defibrillation: Types of defibrillation devices: …external defibrillators (AEDs) and automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). AEDs are used in emergency situations involving cardiac arrest. They are portable and often can be found in places where large numbers of people circulate, such as airports. Immediate emergency response that enables early defibrillation is central to the successful restoration…

integrated circuit: Implantation: Another method of modifying a wafer is to bombard its surface with extra atoms. This is called implantation. Enough of the atoms become deeply embedded in the surface to alter its characteristics, creating areas of n- and p-type materials. Overzealous atoms ripping through the…

implantation, in reproduction physiology, the adherence of a fertilized egg to a surface in the reproductive tract, usually to the uterine wall (see uterus), so that the egg may have a suitable environment for growth and development into a new offspring. Fertilization of the egg usually occurs

joinder and impleader: impleader, in law, processes whereby additional parties or additional claims are brought into suits because addressing them is necessary or desirable for the successful adjudication of the issues.

Eric S. Maskin: With the concept of implementation theory, Maskin built on the mechanism design work of Hurwicz. Implementation theory introduced mechanisms to the market that would lead to optimal outcomes for all participants. This work had applications in the financial sector, in studies of voter behaviour, and in business management.

implication, in logic, a relationship between two propositions in which the second is a logical consequence of the first. In most systems of formal logic, a broader relationship called material implication is employed, which is read “If A, then B,” and is denoted by A ⊃ B or A → B. The truth or

philosophy of language: Implicatures: Austin’s Oxford colleague H.P. Grice (1913–88) developed a sophisticated theory of how nonliteral aspects of meaning are generated and recovered through the exploitation of general principles of rational cooperation as adapted to conversational contexts. An utterance such as She got married and raised a…

plea bargaining: …plea bargains are called “implicit plea bargains” because they involve no guarantee of leniency. Explicit bargains are the more important of the two.

McCulloch v. Maryland: …constitutional doctrine of Congress’ “implied powers.” It determined that Congress had not only the powers expressly conferred upon it by the Constitution but also all authority “appropriate” to carry out such powers. In the specific case the court held that Congress had the power to incorporate a national bank,…

trust: …more complicated example of an implied trust would be the situation in which one party provides money to another for the purchase of property. Unless such provision was explicitly made as a gift or as the natural expression of a close relationship (e.g., parent-child), the acquired property is held in…

warranty: Implied warranties: As stated earlier, implied warranties are not expressly represented in the written or oral sales agreement but are created and imposed through application of law, usually the UCC. The two primary implied warranties that accompany the sale or lease of goods are that…

warranty: Implied warranties: The implied warranty for fitness for a particular purpose (which obviously differs from the ordinary purpose standard of the warranty of merchantability) applies when a buyer relies on the seller’s skill or judgment in choosing a product for a particular purpose and when the seller knows…

warranty: Implied warranties: The warranty of merchantability obliges the merchant to sell or lease goods that pass without objection, are of average and uniform quality, fit for the ordinary purpose of such goods, are adequately packaged and labeled, and conform to promises made on the label. The warranty occurs…

atomic bomb: The properties and effects of atomic bombs: …method used is that of implosion, in which a core of fissionable material is suddenly compressed into a smaller size and thus a greater density; because it is denser, the nuclei are more tightly packed and the chances of an emitted neutron’s striking a nucleus are increased. The core of…

stop: …usually has three stages: the catch (implosion), or beginning of the blockage; the hold (occlusion); and the release (explosion), or opening of the air passage again. A stop differs from a fricative (q.v.) in that, with a stop, occlusion is total, rather than partial. Occlusion may occur at various places…

atrium: …marble basin known as the impluvium, which was situated in the centre of the room under the opening in the roof called the compluvium.

Marina Abramović: …with gender identity, most notoriously Imponderabilia (1977), in which they stood naked while facing each other in a museum’s narrow entrance, forcing visitors to squeeze between them and, in so doing, to choose which of the two to face. The couple also traveled extensively, and their Nightsea Crossing (1981–87), a…

free trade: …government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports by applying tariffs (to imports) or subsidies (to exports). A free-trade policy does not necessarily imply, however, that a country abandons all control and taxation of imports and exports.

tariff: Import duties: Import duties are the most important and most common types of custom duties. As noted above, they may be levied for either revenue or protection, or both, but tariffs are not a satisfactory means of raising revenue, because they tend to encourage economically…

hinterland: …port are bound and an import foreland is the region from which goods being shipped to the port originate.

hinterland: …maritime observers identified export and import hinterlands. An export hinterland is the backcountry region from which the goods being shipped from the port originate and an import hinterland is the backcountry region for which the goods shipped to the port are destined. Export and import hinterlands have complementary forelands that…

origins of agriculture: Economics, politics, and agriculture: Import quotas, adopted on a large scale across Europe and elsewhere, also became a major protective device during the 1930s. The most radical measures, however, were undertaken in Germany under Adolf Hitler, where the Nazi government, seeking self-sufficiency in food, fixed farm prices at relatively…

economic development: Foreign-exchange shortage: …to adopt a policy of import substitution. This policy was intended to promote industrialization by protecting domestic producers from the competition of imports. Protection, in the form of high tariffs or the restriction of imports through quotas, was applied indiscriminately, often to inherently high-cost industries that had no hope of…

import substitution industrialization (ISI), development strategy focusing on promoting domestic production of previously imported goods to foster industrialization. Import substitution industrialization (ISI) was pursued mainly from the 1930s through the 1960s in Latin America—particularly in

tariff: Import duties: Import duties are the most important and most common types of custom duties. As noted above, they may be levied for either revenue or protection, or both, but tariffs are not a satisfactory means of raising revenue, because they tend to encourage economically…

Michael Redgrave: Other of his films include The Importance of Being Earnest (1952), Goodbye Mr. Chips (1969), and Nicholas and Alexandra (1971). Redgrave, who originally wanted to be a writer, was the author of plays, theoretical works about the acting profession, an autobiography, In My Mind’s Eye (also published as In My…

The Importance of Being Earnest, play in three acts by Oscar Wilde, performed in 1895 and published in 1899. A satire of Victorian social hypocrisy, the witty play is considered Wilde’s greatest dramatic achievement. Jack Worthing is a fashionable young man who lives in the country with his ward,

The Importance of Being Earnest, play in three acts by Oscar Wilde, performed in 1895 and published in 1899. A satire of Victorian social hypocrisy, the witty play is considered Wilde’s greatest dramatic achievement. Jack Worthing is a fashionable young man who lives in the country with his ward,

cookbook: …interesting of which is called The Important Things to Know About Eating and Drinking, by Huou, master chef of the imperial court of Kublai Khan (1215–94). Huou’s collection consists largely of recipes for soups, but it is also a useful encyclopaedia of household information.

printing: Makeup of letterpress copy: …book, by an operation called imposition, which consists in laying out the pages in the form so that they are in their numerical order after the printed sheet has been folded into a signature of eight, 16, or 32 pages.

criminal law: Attempt: A defense of “impossibility” is recognized only if the mistake is shown to be absolutely unreasonable. Unlike the law of some continental European countries, no defense has traditionally been granted to an offender who voluntarily desists from committing the intended harm after that person’s conduct has reached a…

impossibility theorem, in political science, the thesis that it is generally impossible to assess the common good. It was first formulated in Social Choice and Individual Values (1951) by Kenneth J. Arrow, who was awarded (with Sir John R. Hicks) the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1972 partially in

Ian Rankin: …released The Complaints (2009) and The Impossible Dead (2011), which feature another Scottish cop protagonist, Malcolm Fox; the character subsequently appeared in several books in the Rebus series. Dark Entries (2009) is a graphic novel centring on an occult detective’s investigation of a haunted reality television show set.

probability theory: The principle of additivity: The impossible event—i.e., the event containing no outcomes—is denoted by Ø. The probability of an event A is written P(A). The principle of addition of probabilities is that, if A1, A2,…, An are events with Ai ∩ Aj = Ø for all pairs i ≠ j

number game: Impossible figures: At first glance, drawings such as those in Figure 5 appear to represent plausible three-dimensional objects, but closer inspection reveals that they cannot; the representation is flawed by faulty perspective, false juxtaposition, or psychological distortion. Among the first to produce these drawings—also called…

Naomi Watts: 21 Grams, King Kong, and Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance): In The Impossible (2012) Watts starred as a British doctor who while on vacation with her family in Thailand is caught by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami; her performance earned her an Academy Award nomination for best actress. Later she undertook the difficult task of playing…

imposter syndrome, a persistent unjustified feeling that one’s success is fraudulent. Imposter syndrome is characterized by doubt in one’s abilities—despite a record of achievement or respect from one’s peers—and a fear of having one’s unworthiness exposed. Imposter syndrome was first described in

Tartuffe, comedy in five acts by Molière, produced in 1664 and published in French in 1669 as Le Tartuffe; ou, l’imposteur (“Tartuffe; or, The Imposter”). It was also published in English as The Imposter. Tartuffe is a sanctimonious scoundrel who, professing extreme piety, is taken into the

Jean Cocteau: Heritage and youth: …his novel Thomas l’imposteur (1923; Thomas the Imposter or The Imposter). He became a friend of the aviator Roland Garros and dedicated to him the early poems inspired by aviation, Le Cap de Bonne-Espérance (1919; The Cape of Good Hope). At intervals during the years 1916 and 1917, Cocteau entered…

impotence, in general, the inability of a man to achieve or maintain penile erection and hence the inability to participate fully in sexual intercourse. In its broadest sense the term impotence refers to the inability to become sexually aroused; in this sense it can apply to women as well as to

Dorothea Lange: Photos of Japanese American internment and work after World War II: …2006 with the publication of Impounded: Dorothea Lange and the Censored Images of Japanese American Internment, edited by historians Linda Gordon and Gary Y. Okihiro. After World War II, Lange created a number of photo-essays, including Mormon Villages and The Irish Countryman, for Life magazine.

foundations of mathematics: Impredicative constructions: A number of 19th-century mathematicians found fault with the program of reducing mathematics to arithmetic and set theory as suggested by the work of Cantor and Frege. In particular, the French mathematician Henri Poincaré (1854–1912) objected to impredicative constructions, which construct an entity…

Federico García Lorca: Early poetry and plays: …book, Impresiones y paisajes (1918; Impressions and Landscapes), a prose work in the modernista tradition, chronicled Lorca’s sentimental response to a series of journeys through Spain as a university student. Libro de poemas (“Book of Poems”), an uneven collection of predominantly modernista poems culled from his juvenilia, followed in 1921.…

pottery: Impressing and stamping: Even the earliest pottery was usually embellished in one way or another. One of the earliest methods of decoration was to make an impression in the raw clay. Finger marks were sometimes used, as well as impressions from rope (as in Japanese Jōmon ware)…

epistemology: Kinds of perception: …two kinds of perception: “impressions” and “ideas.” Impressions are perceptions that the mind experiences with the “most force and violence,” and ideas are the “faint images” of impressions. Hume considered this distinction so obvious that he demurred from explaining it at any length; as he indicated in a summary…

Tom Roberts: …culminated in the historic nine-inch-by-five-inch Impression Exhibition of 1889—a showing in Melbourne of Impressionist landscapes painted on the lids of cedar cigar boxes. In spite of the tide of protest against this challenge to conventional art, the Heidelberg school, consisting of Roberts and his fellow Impressionists, came to dominate Australian…

Impression, Sunrise, is an oil painting created by Claude Monet in 1872. The artistic movement known as Impressionism owes its name to this influential work. Impression, Sunrise was first shown in 1874 at an independent exhibition in Paris that was organized by a group of artists including Monet,

Impressionism, a broad term used to describe the work produced in the late 19th century, especially between about 1867 and 1886, by a group of artists who shared a set of related approaches and techniques. The founding Impressionist artists included Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille

Impressionism, in music, a style initiated by French composer Claude Debussy at the end of the 19th century. The term, which is somewhat vague in reference to music, was introduced by analogy with contemporaneous French painting; it was disliked by Debussy himself. Elements often termed

The Impressionists staged their first exhibition in Paris in 1874 amid a transforming landscape—quite literally, as the French capital had just undergone a years-long reconstruction (1853–70) to modernize the medieval city. The country, too, was shifting. Its loss in the Franco-German War (1870–71)

short story: The impressionist story: Several American writers, from Poe to Henry James, were interested in the “impressionist” story that focuses on the impressions registered by events on the characters’ minds, rather than the objective reality of the events themselves. In Herman Melville’s “Bartleby the Scrivener” (1856) the…

Impressionism, a broad term used to describe the work produced in the late 19th century, especially between about 1867 and 1886, by a group of artists who shared a set of related approaches and techniques. The founding Impressionist artists included Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille

Federico García Lorca: Early poetry and plays: …book, Impresiones y paisajes (1918; Impressions and Landscapes), a prose work in the modernista tradition, chronicled Lorca’s sentimental response to a series of journeys through Spain as a university student. Libro de poemas (“Book of Poems”), an uneven collection of predominantly modernista poems culled from his juvenilia, followed in 1921.…

“It’s All Right”: Chicago Soul: …sound was Jerry Butler and the Impressions’ “For Your Precious Love” (1958). Butler and the Impressions parted company to pursue parallel careers but remained in contact, and the group’s guitarist, Mayfield, provided Butler’s next big hit, “He Will Break Your Heart” (1960); its gospel structure established the blueprint for the…

impressment, enforcement of military or naval service on able-bodied but unwilling men through crude and violent methods. Until the early 19th century this practice flourished in port towns throughout the world. Generally impressment could provide effective crews only when patriotism was not an

United Kingdom: The Long Parliament: …from the Lords and the Impressment Bill (1642), which allowed Parliament to raise the army for Ireland. In June a series of proposals for a treaty, the Nineteen Propositions (1642), was presented to the king. The proposals called for parliamentary control over the militia, the choice of royal counselors, and…

Impresso complex, early Neolithic culture that flourished along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. The culture, which had an agricultural economy, is characterized by grit-tempered wares, impressed with shells or with stabbing tools, and represents part of a widely dispersed Mediterranean

imprimatur, (Latin: “let it be printed”), in the Roman Catholic church, a permission, required by contemporary canon law and granted by a bishop, for the publication of any work on Scripture or, in general, any writing containing something of peculiar significance to religion, theology, or

typography: The middle years: …Cardinal de Richelieu, established the Imprimerie Royale at the Louvre. In 1692 Louis XIV ordered the creation of a commission charged with developing the design of a new type to be composed of letters arrived at on “scientific” principles. The commission, whose deliberations were fully recorded, worked mathematically, drawing and…

typography: Mechanical composition: …of Caslon was produced for The Imprint, a short-lived periodical for the printing trade published by Gerard Meynell of the Westminster Press in London. Its contributors included Edward Johnston, who not only wrote for the magazine but designed its calligraphic masthead; and Stanley Morison, who began his career as printing…

genomic imprinting, process wherein a gene is differentially expressed depending on whether it has been inherited from the mother or from the father. Such “parent-of-origin” effects are known to occur only in sexually reproducing placental mammals. Imprinting is one of a number of patterns of

imprinting, process of transferring writing from a master copy to another form. There are three basic methods of imprinting: (1) spirit hectograph master cards, (2) stencil cards, and (3) metal or plastic plates. Hectograph master cards are made with the aid of hectograph carbon, with the imprint

imprinting, in psychobiology, a form of learning in which a very young animal fixes its attention on the first object with which it has visual, auditory, or tactile experience and thereafter follows that object. In nature the object is almost invariably a parent; in experiments, other animals and

congenital disorder: Other congenital disorders: …class of genetic disorders called imprinting defects is due to abnormal parental expression of usually normal genes. Imprinting defects result in improper embryonic and fetal growth and metabolism and placental function. Less commonly, these genes are deleted or mutated.

crime: China: Punishments for serious offenses include imprisonment and the death penalty. About 70 different offenses are punishable by death, though the vast majority of death sentences are imposed for common crimes such as murder, rape, robbery, assault (see assault and battery), and theft. Since the 1990s there have been an increasing…

impromptu, a 19th-century piano composition intended to produce the illusion of spontaneous improvisation. In keeping with this fundamental premise, there is no particular form associated with the impromptu, although ternary and rondo schemes are common. The style of the music is similar to that of

Molière: Scandals and successes of Molière: …femmes in June 1663 and L’Impromptu de Versailles in October were both single-act discussion plays. In La Critique Molière allowed himself to express some principles of his new style of comedy, and in the other play he made theater history by reproducing with astonishing realism the actual greenroom, or actors’…

fraction: …greater, it is called an improper fraction and can also be written as a mixed number—a whole-number quotient with a proper-fraction remainder. Any fraction can be written in decimal form by carrying out the division of the numerator by the denominator. The result may end at some point, or one…

symmetry: So-called improper rotations are rotations followed by reflections (known as rotoreflections) or rotations followed by inversions (called rotoinversions).

mobile telephone: Development of cellular systems: In 1964 AT&T introduced the improved mobile telephone service (IMTS). This provided full duplex operation, automatic dialing, and automatic channel searching. Initially 11 channels were provided, but in 1969 an additional 12 channels were made available. Since only 11 (or 12) channels were available for all users of the system…

City Beautiful movement: …major book on the subject, The Improvement of Towns and Cities, in 1901. It subsequently became the bible of the movement.

land-grant universities: …American tribal colleges under the Improving America’s Schools Act of 1994.

improvisation, in theatre, the playing of dramatic scenes without written dialogue and with minimal or no predetermined dramatic activity. The method has been used for different purposes in theatrical history. The theatrical form known as the commedia dell’arte was highly improvisational, although

improvisation, in music, the extemporaneous composition or free performance of a musical passage, usually in a manner conforming to certain stylistic norms but unfettered by the prescriptive features of a specific musical text. Music originated as improvisation and is still extensively improvised

Wassily Kandinsky: Munich period: By 1910 Improvisation XIV is already, as its somewhat musical title suggests, practically abstract; with the 1911 Encircled, there has definitely developed a kind of painting that, though not just decoration, has no discernible point of departure in the depiction of recognizable objects. After that come such…

improvised explosive device (IED), a homemade bomb, constructed from military or nonmilitary components, that is frequently employed by guerrillas, insurgents, and other nonstate actors as a crude but effective weapon against a conventional military force. When used as roadside bombs, IEDs can

criminology: Psychological theories: Research also isolated impulsivity—the tendency to engage in high levels of activity, to be easily distracted, to act without thinking, and to seek immediate gratification—as a personality characteristic associated with criminality.

mechanics: Collisions: …integral is known as the impulse imparted to the particle. In order to perform the integral, it is necessary to know r at all times so that F may be known at all times. More realistically, Δ p is the sum of a series of small steps, such thatwhere F…

the Flash: …Bart debuted as the speedster Impulse in The Flash, vol. 2, no. 92 (July 1994). Bart was a hyperactive preteen from the 30th century who was sent back in time to counteract the accelerated aging effects that were a byproduct of his speed powers. Impulse struck a chord with fans…

particle accelerator: Impulse accelerators: Primarily for use in research on thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes, several high-intensity electron accelerators have been constructed. One type resembles a string of beads in which each bead is a torus of laminated iron and the string is the vacuum tube. The…

turbine: Blading design: …a high degree of perfection: impulse blading and reaction blading. The principle of impulse blading is illustrated in the schematic diagram of Figure 1 for a first stage. A series of stationary nozzles allows the steam to expand to a lower pressure while its velocity and kinetic energy increase. The…

turbine: Turbine staging: …in combination: (1) pressure (or impulse) staging, (2) reaction staging, and (3) velocity-compound staging.

turbine: Impulse turbines: In an impulse turbine the potential energy, or the head of water, is first converted into kinetic energy by discharging water through a carefully shaped nozzle. The jet, discharged into air, is directed onto curved buckets fixed on the periphery of the runner…

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Causes: …resisting focus on the extraneous impulses; people with ADHD may have reduced ability to resist focus on these extraneous stimuli. The cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuit, a chain of neurons in the brain that connects the prefrontal cortex, the basal ganglia, and the thalamus in one continuous loop, is thought to be one…

Christopher A. Sims: …interpreted using a technique called impulse-response analysis to identify their effects over time on various macroeconomic indicators. Part of the significance of Sims’s approach was that it provided a means of identifying rationally expected and rationally unexpected changes in economic policy. The two kinds of changes had previously been difficult…

criminology: Psychological theories: Research also isolated impulsivity—the tendency to engage in high levels of activity, to be easily distracted, to act without thinking, and to seek immediate gratification—as a personality characteristic associated with criminality.

crystal: Conducting properties of semiconductors: There is a critical concentration of impurities Nc, which depends on the type of impurity. For impurity concentrations less than the critical amount Nc, the conduction electrons become bound in traps at extremely low temperatures, and the semiconductor becomes an insulator. For a concentration of impurities higher than…

crystal defect: Impurity defects are foreign atoms that replace some of the atoms making up the solid or that squeeze into the interstices; they are important in the electrical behaviour of semiconductors, which are materials used in computer chips and other electronic devices.

Roberto Calasso: His first novel, L’impuro folle (1974; “The Impure Madman”), is an emotive presentation of madness, written in lyrical styles from comic to epic and from arcane to popular. Calasso started what he considered a work in progress with the publication of his second novel, La rovina di Kasch…

Rwanda genocide of 1994: Genocide: … (“Those Who Attack Together”) and Impuzamugambi (“Those Who Have the Same Goal”) played a central role. Radio broadcasts further fueled the genocide by encouraging Hutu civilians to kill their Tutsi neighbors, who were referred to as “cockroaches” who needed to be exterminated. It is estimated that some 200,000 Hutu participated…

Western architecture: The early Byzantine period (330–726): …church in Constantinople, that of St. John of Studium (Mosque of İmrahor), shows that this process had already gone quite far by the year it was built, 463. It is a basilica in that it has an eastern apse and three aisles, but in plan it approaches a centralized building,…

imram, in early Irish literature, a story about an adventurous voyage. This type of story includes tales of Irish saints traveling to Iceland or Greenland, as well as fabulous tales of Celtic heroes journeying to the otherworld (echtrae). An outstanding example of an imram is Imram Brain, or The

imram: …imram is Imram Brain, or The Voyage of Bran, which describes a trip to the enchanted Land of Women. After what seems to be a year, Bran (spelled Brân in the Welsh tradition) and his colleagues return home to discover that their voyage had lasted longer than any memories and…

imram, in early Irish literature, a story about an adventurous voyage. This type of story includes tales of Irish saints traveling to Iceland or Greenland, as well as fabulous tales of Celtic heroes journeying to the otherworld (echtrae). An outstanding example of an imram is Imram Brain, or The

Árpád dynasty: Emeric (Imre; reigned 1196–1204) and his brother Andrew II (Endre; reigned 1205–35), by making lavish land grants to their supporters, reduced the source of the monarchy’s wealth and power. Andrew further weakened the monarchy by guaranteeing the liberties of the nobles (see Golden Bull of…

Béla Imrédy was a right-wing politician and premier of Hungary (1938–39), whose close collaboration with the Nazis during World War II led to his execution as a war criminal. After being trained in law, Imrédy began working for the Ministry of Finances. In 1928 he became director of the National

Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), secret revolutionary society that was active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Its many incarnations struggled with two contradictory goals: establishing Macedonia as an autonomous state on the one hand and promoting Bulgarian

2002 Bali Bombings: …two of his brothers (Ali Imron and Amrozi bin Nurhasyim) to help assemble and transport the bombs used in the attacks. Both he and bin Nurhasyim were sentenced to death; Imron expressed remorse and was sentenced to life in prison. Two other men, Azahari Husin and Dulmatin, were suspected…

Gökçeada, island in the Aegean Sea, northwestern Turkey. Commanding the entrance to the Dardanelles, the island is strategically situated 10 miles (16 km) off the southern end of the Gallipoli Peninsula. Herodotus and Homer mentioned Imbros as an abode of the Pelasgians in antiquity. It fell to the

history of Arabia: Al-Ḥīrah: …dynasty was ʿAmr, whose son Imruʾ al-Qays ibn ʿAmr died in 328 ce and was entombed at Al-Nimārah in the Syrian desert. His funerary inscription is written in an extremely difficult type of script. Recently there has been a revival of interest in the inscription, and a lively controversy has…