John I was the duke of Brittany (from 1237), son of Peter I. Like his father, he sought to limit the temporal power of the clergy; consequently he was excommunicated, upon which he journeyed to Rome to win absolution. Subsequently, he and his wife, Blanche of Champagne, traveled with St. Louis on

John Scotus Erigena was a theologian, translator, and commentator on several earlier authors in works centring on the integration of Greek and Neoplatonist philosophy with Christian belief. From about 845, Erigena lived at the court of the West Frankish king Charles II the Bald, near Laon (now in

John was an elector of Saxony and a fervent supporter of Martin Luther; he took a leading part in forming alliances among Germany’s Protestant princes against the Habsburg emperors’ attempts at forced reconversion. After his father’s death in 1486, John ruled the lands of the Ernestine branch of

Moldavia: , when John the Terrible (reigned 1572–74) rebelled against a demand for higher tribute payments; when Michael the Brave, prince of Walachia, united his principality with Moldavia and Transylvania in 1600; and when Moldavia recognized Polish suzerainty (1601–18). The Turks dominated Moldavia’s markets and often had a…

John IV (or V) was the duke of Brittany from 1365, whose support for English interests during the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) nearly cost him the forfeit of his duchy to the French crown. The instability of his reign is attributable not only to his alliances with England but also to his

John V (or VI) was the duke of Brittany from 1399, whose clever reversals in the Hundred Years’ War and in French domestic conflicts served to strengthen his duchy. John was on good terms with Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, who was his guardian. He began to favour the Armagnac faction in the

John IV (or V) was the duke of Brittany from 1365, whose support for English interests during the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) nearly cost him the forfeit of his duchy to the French crown. The instability of his reign is attributable not only to his alliances with England but also to his

John V was the pope from July 23, 685, to Aug. 2, 686. As deacon, John was one of Pope St. Agatho’s legates to the sixth ecumenical council at Constantinople (680–681), which condemned the monothelite heresy (the view that Christ had only one will—i.e., divine). He succeeded Pope St. Benedict II

John V was the king of Portugal from 1706 to 1750, whose relatively peaceful reign saw an increase in the wealth and power of the crown and a generous patronage of learning, culture, and the church. John inherited Portugal’s involvement in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) from his

John V (or VI) was the duke of Brittany from 1399, whose clever reversals in the Hundred Years’ War and in French domestic conflicts served to strengthen his duchy. John was on good terms with Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, who was his guardian. He began to favour the Armagnac faction in the

John V Palaeologus was a Byzantine emperor (1341–91) whose rule was marked by civil war and increased domination by the Ottoman Turks, despite his efforts to salvage the empire. Nine years old when his father, Andronicus III, died, John was too young to rule, and a dispute over the regency broke

John VI was the prince regent of Portugal from 1799 to 1816 and king from 1816 to 1826. His reign saw the revolutionary struggle in France, the Napoleonic invasion of Portugal (during which he established his court in Brazil), and the implantation of representative government in both Portugal and

John V (or VI) was the duke of Brittany from 1399, whose clever reversals in the Hundred Years’ War and in French domestic conflicts served to strengthen his duchy. John was on good terms with Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, who was his guardian. He began to favour the Armagnac faction in the

John VI was the pope from 701 to 705. John was consecrated on Oct. 3, 701. When the Byzantine commander Theophylactus invaded the Italian mainland from Sicily, John protected him from the local reaction; and when Gisulfo, the Lombard duke of Benevento, crossed the southern frontier of Roman

John VI Cantacuzenus was a statesman, Byzantine emperor, and historian whose dispute with John V Palaeologus over the imperial throne induced him to appeal for help to the Turks, aiding them in their conquest of the Byzantine Empire. John was chief adviser to Andronicus III Palaeologus, having

Armenian literature: Medieval decline: …Armenia by the catholicos (patriarch) John VI Draskhanakertzi is of great value for its account of Arab relations with Armenia, for the author was himself an important participant in the later events he describes. At the turn of the 10th to the 11th century, Bishop Ukhtanes wrote History of Armenia…

John VII was the pope from 705 to 707. Elected March 1, 705, John was noted for his devotion to the Virgin Mary and for his energetic restoration of Roman churches. John did not recognize the decrees of the Council of Trullo (Constantinople, 692), submitted by the Byzantine emperor Justinian II,

John VII Palaeologus was a Byzantine emperor who reigned for several months in 1390 by seizing control of Constantinople from his grandfather, the emperor John V Palaeologus. From 1399 to 1403 he acted as regent for John V’s successor, Manuel II, at Constantinople while Manuel journeyed to the West

John VII Palaeologus was a Byzantine emperor who reigned for several months in 1390 by seizing control of Constantinople from his grandfather, the emperor John V Palaeologus. From 1399 to 1403 he acted as regent for John V’s successor, Manuel II, at Constantinople while Manuel journeyed to the West

Pope Joan, legendary female pontiff who supposedly reigned, under the title of John VIII, for slightly more than 25 months, from 855 to 858, between the pontificates of St. Leo IV (847–855) and Benedict III (855–858). It has subsequently been proved that a gap of only a few weeks fell between Leo

John VIII was the pope from 872 to 882. John was a deacon of the Roman church when elected on Dec. 14, 872, to succeed Pope Adrian II. He supported archbishop St. Methodius in the Christianization of the Slavs and sanctioned the use of the Slavic language for the liturgy. To unite southern Italy

John VIII Palaeologus was a Byzantine emperor who spent his reign appealing to the West for help against the final assaults by the Ottoman Turks on the Byzantine Empire. Son of Manuel II Palaeologus, John was crowned coemperor with his father in 1408 and took effective rule in 1421. He was sole

John VIII Palaeologus was a Byzantine emperor who spent his reign appealing to the West for help against the final assaults by the Ottoman Turks on the Byzantine Empire. Son of Manuel II Palaeologus, John was crowned coemperor with his father in 1408 and took effective rule in 1421. He was sole

Steve Earle: …that features the controversial “John Walker’s Blues,” an empathetic consideration of John Walker Lindh, the “American Taliban.” The similarly political The Revolution Starts…Now (2004) won a Grammy Award (best contemporary folk album) in 2005, and Washington Square Serenade (2007), Earle’s romantic confessional collaboration with his sixth wife, singer

Margaret Deland: …she published her first novel, John Ward, Preacher, which deals with religious and social questions after the manner of the British writer Mrs. Humphry Ward. The book stirred public opinion against its supposed irreligion, portraying the irreconcilable and destructive conflict between a Calvinist minister and his wife, who cannot accept…

country rock: …Dylan’s similarly inclined 1967 album, John Wesley Harding) they sought to import country’s vocabulary and instrumentation into their countercultural pursuit of psychological and formal adventure. Under the sway of Gram Parsons, the Byrds created country rock’s pivotal album, Sweetheart of the Rodeo (1968), the country-purist goals of which seemed somewhat…

Keanu Reeves: The Matrix and John Wick series: …in the title role of John Wick (2014). The movie was a huge hit, and sequels followed (2017, 2019, and 2023).

Laurence Fishburne: Film roles: …lord in the action thriller John Wick: Chapter 2; he reprised the role in the 2019 sequel. He played a Vietnam War veteran helping his old war buddy bury his son, a marine killed in the Iraq War, in Last Flag Flying (2017). Fishburne returned to superhero movies in 2018…

Halle Berry: …cast in the action thriller John Wick: Chapter 3—Parabellum (2019).

John William Friso was a Dutch prince of Nassau-Dietz and of Orange and stadtholder of the provinces of Friesland and Groningen. His rejection as stadtholder by five of the seven Dutch provinces in 1702 marked the return to political supremacy of the States General (national assembly). The son of

John X was the pope from 914 to 928. He was archbishop of Ravenna (c. 905–914) when chosen to succeed Pope Lando about March 914. John approved the severe rule of the newly founded Benedictine order of Cluny. To drive the Saracens (Muslim enemies) from southern Italy, John allied with the Byzantine

John XI was the pope from 931 to late 935 or early 936. He was the son of Marozia (dominant lady of the Roman Crescentii family) perhaps by her reputed lover, Pope Sergius III. John was consecrated in February/March 931. He served his mother’s political ends until 932/933, when his half-brother

John XI Becchus was a Greek Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople (1275–82) and leading Byzantine proponent of reunion between the Greek and Roman churches. As archivist and assistant chancellor to Constantinople’s anti-unionist patriarch Arsenius (1255–65), Becchus at first opposed union with Rome,

John XII was the pope from 955 to 964. He was the only son of Duke Alberic II of Spoleto, then ruler of Rome, who ordered Octavian’s election (Dec. 16, 955) as pope when he was only about 18 years of age. The young pope changed his name to John (becoming only the second pope in history to change

John XIII was the pope from 965 to 972. He was bishop of Narni, Papal States, when chosen pope on Oct. 1, 965, by Emperor Otto I, and as pope he strongly supported Otto’s ecclesiastical and political policies. Although John was a pious and learned man, the Roman nobles opposed Otto’s choice and

John XIV was the pope from 983 to 984. He was bishop of Pavia when chosen pope in November/December 983 by the Holy Roman emperor Otto II without the consultation of either the clergy or the people of Rome. His election was opposed by the powerful Roman Crescentii family, which supported Antipope

John XVIII (or XIX) was the pope from 1003 to 1009. Like his predecessor, Pope John XVII, his election was influenced by the Roman patrician John Crescentius III. More independent of the powerful Italian Crescentii family than John XVII, he eventually abdicated for unknown reasons and died shortly

John XIX was the pope from 1024 to 1032. A member of the Tusculani family that followed the powerful Crescentii as rulers of Rome, he was a layman when he succeeded his brother Pope Benedict VIII in April/May 1024; he was accused of obtaining the office through bribery. On Easter 1027 he crowned as

John XV (or XVI) was the pope from 985 to 996, who carried out the first solemn canonization in history by papal decree. His election, August 985, came during one of the darkest periods in papal history, shadowed by the murders of the popes Benedict VI and John XIV by the antipope Boniface VII.

John XV (or XVI) was the pope from 985 to 996, who carried out the first solemn canonization in history by papal decree. His election, August 985, came during one of the darkest periods in papal history, shadowed by the murders of the popes Benedict VI and John XIV by the antipope Boniface VII.

John XVI was an antipope from 997 to 998. A monk of Greek descent whom the Holy Roman emperor Otto II named abbot of the monastery of Nonantola, Italy, he attained an influential position at the court of Otto’s widow, the empress Theophano. In 988 Theophano made John bishop of Piacenza, Italy,

John XVIII (or XIX) was the pope from 1003 to 1009. Like his predecessor, Pope John XVII, his election was influenced by the Roman patrician John Crescentius III. More independent of the powerful Italian Crescentii family than John XVII, he eventually abdicated for unknown reasons and died shortly

John XXI was the pope from 1276 to 1277, and he was one of the most scholarly pontiffs in papal history. Educated at the University of Paris (c.. 1228–35), where he received his master’s degree c. 1240, John taught medicine at the new University of Siena, Italy. In 1272 Pope Gregory X, who made

John XXII was the second Avignon pope (reigned 1316–34), who centralized church administration, condemned the Spiritual Franciscans, expanded papal control over the appointment of bishops, and, against Emperor Louis IV, upheld papal authority over imperial elections. Born of a wealthy bourgeois

Saint John XXIII ; beatified September 3, 2000canonized April 27, 2014; feast day October 11) was one of the most popular popes of all time (reigned 1958–63), who inaugurated a new era in the history of the Roman Catholic Church by his openness to change (aggiornamento), shown especially in his

waterleaf: 5-foot-) tall Virginia waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum), with five- to seven-lobed leaves; it is also called Shawnee salad and John’s cabbage in reference to the edible tender young shoots. The large-leaved waterleaf (H. macrophyllum) is similar to the Virginia waterleaf but is rough and hairy and about 60…

Acts of John, an apocryphal (noncanonical and unauthentic) Christian writing, composed about ad 180, purporting to be an account of the travels and miracles of St. John the Evangelist. Photius, the 9th-century patriarch of Constantinople, identified the author of the Acts of John as Leucius

gnosticism: Apocryphon of John: Until the 20th century the works of Irenaeus and other heresiologists (orthodox Christian writers who described unorthodox groups) were the principal sources of information about gnostic movements. Only a handful of manuscripts containing the authentic writings of such groups were known; they…

Augustus John was a Welsh painter who was an accomplished portraitist, muralist, and draughtsman. John studied at the Slade School of Fine Art in London from 1894 to 1898. By age 20 he had won a reputation as one of the most brilliant draughtsmen in England. His portraits and other paintings done

Augustus John was a Welsh painter who was an accomplished portraitist, muralist, and draughtsman. John studied at the Slade School of Fine Art in London from 1894 to 1898. By age 20 he had won a reputation as one of the most brilliant draughtsmen in England. His portraits and other paintings done

Gareth Edwards: …line that included fly halves Barry John (1966–72, 25 Tests) and Phil Bennett (1969–78, 29 Tests), winger Gerald Davies (1966–78, 46 Tests), and fullback John Peter Rhys (“JPR”) Williams (1969–81, 55 Tests). Wales was frequently launched into attack by Edwards, who passed the ball back to Johns and later Bennett,…

John VI was the prince regent of Portugal from 1799 to 1816 and king from 1816 to 1826. His reign saw the revolutionary struggle in France, the Napoleonic invasion of Portugal (during which he established his court in Brazil), and the implantation of representative government in both Portugal and

Much Ado About Nothing: …is deceived by the jealous Don John into believing that Hero is prepared to abandon him for Claudio’s friend and mentor, Don Pedro. This malicious fiction is soon dispelled, but Claudio seems not to have learned his lesson; he believes Don John a second time, and on a much more…

Elton John is a British singer, composer, and pianist who was one of the most popular entertainers of the late 20th century. He fused as many strands of popular music and stylistic showmanship as Elvis Presley in a concert and recording career that included the sale of hundreds of millions of

Errol John was a Trinidadian-born actor and playwright who wrote Moon on a Rainbow Shawl (1958), for which he won The Observer’s prize for best new playwright in 1957 and a Guggenheim fellowship in 1958. John, a founding member of the Whitehall Players in Port of Spain, pursued his acting career

Gospel According to John, fourth of the four New Testament narratives recounting the life and death of Jesus Christ. John’s is the only one of the four not considered among the Synoptic Gospels (i.e., those presenting a common view). Although the Gospel is ostensibly written by St. John the

Gwen John was a Welsh painter who was known for her self-portraits, quiet domestic interiors, and portraits of other women and who was until the late 20th century all but lost to history. After the death of her mother, an amateur painter, in 1884, John and her three siblings and father moved to the

Gwen John was a Welsh painter who was known for her self-portraits, quiet domestic interiors, and portraits of other women and who was until the late 20th century all but lost to history. After the death of her mother, an amateur painter, in 1884, John and her three siblings and father moved to the

Letters of John, three New Testament writings, all composed sometime around 100 ce and traditionally attributed to St. John the Apostle, son of Zebedee and disciple of Jesus. The author of the first letter is not identified, but the writer of the second and third calls himself “presbyter” (elder).

Little Willie John was a rhythm-and-blues singer of the 1950s whose vocal style anticipated soul music. John grew up in Detroit, Michigan, sang gospel music, and at age 16 began recording rhythm and blues for King Records. He introduced “Fever” (1956), which became a standard; “Talk to Me, Talk to

Dominica: Independence of Dominica: …Dominica achieved full independence, with Patrick Roland John as its first prime minister. John’s government was implicated in a number of questionable dealings, including a scheme to lease land to a firm allegedly planning to supply petroleum illegally to South Africa, which was then under an international trade embargo because…

Revelation to John, last biblical book of the New Testament. It is the only book of the New Testament classified as apocalyptic literature rather than didactic or historical, indicating thereby its extensive use of visions, symbols, and allegory, especially in connection with future events.

St. John the Apostle ; Western feast day December 27; Eastern feast days May 8 and September 26) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus and traditionally believed to be the author of the three Letters of John, the Fourth Gospel, and possibly the Revelation to John in the New Testament. He played a

Elton John is a British singer, composer, and pianist who was one of the most popular entertainers of the late 20th century. He fused as many strands of popular music and stylistic showmanship as Elvis Presley in a concert and recording career that included the sale of hundreds of millions of

Tommy John surgery: Origins: …surgeon Frank Jobe on pitcher Tommy John, who was playing for the Los Angeles Dodgers. At that time, elbow soreness and subsequent surgery often meant the end of a baseball pitcher’s career. When Jobe examined John’s throwing arm, he noticed that the UCL was simply absent. Because the UCL connects…

Little Willie John was a rhythm-and-blues singer of the 1950s whose vocal style anticipated soul music. John grew up in Detroit, Michigan, sang gospel music, and at age 16 began recording rhythm and blues for King Records. He introduced “Fever” (1956), which became a standard; “Talk to Me, Talk to

Johne’s disease, serious infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. Although principally a disease of cattle, it can affect sheep, deer, and goats, and it occurs worldwide. Cows may not show signs of the disease for as long as a year after exposure to it. Chronic diarrhea

David Malouf: …first novel was the autobiographical Johnno (1975), set in Brisbane during World War II. An Imaginary Life (1978) re-creates the final years of the Roman poet Ovid. Child’s Play (1981) concerns the metaphysical relationship between a professional assassin and his intended victim. The novella Fly Away Peter (1982) is set…

instrumentals: …music to another level; and Johnny and the Hurricanes, best remembered for “Crossfire” (1959), left their mark on the Beatles, with whom they gigged on the in Hamburg, West Germany.

Claire Trevor: Among Trevor’s later films were Johnny Angel (1945); The High and the Mighty (1954), for which she received her third Oscar nomination; Marjorie Morningstar (1958); How to Murder Your Wife (1965); and Kiss Me Goodbye (1982), her final film. Trevor occasionally returned to the stage, and she also made a…

Henry Hathaway: Early work: Johnny Apollo (1940) offered a less-exotic locale, but Hathaway turned this familiar saga of a good man (played by Tyrone Power) gone wrong into one of the year’s better crime pictures. Power returned for Brigham Young (1940), a biopic about the Mormon leader.

Chuck Berry: …came when his song “Johnny B. Goode” was among the pieces of music placed on a gold-plated copper phonograph record that was attached to the side of the Voyager 1 space probe and sent hurtling through outer space in order to give distant or future civilizations a chance to…

Jean Negulesco: Film noirs and Johnny Belinda: …next film, the 1948 drama Johnny Belinda, was perhaps his greatest triumph. It starred Jane Wyman in an Oscar-winning performance as a deaf Canadian farm girl who is raped, finds she is pregnant, and bonds with a sensitive doctor (Lew Ayres). A major box-office success, the film was nominated for…

Johnny Cash: …Cash’s turnaround was the album Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison (1968), which was recorded live in front of an audience of some 2,000 inmates at California’s Folsom Prison. The performance was regarded as a risky move by record company executives, but it proved to be the perfect opportunity for Cash…

Johnny Cash: …that album and its follow-up, Johnny Cash at San Quentin (1969), to focus attention on the living conditions of inmates in American prisons, and he became a vocal champion for penal reform and social justice. Live appearances in New York and London and his television show,“The Johnny Cash Show” (1969–71),…

Maybelle Carter: …regularly on television on the Johnny Cash Show and to perform to appreciative audiences across the country and in Europe. She was one of the esteemed elder traditional country musicians who performed with the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band on the breakthrough crossover album Will the Circle Be Unbroken (1973).

Michael Keaton: Comedy hits: Night Shift, Mr. Mom, and Beetlejuice: Mom (1983), Johnny Dangerously (1984), Gung Ho (1986), and the Tim Burton horror-comedy Beetlejuice (1988), in which Keaton costarred with Alec Baldwin, Geena Davis, and Winona Ryder and appeared in the title role as an obnoxious mischievous ghost.

Lana Turner: … (1942) and Robert Taylor in Johnny Eager (1942). Her most memorable role, however, was that of a murderous adulteress in the film noir classic The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946). Her later box office hits included Vincente Minnelli’s The Bad and the Beautiful (1952); Mark Robson

Gillian Anderson: Films: The House of Mirth and The Last King of Scotland: …Ugandan dictator Idi Amin; and Johnny English Reborn (2011), a spy spoof starring Rowan Atkinson.

Rowan Atkinson: Other work: …Johnny English Reborn (2011) and Johnny English Strikes Again (2018). He was part of the voice cast of the animated Disney blockbuster The Lion King (1994) and appeared in the popular romantic comedy Love Actually (2003). In addition to his comedic work, Atkinson delivered a rare dramatic performance as Inspector

Nicholas Ray: Films of the early 1950s: …project, the perverse Freudian western Johnny Guitar (1954), which some film historians have seen as a commentary on the Joseph McCarthy era of anticommunist hysteria. Shot in highly saturated Trucolor and awash in the sort of hand-wringing melodrama that became Ray’s calling card, Johnny Guitar featured Joan Crawford as a…

Edna O’Brien: Other novels: of Peace (1966), Night (1972), Johnny I Hardly Knew You (1977; U.S. title I Hardly Knew You), The High Road (1988), House of Splendid Isolation (1994), Down by the River (1996), In the Forest (2002), and The Light of Evening (2006). Many of these works examined the social and cultural…

Kurt Weill: for plays, including Paul Green’s Johnny Johnson (1936) and Franz Werfel’s Eternal Road (1937). His operetta Knickerbocker Holiday appeared in 1938 with a libretto by Maxwell Anderson, followed by the musical play Lady in the Dark (1941; libretto and lyrics by Moss Hart and

William Gibson: …of Gibson’s early stories, including Johnny Mnemonic (1981; film 1995) and Burning Chrome (1982), were published in Omni magazine. With the publication of his first novel, Neuromancer (1984), Gibson emerged as a leading exponent of cyberpunk, a new school of science-fiction writing. Cyberpunk combines a cynical, tough “punk” sensibility with…

Ice-T: Acting career, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and other projects: … (1991), Surviving the Game (1994), Johnny Mnemonic (1995), and Tank Girl (1995). He also had guest-star roles on many TV shows, including New York Undercover and Batman Beyond. His first reality show, Ice-T’s Rap School, ran for one season on VH1 in 2006.

Sylvia Plath: Other works: Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams, a book of short stories and prose, was published in 1977.

Roberto Benigni: …as director, writer, and actor, Johnny Stecchino (1991), a Mafia farce, set box-office records in Italy.

Human Torch, fictional superhero. Human Torch was one of the “big three” heroes of Marvel (then known as Timely) Comics, along with Captain America and the Sub-Mariner—and one of the most popular Marvel superheroes of the 1940s. Like the Sub-Mariner, he was first seen on the newsstands in Marvel

Ernst Krenek: …opera Jonny Spielt Auf! (1927; Johnny Strikes up the Band!), a work written in an idiom that mixed Expressionist dissonance with jazz influences and strove to reflect modern life in the 1920s. After a period in which he espoused the Romanticism of Franz Schubert, he began in the 1930s to…

Nick Cave: Film work: …which he also cowrote, and Johnny Suede (1991). Cave was the subject of the documentaries 20,000 Days on Earth (2014) and One More Time with Feeling (2016). He also worked on the scores for both documentaries, the latter of which was nominated for a Grammy.

children’s literature: Contemporary times: Johnny Tremain (1943), by Esther Forbes, a beautifully written, richly detailed story of the Revolution, stood out as one of the few high points, as did The Innocent Wayfaring (1943), a tale of Chaucer’s England by the equally scholarly Marchette Chute. Poetry for children had…

Robert Stevenson: Films for Disney: First was Johnny Tremain (1957), an adaptation of Esther Forbes’s novel about a youth’s adventures during the American Revolution. Later in 1957 came Old Yeller, a heartbreaking drama based on Fred Gipson’s book about a boy (Tommy Kirk) and his dog in 1850s Texas; his parents were…

Johnny Unitas was an American professional gridiron football player who is considered to be one of the all-time greatest National Football League (NFL) quarterbacks. Unitas excelled in football at St. Justin’s High School in Pittsburgh, but his slight stature (he weighed only 145 pounds [66 kg])

In the 1920s Johnny Weissmuller was celebrated as one of the United States’ greatest athletes and an Olympic champion. In 1932 the “King of Swimming” became the “King of the Jungle,” the scantily clad hero of Tarzan, the Ape Man, the first of a long-running popular series of films starring the

Johnny Mathis: …additional success with the albums Johnny’s Greatest Hits (1958)—believed to be the first-ever compilation of an artist’s previously released hit singles—and the holiday-themed Merry Christmas (1958), both of which sold steadily for years after their release. In the late 1950s he also recorded songs for several movies.

pansy: Major species: The wild pansy (V. tricolor), also known as Johnny-jump-up, heartsease, and love-in-idleness, has been widely naturalized in North America. The flowers of this form are usually purple and yellow and less than 2 cm (0.8 inch) across.

Catonsville, village, Baltimore county, north-central Maryland, U.S., a southwestern suburb of Baltimore. It was founded before 1729 and was known as Johnnycake for a local inn specializing in that type of cornbread. The present name, honouring Richard Caton (who had an estate there in the late

Catonsville: …local inn specializing in that type of cornbread. The present name, honouring Richard Caton (who had an estate there in the late 18th century), was adopted about 1800. A residential community, Catonsville is the seat of Catonsville Community College (1956). The Baltimore county campus (1966) of the University of Maryland…

intelligence test: One such test, the Johns Hopkins Perceptual Test, developed by Leon Rosenberg in the early 1960s to measure the intelligence of preschool children, has a child try to match random forms (ordinary geometric forms, such as circles, squares, and triangles, are avoided because some children may be more familiar…

Johns Hopkins University, privately controlled institution of higher learning in Baltimore, Md., U.S. Based on the German university model, which emphasized specialized training and research, it opened primarily as a graduate school for men in 1876 with an endowment from Johns Hopkins, a Baltimore