–49), two-stage conflict during which Greek communists unsuccessfully tried to gain control of Greece. The first stage of the civil war began only months before Nazi Germany’s occupation of Greece ended in October 1944. The German occupation had

Markos Vafiades: …insurgent, founding member of the Greek Communist Party, and commander of the communist-led Democratic Army in the civil war against the Greek government (1946–49).

number game: Geometric dissections: …dissection, such as converting the Greek cross into a square (Figure 11), may require the use of ingenious procedures, some of which have been described by H. Lindgren (see Bibliography).

EDES, nationalist guerrilla force that, bolstered by British support, constituted the only serious challenge to EAM-ELAS control of the resistance movement in occupied Greece during World War II. Led by Gen. Napoleon Zervas, EDES was originally liberal and antimonarchist, but it moved steadily to

EDES, nationalist guerrilla force that, bolstered by British support, constituted the only serious challenge to EAM-ELAS control of the resistance movement in occupied Greece during World War II. Led by Gen. Napoleon Zervas, EDES was originally liberal and antimonarchist, but it moved steadily to

Greek fire, any of several flammable compositions that were used in warfare in ancient and medieval times. More specifically, the term refers to a mixture introduced by the Byzantine Greeks in the 7th century ce. The employment of incendiary materials in war is of ancient origin; many writers of

Giannis Antetokounmpo is a Greek professional basketball player who led the Milwaukee Bucks of the NBA to a championship in 2021. Adetokunbo was born in Athens, the son of Nigerian immigrants who had no legal status in Greece. Giannis and three of his four brothers were considered stateless because

fret, in decorative art and architecture, any one of several types of running or repeated ornament, consisting of lengths of straight lines or narrow bands, usually connected and at right angles to each other in T, L, or square-cornered G shapes, so arranged that the spaces between the lines or

Greek Independence Day, national holiday celebrated annually in Greece on March 25, commemorating the start of the War of Greek Independence in 1821. It coincides with the Greek Orthodox Church’s celebration of the Annunciation to the Theotokos, when the Archangel Gabriel appeared to Mary and told

War of Greek Independence, (1821–32), rebellion of Greeks within the Ottoman Empire, a struggle which resulted in the establishment of an independent kingdom of Greece. The rebellion originated in the activities of the Philikí Etaireía (“Friendly Brotherhood”), a patriotic conspiracy founded in

Greece: The islands of Greece: The Ionian Islands off the western coast of Greece structurally resemble the folded mountains of Ípeiros. Of the six main islands, Corfu (Modern Greek: Kérkyra), opposite the Albanian frontier, is the northernmost; it is fertile and amply endowed with well-watered lowland. The…

fret, in decorative art and architecture, any one of several types of running or repeated ornament, consisting of lengths of straight lines or narrow bands, usually connected and at right angles to each other in T, L, or square-cornered G shapes, so arranged that the spaces between the lines or

Greek language, Indo-European language spoken primarily in Greece. It has a long and well-documented history—the longest of any Indo-European language—spanning 34 centuries. There is an Ancient phase, subdivided into a Mycenaean period (texts in syllabic script attested from the 14th to the 13th

Greek law, legal systems of the ancient Greeks, of which the best known is the law of Athens. Although there never was a system of institutions recognized and observed by the nation as a whole as its legal order, there were a number of basic approaches to legal problems, certain methods used in

Han Kang: Novels: Greek Lessons, 2023), an exploration of grief and its impact on language. The novel features two unnamed narrators, a man who is losing his ability to see and a woman who is losing her ability to speak. In a review published in The New York…

Greek literature, body of writings in the Greek language, with a continuous history extending from the 1st millennium bc to the present day. From the beginning its writers were Greeks living not only in Greece proper but also in Asia Minor, the Aegean Islands, and Magna Graecia (Sicily and southern

Compton Mackenzie: …Secrets Act for his autobiographical Greek Memories (1932); and a love of pure fun in The Monarch of the Glen (1941) and Whisky Galore (1947). Other novels included Poor Relations (1919), Rich Relatives (1921), Vestal Fire (1927), and Extraordinary Women (1928); among his plays were The Gentleman in Grey (1906),…

waterwheel: …(sometimes called a Norse or Greek mill) also required little auxiliary construction, but it was suited for grinding because the upper millstone was fixed upon the vertical shaft. The mill, however, could only be used where the current flow was suitable for grinding.

aulos: Greek music, a single- or double-reed pipe played in pairs (auloi) during the Classical period. After the Classical period, it was played singly. Under a variety of names it was the principal wind instrument of most ancient Middle Eastern peoples and lasted in Europe up…

Greek mythology, body of stories concerning the gods, heroes, and rituals of the ancient Greeks and Classical antiquity. That the myths contained a considerable element of fiction was recognized by the more critical Greeks, such as the philosopher Plato in the 5th–4th century bce. In general,

Lynn Seymour: …was artistic director of the Greek National Opera Ballet. Her autobiography, Lynn (written with Paul Gardner), was published in 1984.

numerals and numeral systems: Greek numerals: The Greeks had two important systems of numerals, besides the primitive plan of repeating single strokes, as in ||| ||| for six, and one of these was again a simple grouping system. Their predecessors in culture—the Babylonians, Egyptians, and Phoenicians—had generally repeated the…

Greek Orthodox Church, specifically, the Church of Greece (see Greece, Church of). The name is also commonly applied to Eastern Orthodoxy (q.v.) in

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, Eastern Orthodox patriarchate, second in honorific rank after the Church of Constantinople; its patriarch is considered the successor of St. Mark the Evangelist and heads the Orthodox Church in Africa. The

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, Eastern Orthodox patriarchate, second in honorific rank after the Church of Constantinople; its patriarch is considered the successor of St. Mark the Evangelist and heads the Orthodox Church in Africa. The

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, autocephalous (ecclesiastically independent) Eastern Orthodox patriarchate, third in honorific rank after the churches of Constantinople and Alexandria; it is the largest Arab Christian church in the Middle East. The authority of the Greek

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, Eastern Orthodox patriarchate, fourth in honorific seniority after the churches of Constantinople, Alexandria, and Antioch. Since the beginning of Muslim rule in the 7th century, it has been the main custodian

Church of Greece, the established church of Greece, and one of the most important autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, churches of the Eastern Orthodox communion. During the Byzantine Empire and the subsequent Turkish occupation of Greece, the Christian church in Greece was under the

Eastern Orthodoxy, one of the three major doctrinal and jurisdictional groups of Christianity. It is characterized by its continuity with the apostolic church, its liturgy, and its territorial churches. Its adherents live mainly in the Balkans, the Middle East, and former Soviet countries. Eastern

Greek philosophy, in the history of Western philosophy, the foundational and profound philosophical contributions of the leading thinkers of ancient Greece, including the pre-Socratic cosmologists of the 6th and 5th centuries bce; the intellectual giants of Classical Athens—Socrates, Plato, and

Greek pottery, the pottery of the ancient Greeks, important both for the intrinsic beauty of its forms and decoration and for the light it sheds on the development of Greek pictorial art. Because fired clay pottery is highly durable—and few or no Greek works in wood, textile, or wall painting have

Alexandros Papagos: …a new political party, the Greek Rally, which soon became the strongest political force in Greece. Enjoying wide popularity and modeling himself after Charles de Gaulle, Papagos led his party to a decisive victory in the elections of November 1952 and became premier. He died in office.

Greek religion, religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Hellenes. Greek religion is not the same as Greek mythology, which is concerned with traditional tales, though the two are closely interlinked. Curiously, for a people so religiously minded, the Greeks had no word for religion itself;

Greek Revival, architectural style, based on 5th-century-bc Greek temples, which spread throughout Europe and the United States during the first half of the 19th century. The main reasons for the style’s popularity seem to have been the general intellectual preoccupation with ancient Greek culture

Hellenistic romance, adventure tale, usually with a quasi-historical setting, in which a virtuous heroine and her valiant lover are separated by a series of misadventures (e.g., jealous quarrels, kidnapping, shipwrecks, or bandits) but are eventually reunited and live happily together. Five

classical scholarship: Greek scholarship: Greek epic poetry was recited in early times by professional performers known as rhapsodists, or rhapsodes, who sometimes offered interpretations of the works as well. In the 6th century bc Theagenes of Rhegium is said to have “searched out Homer’s poetry and

Hiram Powers: …is best remembered for his Greek Slave (1843), a white marble statue of a nude girl in chains.

Greek literature, body of writings in the Greek language, with a continuous history extending from the 1st millennium bc to the present day. From the beginning its writers were Greeks living not only in Greece proper but also in Asia Minor, the Aegean Islands, and Magna Graecia (Sicily and southern

tragedy, branch of drama that treats in a serious and dignified style the sorrowful or terrible events encountered or caused by a heroic individual. By extension the term may be applied to other literary works, such as the novel. Although the word tragedy is often used loosely to describe any sort

Jacob’s ladder, any of about 25 species of the genus Polemonium of the family Polemoniaceae, native to temperate areas in North and South America and Eurasia. Many are valued as garden flowers and wildflowers. They have loose, spikelike clusters of drooping blue, violet, or white, funnel-shaped,

Edith Hamilton: …1930 published her first book, The Greek Way. Vivid and engaging as well as thoroughly scholarly, the book was a critical and popular success. It was followed by The Roman Way (1932), which was equally well received. She turned to other sources of tradition in The Prophets of Israel (1936)…

Greek-cross plan, church plan in the form of a Greek cross, with a square central mass and four arms of equal length. The Greek-cross plan was widely used in Byzantine architecture and in Western churches inspired by Byzantine examples. See church

Henry George Liddell: …and co-editor of the standard Greek–English Lexicon (1843; 8th ed., 1897; revised by H.S. Jones and others, 1940; abridged, 1957; intermediate, 1959). In 1834 he and a fellow student at Oxford, Robert Scott, began preparing the Lexicon, basing their work on the Greek–German lexicon of Francis Passow, professor at the…

history of Europe: The United States to the rescue: …been empowered to sign the Greek-Turkish Aid Act.

Greeley, city, seat (1874) of Weld county, northern Colorado, U.S., 50 miles (80 km) north-northeast of Denver, at an elevation of 4,665 feet (1,422 metres). It was founded in 1870 as Union Colony, a cooperative agricultural enterprise organized by Nathan Meeker, agricultural editor of the New York

Andrew Greeley was an American Roman Catholic priest, sociologist, educator, commentator, and author who devoted more than 50 years to addressing the teachings of the Catholic faith through nonfiction works and newspaper articles, as well as television and radio broadcasts. He was also a popular

Andrew Greeley was an American Roman Catholic priest, sociologist, educator, commentator, and author who devoted more than 50 years to addressing the teachings of the Catholic faith through nonfiction works and newspaper articles, as well as television and radio broadcasts. He was also a popular

Horace Greeley was an American newspaper editor who is known especially for his vigorous articulation of the North’s antislavery sentiments during the 1850s. Greeley was a printer’s apprentice in East Poultney, Vt., until moving to New York City in 1831, where he eventually became a founding editor

Adolphus Washington Greely was a U.S. Army officer whose scientific expedition to the Arctic resulted in the exploration of a considerable amount of terrain on Ellesmere Island, Canada, and on coastal Greenland, where he also set a contemporary record by reaching 83°24′ N latitude; the mission,

quark: Quark colours: The colours red, green, and blue are ascribed to quarks, and their opposites, antired, antigreen, and antiblue, are ascribed to antiquarks. According to QCD, all combinations of quarks must contain mixtures of these imaginary colours that cancel out one another, with the resulting particle having no net colour.…

green, in physics, light in the wavelength range of 495–570 nanometres, which is in the middle of the visible spectrum. In art, green is a colour on the conventional colour wheel, located between yellow and blue and opposite red, its complementary colour. Green is a basic colour term added to

golf: Procedure: …the close-clipped surface of the green, and then rolls the remaining distance.

acouchy: Upperparts of the green acouchy (M. pratti) are covered by grizzled fur, each hair of which has several alternating black and yellow bands, giving the animal an overall green or olive-coloured appearance. Underparts are pale orange, sometimes with white patches.

Television in the United States: Rural humour: …1962–71), Petticoat Junction (CBS, 1963–70), Green Acres (CBS, 1965–71), and Hee-Haw (CBS, 1969–71). The Andy Griffith Show, like other rural comedies, featured “just plain folks” who used words of few syllables, did not work on Sundays, and did not go in much for the sophisticated ways of the big city.…

green algae, members of the division Chlorophyta, comprising between 9,000 and 12,000 species. The photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a and b, carotene, and xanthophyll) are in the same proportions as those in higher plants. The typical green algal cell, which can be motile or nonmotile, has a

Austria: Political process: The environmentalist parties, including the Green Alternative (Die Grüne Alternative; GA; founded 1986) and the United Greens of Austria (Vereinte Grüne Österreichs; VGÖ; founded 1982), have come to be known collectively as the Greens. The Greens first won seats in the Austrian parliament in 1986.

green anaconda, common name for what are generally considered to be two species of nonvenomous semiaquatic boa (family Boidae) native to South America. Green anacondas are known for their immense size, some recorded specimens measuring as long as 9 meters (30 feet) and weighing more than 250 kg

anole: carolinensis, or green anole, commonly but erroneously called the American chameleon) is native to the southern United States. Its colour varies at times from green to brown or mottled, but its colour-changing ability is poor compared with that of the true chameleons of the Old World. Green…

weaver ant: …and the range of the Asian weaver ant (O. smaragdina) includes southeastern Asia, northern Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. Weaver ants are used as a biological control agent against insects that damage tropical tree crops, and the ants and their larvae are a popular food in parts…

green architecture, philosophy of architecture that advocates sustainable energy sources, the conservation of energy, the reuse and safety of building materials, and the siting of a building with consideration of its impact on the environment. In the early 21st century the building of shelter (in

Green Arrow, American comic strip superhero created for DC Comics by writer Mort Weisinger and artist George Papp. Nicknamed the “Emerald Archer” for his Robin Hood-like appearance and manner, the character first appeared in More Fun Comics no. 73 (November 1941). From the start, Green Arrow was an

ash: Major species: …ash (Fraxinus americana) and the green ash (F. pennsylvanica), which grow throughout the eastern and much of the central United States and northward into parts of Canada. These two species furnish wood that is stiff, strong, resilient, and yet lightweight. This “white ash” is used for baseball bats, hockey sticks,…

Drake equation, equation that purports to yield the number N of technically advanced civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy as a function of other astronomical, biological, and psychological factors. (Read Carl Sagan’s Britannica entry on extraterrestrial life.) Formulated in large part by the U.S.

National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), the national radio observatory of the United States. It is funded by the National Science Foundation and is managed by Associated Universities, Inc., a consortium of nine leading private universities. Its headquarters are in Charlottesville, Va. The NRAO

radio telescope: Filled-aperture telescopes: …in the world is the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) located in Green Bank, West Virginia. This 110-by-100-metre (360-by-330-foot) off-axis radio telescope was completed in 2000 and operates at wavelengths as short as a few millimetres. The moving structure, which weighs 7.3 million kg (16 million pounds), points…

Green Bay, city, seat (1854) of Brown county, eastern Wisconsin, U.S. It is situated where the Fox River empties into Green Bay (an inlet of Lake Michigan), about 110 miles (180 km) north of Milwaukee. Green Bay’s metropolitan area includes the city of De Pere and the villages of Ashwaubenon,

Green Bay, inlet of northwestern Lake Michigan, U.S., along the states of Wisconsin and Michigan (Upper Peninsula). It extends southwestward for 118 miles (190 km) from the head of Big Bay de Noc (Michigan) to the mouth of the Fox River (Wisconsin) and is 23 miles (37 km) at its widest point,

Green Bay Packers, American professional football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. One of the most-storied franchises in the history of the sport, the Packers have won the most championships, 13 in total, of any National Football League (NFL) team: nine NFL championships (1929–31, 1936, 1939,

Vince Lombardi: …known for one signature play—the Green Bay sweep. The play, which saw the ball carrier dash around the end escorted by a host of blockers, was copied by virtually every football team in the 1960s and ’70s.

green bean, widely cultivated, edible-podded legume of the species Phaseolus vulgaris. See

Kenya: Plant and animal life: …of deforestation and desertification, the Green Belt Movement, an organization founded in 1977 by environmentalist Wangari Maathai (winner of the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize), had planted some 30 million trees by the early 21st century.

Green Berets, elite armed force and unit of the U.S. Army specializing in counterinsurgency. The Green Berets (whose berets can be colours other than green) came into being in 1952. They were active in the Vietnam War, and they have been sent to U.S.-supported governments around the world to help

colour blindness: Types of colour blindness: …to green is known as deuteranopia, wherein green cones are lacking and blue and red cones are functional. Some persons experience anomalous dichromatic conditions, which involve only minor reductions or weaknesses in colour sensitivity. In protanomaly, for example, sensitivity to red is reduced as a result of abnormalities in the…

Interested in funding a renewable-energy project and getting paid for it? You’re not alone. Green bonds—fixed-income securities on environmentally sustainable projects—have become popular investment vehicles in the climate change fight. Green bonds also fit into the larger scope of sustainable or

Mahershala Ali: …actor for his performance in Green Book (2018), the story of an unlikely friendship between an African American classical pianist and the working-class bouncer he hires to drive him on a tour of the American South in the 1960s.

the Green Book, travel guide published (1936–67) during the segregation era in the United States that identified businesses that would accept African American customers. Compiled by Victor Hugo Green (1892–1960), a Black postman who lived in the Harlem section of New York City, the Green Book

Muammar al-Qaddafi: Rise to power, policies, and The Green Book: …Islamic socialism as expressed in The Green Book. This combined the nationalization of many economic sectors with a brand of populist government ostensibly operating through people’s congresses, labour unions, and other mass organizations. Innovations along these lines continued to be introduced, including a system of government in 1977 called jamāhīriyyah…

brittle star: …best-known littoral species are the green brittle star (Ophioderma brevispina), found from Massachusetts to Brazil, and the common European brittle star (Ophiothrix fragilis). Brittle stars typically hide under rocks or in crevices during the day and emerge at night to feed.

buckwheat: A related species known as green buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is used similarly and is chiefly cultivated in East Asia.

Cape Verde Peninsula, peninsula in west-central Senegal that is the westernmost point of the African continent. Formed by a combination of volcanic offshore islands and a land bridge produced by coastal currents, it projects into the Atlantic Ocean, bending back to the southeast at its tip.

Gérard Depardieu: …number of American films, including Green Card (1990), My Father the Hero (1994), Crime Spree (2003), Last Holiday (2006), and Life of Pi (2012).

alien: …so certified and granted “green cards” that entitle them to rights that include employment. But they are still subject to limitations under local laws. The U.S. Supreme Court held, for example, that municipalities may require police officers to be U.S. citizens (1982); “Aliens are by definition those outside the…

green chemistry, an approach to chemistry that endeavours to prevent or reduce pollution. This discipline also strives to improve the yield efficiency of chemical products by modifying how chemicals are designed, manufactured, and used. Green chemistry dates from 1991, when the U.S. Environmental

green chili, a staple dish of U.S. Southwestern cuisine that is a spicy stewlike mix of green chiles and usually pork, jalapeños, onions, tomatoes, and various seasonings. The chili is served in several ways: as a solo dish in a bowl, with flour tortillas on the side, or as a topping for burritos,

coffee: Processing the bean: …from those processes is called green coffee, which is then ready for roasting. See also coffee production.

Muscogee: Pre-colonial culture: …important religious observances as the Busk, or Green Corn, ceremony, an annual first-fruits and new-fire rite. A distinctive feature of this midsummer festival was that every wrongdoing, grievance, or crime—short of murder—was forgiven.

Marie Ponsot: …by more volumes of poetry: The Green Dark (1988), The Bird Catcher (1998; National Book Critics Circle Award), Springing: New and Selected Poems (2002), and Collected Poems (2016).

Green Day, American rock band that infused the raw power of punk with a melodic pop sensibility and lyrics that captured the angst-ridden restlessness of American teenagers at the end of the 20th century and into the 21st. The principal members are Billie Joe Armstrong (b. February 17, 1972, Rodeo,

Arisaema: Major species: The green dragon, or dragonroot (A. dracontium), with leaves up to 25 cm in length on petioles up to 90 cm (35 inches) long, has an 8-cm-long greenish spathe, with an erect hood, surrounding a spadix that extends beyond the spathe by several times its length.

Al-Masry, Egyptian professional football (soccer) club based in Port Said. Al-Masry is one of Egypt’s oldest and best-supported football clubs. The team is nicknamed the Green Eagles for its green jerseys and its crest, which is composed of an eagle with a green ball between its two upraised wings.

ebony: Jamaica, American, or green ebony is produced by the unrelated Brya ebenus, a leguminous tree or shrub; the heartwood is a rich dark brown, very heavy, exceedingly hard, and capable of receiving a high polish.

Sweden: Domestic affairs through the 1990s: Nonetheless, the Green Ecology Party garnered 5.5 percent of the vote, exceeding the 4 percent minimum required to enter the parliament. The domestic policy of the Social Democratic government was characterized by concessions to a more liberal program carried through with the support of the Liberal Party.…

Dr. Seuss: The Cat in the Hat, How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, and other classics of Dr. Seuss: …Red Fish Blue Fish (1960), Green Eggs and Ham (1960), Hop on Pop (1963), and Fox in Socks (1965). They—along with his other works—went far beyond the traditional, and often boring, primers and were valued for their contribution to the education of children. During this period, Geisel also wrote The…