Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), cultural movement and political party in South Africa that derives its main support from the Zulu people. Inkatha was founded in 1975 in the black homeland of KwaZulu by Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi, chief of the Zulu people and chief minister of the homeland. Its

inkblot test, any of a number of psychological tests in which a person is asked to interpret ambiguous patterns made by inkblots; the best-known of these is the Rorschach

Colin Campbell, Baron Clyde: …notably at the battles of Inkerman and Balaklava (1854). Campbell was appointed commander in chief in India on the outbreak of the Rebellion of 1857. He and his troops were responsible, among other actions, for ending the Siege of Lucknow.

African literature: Zulu: …of their savings in Nyembezi’s Inkinsela yaseMgungundlovu (1961; “The Man from Mgungundlovu”). That theme persists in Nyembezi’s most successful novel, Mntanami! Mntanami! (1950; “My Child! My Child!”; Eng. trans. Mntanami! Mntanami!): the character Jabulani loves the city, but, unprepared to deal with it, he becomes a criminal. In Nxumalo’s Ngisinga…

cybercrime: Counterfeiting and forgery: Ink-jet printers now account for a growing percentage of the counterfeit currency confiscated by the U.S. Secret Service. In 1995 ink-jet currency accounted for 0.5 percent of counterfeit U.S. currency; in 1997 ink-jet printers produced 19 percent of the illegal cash. By 2014 almost 60…

printmaking: Relief etching: …a popular method of making inkless intaglio prints (shallow bas-reliefs on paper).

Inklings, informal group of writers that included C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien and that met in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, in the 1930s and ’40s. As Lewis’s brother Warren (“Warnie”) put it, “There were no rules, officers, agendas, or formal elections.” Lewis was the central figure, and others

inkstand, receptacle for a pen, ink, and other writing accessories. In England such a utensil was called a standish from the 15th to the 18th century. Inkstands were made of silver, pewter, lead, earthenware, or porcelain. Silver was the most fashionable material used throughout the 18th century.

Juli Inkster is an American golfer who was one of the leading players on the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) tour. She attended San Jose State University, and in 1980 she married Brian Inkster, a golf instructor. Several weeks later she won the U.S. Women’s Amateur championship title;

Rhea: …has a remarkable bright crater, Inktomi, with extensive bright rays extending over much of the hemisphere, rather like the spectacular rayed lunar crater Tycho.

inky cap, (genus Coprinus), genus of about 350 cosmopolitan mushroom species. Inky caps are so named for the disintegration of the mushroom cap into an inklike liquid following spore discharge. The inklike liquid has been used for writing. Inky caps grow on wood and dung. The caps of C.

Korean art: Decorative arts: …1250, is the period of inlaid celadon ware. The technique of inlay on celadon is generally believed to have been invented about the mid-12th century. The idea of inlay may have come from a number of sources, but it is undoubtedly related to techniques of metal inlay that in turn…

Andrew Motion: It contains “Inland,” which describes the fear and helplessness of 17th-century villagers who must abandon their homeland following a devastating flood; the poem received the Newdigate Prize in 1975. Noted for his insight and empathy, Motion frequently wrote about isolation and loss. Much influenced by the poets…

Outback, in Australia, any inland area remote from large centres of population. Generally, the term is applied to semiarid inland areas of eastern Australia and to the arid centre of the Western Plateau and its semiarid northern plains (in Western Australia) where bodies of water are scattered and

David Lynch: He also wrote and directed Inland Empire (2006) as well as numerous short films, and in 2017 he revived the TV series Twin Peaks.

Nicobarese languages: …the Little Nicobar languages; and Inland Great Nicobar, including the Shompe language.

Greenland Ice Sheet, the single ice sheet or glacier covering about 80 percent of the island of Greenland and the largest ice mass in the Northern Hemisphere, globally second in size to only the ice mass that covers Antarctica. It extends 1,380 miles (2,220 km) north-south, has a maximum width of

Kaikōura Range: The Inland Kaikōuras rise to 9,465 feet (2,885 metres) at Tapuaenuku, and the Seaward Kaikōuras reach 8,562 feet (2,609 metres) at Manakau. The ranges are steepest along their southeast flanks, where there are active faults. The Clarence River flows between the ranges, and the Awatere River…

insurance: Inland marine insurance: Although there are no standard forms in inland marine insurance, most contracts follow a typical pattern. They are usually written on a named-peril basis covering such perils of transportation as collision, derailment, rising water, tornado, fire, lightning, and windstorm. The policies generally…

English language: Phonology: …often popularly referred to as General American), are in the pronunciation of certain individual vowels and diphthongs. Inland Northern American vowels sometimes have semiconsonantal final glides (i.e., sounds resembling initial w, for example, or initial y). Aside from the final glides, that American accent shows four divergences from British English:…

Inside Passage, natural sheltered sea route extending for more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from Seattle (Washington, U.S.) northwest to Skagway (Alaska, U.S.). It comprises channels and straits between the mainland and islands (including Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, and the Alexander

Inland Sea, the body of water lying between the Japanese islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. It is composed of five distinct basins linked together by channels. Its east-west length is about 270 miles (440 km), and its waters are easily navigable. The sea has an irregular coastline and is

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill: The influence of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: …the groundbreaking design for the Inland Steel Building (1958) in Chicago. The building was conceived as two towers: the first, an elegant 19-story office tower with a green-tinted glass curtain wall framed by stainless steel beams (appropriate for a building housing the offices of a steel producer), and the second,…

taipan: The fierce snake, which is also called the inland taipan or western taipan (O. microlepidotus), is smaller and can grow up to 1.7 metres (5.5 feet) in length. A third species, the Central Ranges or western desert taipan (O. temporalis), was discovered in the central mountain…

inland water ecosystem: Inland waters represent parts of the biosphere within which marked biological diversity, complex biogeochemical pathways, and an array of energetic processes occur. Although from a geographic perspective inland waters represent only a small fraction of the biosphere, when appreciated from an ecological viewpoint, they are…

inland water ecosystem, complex of living organisms in free water on continental landmasses. Inland waters represent parts of the biosphere within which marked biological diversity, complex biogeochemical pathways, and an array of energetic processes occur. Although from a geographic perspective

Ganges River: Navigation: …is the responsibility of the Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority. In India the Inland Waterways Authority of India formulates policy for and develops and maintains an extensive system of national waterways, while the publicly owned Central Inland Water Transport Corporation, Ltd., is responsible for transporting cargo in the waterway system…

canals and inland waterways, natural or artificial waterways used for navigation, crop irrigation, water supply, or drainage. Despite modern technological advances in air and ground transportation, inland waterways continue to play a vital role and, in many areas, to grow substantially. This

inlay, in the visual arts, any decorative technique used to create an ornamental design, pattern, or scene by inserting or setting into a shallow or depressed ground or surface a material of a different colour or type. Inlay techniques are used in enamelwork, furniture decoration, lacquerwork, and

Indian National Lok Dal (INLD), regional political party of Haryana state, northwest-central India. The party’s focus has been principally in the state, and it has had only a limited presence on the national political scene in New Delhi. Its power base has been principally in the traditional Jat

Myanmar: Drainage and soils: Somewhat smaller is Inle Lake, stretching about 14 miles (22 km) from north to south and 7 miles (11 km) from east to west, on the Shan Plateau. Inle Lake is fed by dozens of streams.

roller-skating: Roller sports: The first recorded game of roller hockey took place in London in 1878. Speed roller-skating events began in the 1890s and were popular through the first quarter of the 20th century. Major speed roller-skating events for men, women, and relay teams involve racing counterclockwise around an oval track or on…

roller-skating: Development of the roller skate: …of a new generation of in-line roller skates by hockey-playing brothers Scott and Brennan Olson, the founders of Rollerblade, Inc. They developed in-line skates with four wheels that extended the full length of the boot, giving the skater greater maneuverability (compared with previous in-line skates) and much more speed. The…

Tony O’Reilly: …publishing through his chairmanship of Independent News and Media (INM), parent company of many newspapers in Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa. He was also chairman of Waterford Wedgwood, a manufacturer of glass and china. O’Reilly’s investments in that company, however, soon contributed to growing financial difficulties.…

public-key cryptography: However, Admiral Bobby Inman, while director of the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) from 1977 to 1981, revealed that two-key cryptography had been known to the agency almost a decade earlier, having been discovered by James Ellis, Clifford Cocks, and Malcolm Williamson at the British Government Code…

Henry Inman was the leading American portraitist of his time. Early in his career, Inman apprenticed with the portraitist John Wesley Jarvis and then established his own portrait studio with Thomas Geir Cummings in 1822. The pair usually split their commissions, with Inman painting the oil

space exploration: International participation: A similar consortium, the International Maritime Satellite Organization (Inmarsat), was established as an intergovernmental organization in 1979 to supply maritime and other mobile communications services via satellite; it also was later transformed into a privately owned entity. In addition, a number of regional organizations have been created to operate…

Martín Dihigo was a professional baseball player who became a national hero in his native Cuba. In addition to playing in the Cuban League, Dihigo played in the leagues of the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Venezuela and in the U.S. Negro leagues. Because of the colour barrier that existed in

inn, building that affords public lodging, and sometimes meals and entertainment, to travelers. The inn has been largely superseded by hotels and motels, though the term is often still used to suggest traditional hospitality. Inns developed in the ancient world wherever there was traveling for

Mark Robson: Films of the 1950s: He shifted gears with Inn of the Sixth Happiness (1958), a fact-based drama that starred Ingrid Bergman as an English missionary leading a group of children out of China just before World War II; with it, Robson earned another Academy Award nomination for best director.

Inn River, a major right- (south-) bank tributary of the Danube River. The Inn River is 317 miles (510 km) long. It rises in Lake Lughino in Switzerland and flows northeast across western Austria and southern Germany. The river’s Swiss section is called the Engadin. In Austria the river first

Australia: Principal regimes: …to 320 million years ago), Innamincka (320 to 97 million years ago), and Potoroo (the past 97 million years). Each regime, a complex of uniform plate-tectonic and paleoclimatic events at a similar or slowly changing latitude, generated a depositional sequence of distinct facies separated by gaps in deposition.

instinct, an inborn impulse or motivation to action typically performed in response to specific external stimuli. Today instinct is generally described as a stereotyped, apparently unlearned, genetically determined behaviour pattern. In the past the term instinct has stood for a number of distinct

innate idea, in philosophy, an idea allegedly inborn in the human mind, as contrasted with those received or compiled from experience. The doctrine that at least certain ideas (e.g., those of God, infinity, substance) must be innate, because no satisfactory empirical origin of them could be

immune system: Nonspecific, innate immunity: Most microorganisms encountered in daily life are repelled before they cause detectable signs and symptoms of disease. These potential pathogens, which include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and worms, are quite diverse, and therefore a nonspecific defense system that

infancy: …infants display a set of inherited reflexes involving such acts as sucking, blinking, grasping, and limb withdrawal. Infants’ vision improves from 20/800 (in Snellen notation) among two-week-olds to 20/70 vision in five-month-olds to 20/20 at five years. Even newborns are sensitive to certain visual patterns, chiefly movement and light-dark contrasts…

Alster River: …lake’s southern portion is called Binnenalster (“Inner Alster”) and the northern, Aussenalster (“Outer Alster”).

throat-singing: Origin, distribution, and contexts of performance: …the broader cultural area of Inner Asia, which lies at the intersection of the rolling steppes and snowcapped mountains between Central Asia and East Asia and encompasses portions of three geopolitical systems: Mongolia, Russia (the republics of Khakassia, Tyva [Tuva], Altay [Altai], and Buryatia), and

bremsstrahlung, (German: “braking radiation”), electromagnetic radiation produced by a sudden slowing down or deflection of charged particles (especially electrons) passing through matter in the vicinity of the strong electric fields of atomic nuclei. Bremsstrahlung, for example, accounts for

Carpathian Mountains: Geology: The Inner Carpathians consist of a number of separate blocks. In the west lies the Central Slovakian Block; in the southeast lie the East Carpathian Block and the South Carpathian Block, including the Banat and the East Serbian Block. The isolated Bihor Massif, in the Apuseni…

United States: The new look of the metropolitan area: The inner city of a large U.S. metropolitan area displays some traits that are common to the larger centers of all advanced nations. A central business district, almost always the oldest section of the city, is surrounded by a succession of roughly circular zones, each distinctive…

Beijing: Public and commercial buildings: …(Baohedian), after which comes the Inner Court (Neiting). The Inner Court was used as the emperor’s personal apartment. It contains three large halls, the Palace of Heavenly Purity (Qianqinggong), the Hall of Union (Jiaotaidian), and the Palace of Earthly Tranquillity (Kunninggong).

inner ear, part of the ear that contains organs of the senses of hearing and equilibrium. The bony labyrinth, a cavity in the temporal bone, is divided into three sections: the vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. Within the bony labyrinth is a membranous labyrinth, which is also

Carpathian Mountains: Physiography of the Carpathian Mountains: The Inner Eastern Carpathians attain their highest altitude in the Rodna (Rodnei) Massif in Romania; they are built of crystalline rocks and reach a peak in Pietrosu (7,556 feet). To the south, extinct volcanoes in the Călimani and Harghita ranges have, to some extent, kept their…

Farne Islands: The largest of these islands, House (Inner Farne), spans 16 acres (6.5 hectares) and has precipitous cliffs reaching up to 80 feet (24 metres) in height. The lighthouse on Longstone island was the home of Grace Darling, Victorian heroine of sea-rescue fame; the modern lighthouse, however, is on House. The…

human ear: Transduction of mechanical vibrations: …the discriminatory responses of the inner hair cells. How they do this is not understood. Because the inner hair cells rest on the bony shelf of the osseous spiral lamina rather than on the basilar membrane, they are presumably less readily stimulated by the traveling wave. Help from the outer…

Baltimore: The contemporary city: The Inner Harbor area, revitalized in the 1980s, includes the National Aquarium in Baltimore and other attractions.

Victoria: The contemporary city: …as that of Victoria, whose Inner Harbour is the heart of the downtown area) and an interplay of peninsulas. It is protected from the direct storms and high seas of the open Pacific Ocean, which proved a great advantage for Victoria’s settlement and development over time.

Fleur Adcock: The Inner Harbour (1979) is generally cited as her most artistically successful work. Her later collections included Poems, 1960–2000 (2000), Dragon Talk (2010), The Land Ballot (2015), Hoard (2017), and Collected Poems (2019, expanded edition 2024).

Inner Hebrides, islands off the Atlantic (western) coast of Scotland. In contrast with the Outer Hebrides, the Inner Hebrides lie close to the west coast of Scotland. They stretch 150 miles (240 km) from Skye in the north to Islay in the south and are separated from the Outer Hebrides (Western

electrochemical reaction: Sites of electrochemical reactions: Hence, the inner Helmholtz plane is introduced as the plane formed by the centres of specifically adsorbed ions. Adsorption of neutral molecules on the surface can also change the properties of the electric double layer. This change occurs as a consequence of replacing the water molecules, and…

Lesser Himalayas, middle section of the vast Himalayan mountain system in south-central Asia. The Lesser Himalayas extend for some 1,550 miles (2,500 km) northwest-southeast across the northern limit of the Indian subcontinent. Areas include the disputed Kashmir region (Gilgit-Baltistan,

Paul Auster: …on the Bridge (1998) and The Inner Life of Martin Frost (2007). Having witnessed a friend’s death by lightning as a teenager, he appeared in Act of God (2009), a documentary about lightning-strike survivors. Here and Now: Letters 2008–2011 (2013) is a compilation of correspondence between Auster and South African…

Sir Richard Burton: Foreign office of Sir Richard Burton: …Burton in her lively, defensive Inner Life of Syria (1875).

Inner Light, the distinctive theme of the Society of Friends (Quakers), the direct awareness of God that allows a person to know God’s will for him or her. It was expressed in the 17th century in the teachings of George Fox, founder of the Friends, who had failed to find spiritual truth in the

Greater London: The Inner London boroughs are Camden, Hackney, Hammersmith and Fulham, Haringey, Islington, Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth, Lewisham, Newham, Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Wandsworth

city mission: … was formed in 1849, and Inner Mission societies were formed in Germany’s large cities and in the territorial churches.

Inner Mongolia, autonomous region of China. It is a vast territory that stretches in a great crescent for some 1,490 miles (2,400 km) across northern China. It is bordered to the north by Mongolia (formerly Outer Mongolia) and Russia; to the east by the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and

Inner Mongolia, autonomous region of China. It is a vast territory that stretches in a great crescent for some 1,490 miles (2,400 km) across northern China. It is bordered to the north by Mongolia (formerly Outer Mongolia) and Russia; to the east by the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and

Kuiper belt, flat ring of icy small bodies that revolve around the Sun beyond the orbit of the planet Neptune. It was named for the Dutch American astronomer Gerard P. Kuiper and comprises hundreds of millions of objects—presumed to be leftovers from the formation of the outer planets—whose orbits

planet: Planets of the solar system: …Mercury to Mars, are called terrestrial planets; those from Jupiter to Neptune are called giant planets or Jovian planets. Between these two main groups is a belt of numerous small bodies called asteroids. After Ceres and other larger asteroids were discovered in the early 19th century, the bodies in this…

mechanics: Vectors: …scalar product, or sometimes the inner product) is an operation that combines two vectors to form a scalar. The operation is written A · B. If θ is the (smaller) angle between A and B, then the result of the operation is A · B = AB cos θ. The…

inner product space, In mathematics, a vector space or function space in which an operation for combining two vectors or functions (whose result is called an inner product) is defined and has certain properties. Such spaces, an essential tool of functional analysis and vector theory, allow analysis

Pyrenees: Physiography: …of the range rise the Inner Ridges, represented by the mighty cliffs of the Ariège, which contain the primary, or granitic, axial zones. On the Spanish side the series is repeated in the opposite direction, but it is more highly developed and thicker. Thus the Interior Ridges—e.g., Mount Perdido and…

radio: Horror and suspense: …came with producer Himan Brown’s Inner Sanctum Mysteries (January 1941–October 1952), which almost always involved a murder and some supernatural element. An ironic finish was virtually a given; for example, in “Elixer Number Four,” an episode from 1945, a character played by Richard Widmark murders a scientist who has created…

jinja: …Shintō shrines, such as the Inner Shrine (Naikū) at the Ise Shrine, are rebuilt at regular intervals, retaining through each reconstruction original elements of great antiquity, such as frames, floors, or roof beams. A distinctive feature of Shintō architecture is the chigi, a scissors-shaped finial formed by the projecting ends…

Nepal: Relief: …often referred to as the Inner Tarai. In many places they have been cleared of the forests and savanna grass to provide timber and areas for cultivation.

Eduardo Kac: These projects included Inner Telescope (2017), an artwork that French astronaut Thomas Pesquet made following Kac’s instructions. At the International Space Station (ISS), Pesquet used only paper and scissors to create a sculpture that resembled the letters that spell moi, French for “me.” The piece Adsum (2019), a…

Budapest: Pest: …heart of Pest is the Belváros (Inner Town), an irregular pentagon with its longest side running parallel to the Danube; only traces of the original town walls remain. The district accommodates offices, parts of the Loránd Eötvös University, and shops. The Váci utca, a narrow street turned pedestrian thoroughfare, is…

Budapest: Pest: The Inner Town Parish Church (Belvárosi plébániatemplom) is the oldest building in Pest. Rebuilt in the Baroque style in the 18th century, as were many other churches in Pest and Buda, the church had been the most impressive of medieval Pest. St. Stephen’s Crown, the symbol…

rare-earth element, any member of the group of chemical elements consisting of three elements in Group 3 (scandium [Sc], yttrium [Y], and lanthanum [La]) and the first extended row of elements below the main body of the periodic table (cerium [Ce] through lutetium [Lu]). The elements cerium through

Carpathian Mountains: Physiography of the Carpathian Mountains: The Inner Western Carpathians are lower and more broken. The principal mountain groups are the Slovak Ore Mountains (Slovenské Rudohorie), with Stolica (4,846 feet) as the highest peak; they are built of metamorphic rocks and of sedimentaries of the Paleozoic Era (more than 250 million years…

Japan: The major physiographic regions: …region is divided into the Inner Zone, formed by complex faulting, and the Outer Zone, formed by warping. The Inner Zone is chiefly composed of ancient granites, rocks of Paleozoic age (250 to 540 million years old), and geologically more recent volcanic rocks, which are arranged in complicated juxtaposition. The…

asteroid: Hungarias and outer-belt asteroids: …region between Mars and the inner edge of the main belt. The orbits of all the Hungarias lie outside the orbit of Mars, whose aphelion distance is 1.67 AU. Hungaria asteroids have nearly circular (low-eccentricity) orbits but large orbital inclinations to Earth’s orbit and the general plane of the solar…

David Riesman: …early 20th century), the “inner-directed” individual predominates. His personal values are determined early by his immediate family, are not necessarily related to any wider social forces, and are also likely to remain unchanged. In heavily industrialized societies, where the population is dense and perhaps beginning to decline, the “other-directed”…

coordination compound: Oxidation-reduction: …transfer, commonly designated outer-sphere and inner-sphere mechanisms, have been recognized. Outer-sphere electron transfer occurs without dissociation or disruption of the coordination sphere of either complex—i.e., through both intact coordination spheres. The first reaction above is of this type. On the other hand, inner-sphere electron transfer—e.g., the second reaction above—proceeds by…

Vienna: Layout and architecture: …core is district I, the Innere Stadt, which contains most of the city’s famous structures. Surrounding the heart of the city is the Ringstrasse, or Ring, a circular road lined with grand buildings, monuments, and parks. Beyond the Ring are the inner suburbs (districts II–IX). The many palaces, churches, embassies,…

Dennis Quaid: Stardom: Breaking Away, The Right Stuff, and Great Balls of Fire!: …The Big Easy (1986) and Innerspace (1987), a sci-fi comedy that also starred Martin Short and Meg Ryan, Quaid’s future wife. He and Ryan then worked together on D.O.A. (1988), about a university professor who has been implanted with a substance that will kill him in 24 hours. Quaid played…

Television in the United States: The new technologies: CBS launched Innertube in 2006, the same year that AOL introduced In2TV. Both services offered shows over the Internet that had originally played on network television (as well as a few direct-to-Internet original programs). NBC Universal began testing Hulu in 2007 and officially launched it in 2008.…

Stevie Wonder: Talking Book (1972), Innervisions (1973), Fulfillingness’ First Finale (1974), and Songs in the Key of Life (1976) were all regarded as masterpieces, and the last three of them won a slew of Grammy Awards, each of them being named album of the year. Those albums produced a steady…

Ralph Hammond Innes was an English novelist and traveler known for adventure stories in which suspense and foreign locations are prominent features. Hammond Innes began his career in teaching and publishing. He worked for the newspaper Financial News from 1934 to 1940 and served in the British

J.I.M. Stewart was a British novelist, literary critic, and educator who created the character of Inspector John Appleby, a British detective known for his suave humour and literary finesse. Stewart was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, and lectured in English at the University of Leeds from 1930

George Inness was an American painter known especially for the luminous, atmospheric quality of his late landscapes. Inness was largely self-taught. His early works such as The Lackawanna Valley (1855) reflect the influence of Asher B. Durand and Thomas Cole, painters of the Hudson River school.

Tarpon Springs: …by the American landscape painter George Inness, Jr. Inc. 1887. Pop. (2000) 21,003; (2010) 23,484.

Alessandro Manzoni: …religious poems, Inni sacri (1815; The Sacred Hymns), on the church feasts of Christmas, Good Friday, and Easter, and a hymn to Mary. The last, and perhaps the finest, of the series, “La pentecoste,” was published in 1822.

baseball: Play of the game: …both teams have batted, an inning is completed. After nine innings, the team with the most runs wins the game. If there is a tie, extra innings are played.

cricket: Rules of the game: …other side shall take first innings—i.e., proceed successively as batsmen, the first two as a pair together, to the wicket and try to make as many runs as possible against the bowling and fielding of their opponents. There are three methods by which an innings is completed: (1) when 10…

writing: The functions of writing: The Canadian economist Harold Innis classified writing systems into two basic types: those that bind through time, exemplified by Egyptian hieroglyphics carved in stone and Akkadian cuneiform incised in clay, and those that bind across space, exemplified by the portable papyri used by the Romans. Writing used to…

Innisfail, town, northeastern Queensland, Australia, at the confluence of the North and South Johnstone rivers, between the coast and Mount Bartle Frere. It is located in a region of heavy rainfall (144 inches [3,658 mm] annually), mainly supporting sugarcane, dairy products, and tropical fruits.

Enniskillen, town, Fermanagh and Omagh district, southwestern Northern Ireland. Situated on Cethlin’s Island, it was a strategic crossing point of Lough Erne and an ancient stronghold of the Maguires of Fermanagh. Incorporated by the English king James I, it defeated a force sent by James II in