Francis II: When Francis’ chief counsellor, Pierre Landais, provoked the hatred of the Breton nobles by his persecution of the chancellor Guillaume Chauvin, the nobles, with the support of Anne of Beaujeu, regent of France, had Landais hanged (1485). When Anne sent French troops into Brittany, however, the nobles rallied to…

Landau, city, Rhineland-Palatinate Land (state), southwestern Germany. Its location is picturesque, along the Queich River in the Haardt Mountains. The settlement was first mentioned in 1106, and an Augustinian monastery was founded there in 1276. Landau became a free imperial city in 1291. It was

landau, four-wheeled carriage, invented in Germany, seating four people on two facing seats with an elevated front seat for the coachman. It was distinguished by two folding hoods, one at each end, which met at the top to form a boxlike enclosure with side windows. It was a heavy vehicle, often

plasma: Higher frequency waves: This phenomenon, called Landau damping, arises because some electrons have the same velocity as the wave. As they move with the wave, they are accelerated much like a surfer on a water wave and thus extract energy from the wave, damping it in the process.

Landau, city, Rhineland-Palatinate Land (state), southwestern Germany. Its location is picturesque, along the Queich River in the Haardt Mountains. The settlement was first mentioned in 1106, and an Augustinian monastery was founded there in 1276. Landau became a free imperial city in 1291. It was

radiation: Range: …kind of energy straggling called Landau type (for the Soviet physicist Lev Landau). This energy straggling means that the distribution of energy losses is asymmetric when a plot is drawn, with a long tail on the high-energy-loss side. The intermediate case is given by a distribution according to Sergey Ivanovich…

Ezekiel Landau was a Polish rabbi, the learned author of a much-reprinted book on Jewish law (Halakha). In 1734 Landau’s reputation for learning led to his appointment as head of the rabbinical court at Brody, and in 1745 he became rabbi of Jampol, Podolia (then part of Poland). There he gained

the MC5: …more albums followed, including the Jon Landau-produced Back in the U.S.A. (1970), before the band broke up in 1972. Louder and brasher than the other political bands of their era, the MC5 were extremely influential despite their limited popularity, and their sound can be heard in heavy metal, punk rock,…

Lev Davidovich Landau was a Soviet theoretical physicist, one of the founders of the quantum theory of condensed matter whose pioneering research in this field was recognized with the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physics. Landau was a mathematical prodigy and enfant terrible. His schooling reflected the

Mark Aldanov was a Russian émigré writer best known for work bitterly critical of the Soviet system. In 1919 Aldanov emigrated to France, which he left for the United States in 1941, although six years later he returned to France. He wrote an essay on Lenin (1921); Deux révolutions (1921; “Two

Martin Landau was an American character actor who had a lengthy and prolific career, often playing unsettling villains, and found his greatest successes later in life. Landau began working as a staff cartoonist for the New York Daily News when he was 17 years of age, a job he held for about five

Yiddish literature: Writers in New York: …other poets of Di Yunge, Zishe Landau also turned from politicized poetry to individual experience. But, while his verses often probed feelings and psychological states in the first person, Landau made use of poetic personae, as in his “Meydlshe gezangen” (“Girlish Songs”) and “Don Quixote.” His aestheticism often referred to…

agnosia: Types of agnosia: …which is a symptom of Landau-Kleffner syndrome, may lead to mutism, or loss of the ability or will to speak. The sensory organ of hearing is intact, and pure tones can be perceived. Individuals with amusia are unable to recognize that certain groups of sounds represent music and therefore cannot…

landau: The landaulet, or landaulette, was a landau coupé, appearing as if the front were cut away, with a forward-facing seat for two people. It had an elevated coach seat for the coachman, and a folding, or falling, top.

landau: The landaulet, or landaulette, was a landau coupé, appearing as if the front were cut away, with a forward-facing seat for two people. It had an elevated coach seat for the coachman, and a folding, or falling, top.

Islamic arts: Popular literature: …verses, such as a two-line lanḍay in Pashto, are among the most graceful products of Islamic poetry. Many folk songs—lullabies, wedding songs, and dirges—have a distinct mystical flavour and reflect the simple Muslim’s love for the Prophet and trust in God’s grace even under the most difficult circumstances. Irony and…

Australia: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing: In 1989 Landcare, a movement of grassroots organizations, became an official federal government program, the National Landcare Programme. A “Decade of Landcare Plan” was proclaimed for the 1990s, and a nationally coordinated schedule was drawn up to promote new cultivation methods, extensive tree planting, modest and adventurous…

land reform: Political and social objectives: …happen to be among the landlord class, the objectives become the defeat of imperialism and the end of foreign exploitation.

John Landen: The theorem known by his name appeared in his memoir published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Societyin 1775 and later included in the first volume of his Mathematical Memoirs, 2 vol. (1780–89). Landen’s theorem expresses the length of the arc of a hyperbola in…

John Landen was a British mathematician who was trained as a surveyor and who made important contributions on elliptic integrals. Landen became known as a mathematician by his essays in The Ladies’ Diaryfor 1744, and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1766. His researches on

Berlin: Government: …parliament, on the central, or Land (state), level, and district mayors, district councils (governments), and district assemblies on the local level. The city has various local and state courts, including a constitutional court. The constitution of former West Berlin, amended in 1990, served as the transitional constitution of the state…

Lander, city, seat (1884) of Fremont county, west-central Wyoming, U.S., on the Popo Agie River, east of the Wind River Range, at an elevation of 5,360 feet (1,634 metres). Part of the traditional territory of the Shoshone people, the area was settled in the 1870s around Forts Augur and Brown and

Lander, county, central Nevada, U.S. It is drained by the Humboldt and Reese rivers. The county is arid and is covered by the Shoshone and Toiyabe mountains, which include large segments of Toiyabe National Forest in the south. The county seat, Battle Mountain, is in the far north. The county was

Harald Lander was a Danish dancer and choreographer who was primarily responsible for rebuilding the faltering Royal Danish Ballet into a superb performing organization. Lander studied under the great ballet master and reformer Michel Fokine in 1926–27 and danced in leading roles until 1945. As

Niger River: Study and exploration: In 1830 two English explorers, John and Richard Lander, established the lower course of the Niger by canoeing down the river from Yauri (now also covered by Lake Kainji), to the Atlantic Ocean, via the Nun River passage. In the second half of the 19th century two German explorers, Heinrich…

Richard Lemon Lander was a British explorer of West Africa who traced the course of the lower Niger River to its delta. He accompanied the Scottish explorer Hugh Clapperton as a servant on his second expedition to the region now lying within northern Nigeria. After Clapperton’s death near Sokoto

Hermann Lietz: …1904 he had founded three Landerziehungsheime (country boarding schools), based on Reddie’s model, for boys of different ages, in Ilsenburg, Haubinda, and Bieberstein. Lietz eventually succeeded in establishing five more Landerziehungsheime.

Landes, forest region bordering the Bay of Biscay in the Aquitaine Basin of southwestern France, extending northward to the Garonne Estuary and southward to the Adour River. With an area of 5,400 square miles (14,000 square km), Landes occupies three-quarters of the Landes département, half of

Germany: The nobility: The provincial nobility (Landesadel) had lost direct contact with the crown and were being compelled by degrees to acknowledge the suzerainty of the local prince. The imperial knights had been extensively employed by the Hohenstaufen emperors in military and administrative capacities and were chiefly concentrated in the former…

Lower Saxony: National parks and cultural life: …other theatres, among them the Landesbühne, which gives performances in dozens of towns in the region. Other notable theatres are, in Wilhelmshaven, the Landesbühne Niedersachsen Nord; in Göttingen, the Deutsches Theater; in Hildesheim, the Stadttheater; and in Celle, the Schlosstheater, whose plays are performed in a fine Baroque building dating…

museum of modern art: History: Dorner, director (1925–37) of the Landesmuseum in Hanover, was deeply interested in the work of contemporary artists such as Piet Mondrian, László Moholy-Nagy, and Kazimir Malevich and sought to integrate their ideas into the Landesmuseum by inviting several of them to design displays for modern art that would fit the…

map: The rise of national surveys: …National of France, and the Landestopographie of Switzerland are examples.

Laurie Anderson: …with the Kronos Quartet on Landfall, inspired by Hurricane Sandy, won a Grammy Award for best chamber music/small ensemble performance. In addition, Anderson collaborated on the opening ceremony for the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens. Her visual work was frequently exhibited in solo shows, including “Laurie Anderson: The Weather” (2021)…

hazardous-waste management: Treatment: …hazardous waste biologically is called landfarming. In this technique the waste is carefully mixed with surface soil on a suitable tract of land. Microbes that can metabolize the waste may be added, along with nutrients. In some cases a genetically engineered species of bacteria is used. Food or forage crops…

sea ice: …is also landfast ice, or fast ice, which is immobile, since it is either attached directly to the coast or seafloor or locked in place between grounded icebergs. Fast ice grows in place by freezing of seawater or by pack ice becoming attached to the shore, seafloor, or icebergs. Fast…

biogas: …biogas produced (also known as landfill gas) can be collected from a series of interconnected pipes located at various depths across the landfill. The composition of this gas changes over the life span of the landfill. Generally, after one year, the gas is composed of about 60 percent methane and…

sanitary landfill, method of controlled disposal of municipal solid waste (refuse) on land. The method was introduced in England in 1912 (where it is called controlled tipping). Waste is deposited in thin layers (up to 1 metre, or 3 feet) and promptly compacted by heavy machinery (e.g.,

landform, any conspicuous topographic feature on the Earth or a similar planetary body or satellite. Familiar examples are mountains (including volcanic cones), plateaus, and valleys. Comparable structures have been detected on Mars, Venus, the Moon, and certain satellites of Jupiter and Saturn.

continental landform: Basic concepts and considerations: Landform evolution is an expression that implies progressive changes in topography from an initial designated morphology toward or to some altered form. The changes can only occur in response to energy available to do work within the geomorphic system in question, and it necessarily follows…

continental landform, any conspicuous topographic feature on the largest land areas of the Earth. Familiar examples are mountains (including volcanic cones), plateaus, and valleys. (The term landform also can be applied to related features that occur on the floor of the Earth’s ocean basins, as,

landgrave, a title of nobility in Germany and Scandinavia, dating from the 12th century, when the kings of Germany attempted to strengthen their position in relation to that of the dukes (Herzoge). The kings set up “provincial counts” (Landgrafen) over whom the dukes would have no control and who

landgrave, a title of nobility in Germany and Scandinavia, dating from the 12th century, when the kings of Germany attempted to strengthen their position in relation to that of the dukes (Herzoge). The kings set up “provincial counts” (Landgrafen) over whom the dukes would have no control and who

phenomenology: Other developments: Ludwig Landgrebe, who was Husserl’s personal assistant for many years, published in 1939 Erfahrung und Urteil (Experience and Judgment), the first of Husserl’s posthumous works devoted to the genealogy of logic. Among German-language scholars, Landgrebe remained closest to Husserl’s original views and developed them consistently…

Neoclassical art: Italy: …the next generation: Giuseppe Cades, Gaspare Landi, and Vincenzo Camuccini. These artists worked mostly in Rome, the first two making reputations as portraitists, Landi especially being noted for good contemporary groups.

airplane: …ground and during takeoff and landing. Most planes feature an enclosed body (fuselage) to house the crew, passengers, and cargo; the cockpit is the area from which the pilot operates the controls and instruments to fly the plane.

landing craft, small naval vessel used primarily to transport and tactically deploy soldiers, equipment, vehicles, and supplies from ship to shore for the conduct of offensive military operations. During World War II the British and Americans mass-produced landing craft, modifying them throughout

amphibious vehicle: … took delivery of its first LCAC (“landing craft, air cushion”) in 1984, and 90 more would enter service over subsequent years. Although boasting lighter armament than the LVT and its descendants—its twin gun mounts could support light or heavy machine guns or 40-mm grenade launchers—the LCAC’s range and versatility made…

landing craft: The resulting Landing Craft, Infantry (Large), called the LCI, was a 158-foot (48-metre) vessel with the capacity to carry 200 infantrymen on a 48-hour passage—more than enough time to cross small bodies of water such as the English Channel. The LCI did not have the standard bow…

warship: Amphibians: Navy called the LCT (landing craft, tank), was carried over oceanic distances and launched at the time of assault. The LCT was too large to fit the davit of a conventional transport, so a new type of ship, the LSD (landing ship, dock), was created specifically to carry it.…

landing craft: …the basic design for the Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel (LCVP), often simply called the Higgins boat. The LCVP could carry 36 combat-equipped infantrymen or 8,000 pounds (3,600 kg) of cargo from ship to shore. During World War II the United States produced 23,398 of the craft. The British version of…

airport, site and installation for the takeoff and landing of aircraft. An airport usually has paved runways and maintenance facilities and serves as a terminal for passengers and cargo. The requirements for airports have increased in complexity and scale since the earliest days of flying. Before

airplane: Takeoff and landing gear: Another means of categorizing aircraft is by the type of gear used for takeoff and landing. In a conventional aircraft the gear consists of two primary wheels under the forward part of the fuselage and a tailwheel. The opposite configuration is called a…

fishing: Early history: …of a landing hook, or gaff, for lifting large hooked fish from the water was noted by Thomas Barker in 1667. Improved methods of fishhook making were devised in the 1650s by Charles Kirby, who later invented the Kirby bend, a distinctive shape of hook with an offset point that…

warship: Amphibians: …of ship, the LSD (landing ship, dock), was created specifically to carry it. The LSD had a floodable well deck aft, like a miniature dry dock. It could carry tank-laden LCTs over oceanic distances then flood its well deck off a landing beach and launch the craft.

landing ship, tank (LST), naval ship specially designed to transport and deploy troops, vehicles, and supplies onto foreign shores for the conduct of offensive military operations. LSTs were designed during World War II to disembark military forces without the use of dock facilities or the various

amphibious vehicle: The LVT resembled a tank, whereas the DUKW moved on rubber tires ashore and was propeller-driven when afloat. Each began its operational life as little more than a floating truck. The rigours of combat demonstrated the need for armour plating, however, and the LVT, with the…

Francesco Landini: …Landini, is known as the Landini cadence, in which the leading tone drops to the sixth of the scale before approaching the final tonic note.

Francesco Landini was a leading composer of 14th-century Italy, famed during his lifetime for his musical memory, his skill in improvisation, and his virtuosity on the organetto, or portative organ, as well as for his compositions. He also played the flute and the rebec. The son of Jacopo the

Platonic Academy: …the University of Florence, Cristofero Landino; and the scholars and philosophers Pico della Mirandola and Gentile de’ Becchi.

Francesco Landini was a leading composer of 14th-century Italy, famed during his lifetime for his musical memory, his skill in improvisation, and his virtuosity on the organetto, or portative organ, as well as for his compositions. He also played the flute and the rebec. The son of Jacopo the

Lance Armstrong: Doping investigations and ban: In April 2010 Floyd Landis sent an e-mail to a USA Cycling official, admitting that he and other former teammates, most notably Armstrong, were guilty of doping. The following month a U.S. federal grand jury investigation into doping allegations against Armstrong was initiated. That year Armstrong finished 23rd…

The Blues Brothers: …1980, that was directed by John Landis and stars actors John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd. The movie centers on musicians and brothers “Joliet” Jake Blues (Belushi) and Elwood Blues (Aykroyd), who are reunited after Jake is released from prison. The brothers determine to fulfill a “mission from God” by bringing…

Kenesaw Mountain Landis was an American federal judge who, as the first commissioner of organized professional baseball, was noted for his uncompromising measures against persons guilty of dishonesty or other conduct he regarded as damaging to the sport. He was named for a mountain near Atlanta,

assassination of John F. Kennedy: Final witness?: …60 Years, a book by Paul Landis, one of the Secret Service agents assigned to protect the first lady on that fateful day. Landis, who had been riding on the bumper of the car that was following the presidential limousine, was traumatized by the event and left the Secret Service…

Ländler, traditional couple dance of Bavaria and Alpine Austria. To lively music in 34 time, the dancers turn under each other’s arms using complicated arm and hand holds, dance back to back, and grasp each other firmly to turn around and around. These figures and the triple rhythm have appeared in

Landless Workers Movement (MST), Brazilian social movement seeking agrarian reform through land expropriation. The Landless Workers Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra; MST) is one of the largest and most-influential social movements in Latin America. Thousands of Brazilian

Landless Workers Movement (MST), Brazilian social movement seeking agrarian reform through land expropriation. The Landless Workers Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra; MST) is one of the largest and most-influential social movements in Latin America. Thousands of Brazilian

Edie Falco: …credits included The Comedian (2016), Landline (2017), and Megan Leavey (2017). In 2018 she appeared as the estranged wife of a man facing a midlife crisis in The Land of Steady Habits. She then starred in the TV series Tommy (2020), about the first female chief of police in Los…

landlocked country, an independent sovereign state that does not have direct access to an ocean, such as the Atlantic, or to a sea that is not landlocked, such as the Mediterranean. Countries such as Kazakhstan, in Central Asia, that only have access to a landlocked sea such as the Caspian are

landlocked country: Economic and security issues of landlocked countries: …these states are designated as landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) by the United Nations; 17 of them are considered least developed. LLDCs have to cover considerable transport costs for merchandise to be sent to and received from overseas markets, thereby discouraging investment, decreasing their competitive edge, and isolating them from international…

landlord and tenant, the parties to the leasing of real estate, whose relationship is bound by contract. The landlord, or lessor, as owner or possessor of a property—whether corporeal, such as lands or buildings, or incorporeal, such as rights of common or of way—agrees through a lease, an

Monopoly: Most were based on the Landlord’s Game, a board game designed and patented by Lizzie G. Magie in 1904. She revised and renewed the patent on her game in 1924. Notably, the version Magie originated did not involve the concept of a monopoly; for her, the point of the game…

Louis Gossett, Jr.: …was in the social comedy The Landlord (1970), directed by Hal Ashby. He costarred in the short-lived TV series The Young Rebels (1970–71), set during the American Revolution. After that he appeared in a series of minor films, the most notable of which was George Cukor’s Travels with My Aunt…

Kristin Hunter Lattany: The Landlord (1966; film 1970) presents a misanthropic white landlord transformed by his new black tenants. After her second marriage in 1968, she published variously as Kristin Hunter, Kristin Hunter Lattany, and Kristin Lattany. In The Survivors (1975), a lonely, prosperous, middle-aged dressmaker befriends a…

Taylor Sheridan: Hit television series: …Christian Wallace) the TV series Landman (2024– ), which is set in Texas and follows a fixer for oil companies (Billy Bob Thornton). The cast also included Jon Hamm and Demi Moore.

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden: Ada Louise Huxtable of The New York Times referred to its style as “born-dead, neo-penitentiary modern.” On the other hand, Benjamin Forgey of The Washington Post considered it “the biggest piece of abstract art in town.”

Tokyo-Yokohama Metropolitan Area: Building styles: …building in Japan: the 70-story Landmark Tower, completed in 1993.

American Baptist Association: …was a development of the Landmarker (or Landmarkist) teaching of some Southern Baptists in the mid-19th century. They believed that early Christians were Baptists who baptized only adult believers by immersion and who were organized in local autonomous congregations. The Landmarkers wished to retain what they considered the “old landmarks”…

American Baptist Association: …was a development of the Landmarker (or Landmarkist) teaching of some Southern Baptists in the mid-19th century. They believed that early Christians were Baptists who baptized only adult believers by immersion and who were organized in local autonomous congregations. The Landmarkers wished to retain what they considered the “old landmarks”…

New York City: Planning the modern metropolis: …to the creation of the Landmarks Preservation Commission (1965), whose purview was soon extended to interiors and to scenic landmarks. The commission has established historic districts, designated more than 1,000 individual landmarks, and preserved a past that has become increasingly important to New Yorkers. Restoration, preservation, and walking tours have…

land mine, stationary explosive charge used against military troops or vehicles. See mine. (Read Nobelist Jody Williams’ Britannica essay on

Landnámabók, unique Icelandic genealogical record, probably originally compiled in the early 12th century by, at least in part, Ari Thorgilsson the Learned, though it exists in several versions of a later date. It lists the names of nearly 400 prominent original settlers of Iceland who arrived

Landnámabók, unique Icelandic genealogical record, probably originally compiled in the early 12th century by, at least in part, Ari Thorgilsson the Learned, though it exists in several versions of a later date. It lists the names of nearly 400 prominent original settlers of Iceland who arrived

Lando was the pope from July/August 913 to early 914. He reigned during one of the most difficult periods in papal history—from c. 900 to 950. The Holy See was then dominated by the relatives and dependents of the senior

Innocent (III) was the last of four antipopes (1179–80) during the pontificate of Alexander III. A member of a family of German origin, he was a cardinal when elected on Sept. 29, 1179, by a faction opposing Alexander, who, in January 1180, relegated Innocent to the southern Italian abbey of SS.

blood group: Historical background: In 1875 German physiologist Leonard Landois showed that, if the red blood cells of an animal belonging to one species are mixed with serum taken from an animal of another species, the red cells usually clump and sometimes burst—i.e., hemolyze. He attributed the appearance of black urine after transfusion…

human eye: Measurement: …acuity is measured by the Landolt C, which is a circle with a break in it. The subject is asked to state where the break is when the figure is rotated to successive random positions. The size of the C, and thus of its break, is reduced until the subject…

Landuma, group of some 20,000 people located principally in Guinea, 30 to 60 miles (50 to 100 km) inland along the border of Guinea-Bissau. Their language, also called Landuma or Tyapi, belongs to the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo family and is related to Baga. The Landuma are

Alf Landon was the governor of Kansas (1933–37) and an unsuccessful U.S. Republican presidential candidate in 1936. Landon went with his parents to Independence, Kan., in 1904. He received a law degree from the University of Kansas in 1908 and entered the oil business in 1912. He attended the Bull

Alf Landon was the governor of Kansas (1933–37) and an unsuccessful U.S. Republican presidential candidate in 1936. Landon went with his parents to Independence, Kan., in 1904. He received a law degree from the University of Kansas in 1908 and entered the oil business in 1912. He attended the Bull

Letitia Elizabeth Landon was an English poet and novelist who, at a time when women were conventionally restricted in their themes, wrote of passionate love. She is remembered for her high-spirited social life and mysterious death and for verse that reveals her lively intelligence and emotional

Michael Landon was an American television actor, director, and producer who was best known for his work on the series Bonanza and Little House on the Prairie. Landon won a track-and-field scholarship (for javelin throwing) to the University of Southern California, but a torn ligament cut short his

Nancy Kassebaum is an American Republican politician who was the first woman to represent Kansas in the U.S. Senate. Kassebaum served from 1978 to 1997, and during that time, she focused on health care issues and worked to end apartheid in South Africa. Nancy Landon was the daughter of Alfred M.

industrial design: American hegemony and challenges from abroad: …designer Walter Landor, who established Landor Associates (1941), a design consultancy renowned for creating brand identity and corporate imagery; industrial designer Charles Butler, a protégé of Raymond Loewy who in the 1950s and ’60s designed British airliner interiors, from Viscounts for Capital Airlines (1955) to the Concorde (1969 and later);…

Robert Pinsky: Landor’s Poetry (1968), The Situation of Poetry: Contemporary Poetry and Its Tradition (1976), Poetry and the World (1988), The Sounds of Poetry: A Brief Guide (1998), and Democracy, Culture, and the Voice of Poetry (2002) are among his critical writings. The Life of David (2005)…

Walter Savage Landor was an English poet and writer best remembered for Imaginary Conversations, prose dialogues between historical personages. Educated at Rugby School and at Trinity College, Oxford, Landor spent a lifetime quarreling with his father, neighbours, wife, and any authorities at hand

Wanda Landowska was a Polish-born harpsichordist who helped initiate the revival of the harpsichord in the 20th century. Landowska studied composition in Berlin in 1896, and in 1900 she went to Paris. There, influenced by her husband, Henry Lew, an authority on folklore, she researched early music

Wanda Landowska was a Polish-born harpsichordist who helped initiate the revival of the harpsichord in the 20th century. Landowska studied composition in Berlin in 1896, and in 1900 she went to Paris. There, influenced by her husband, Henry Lew, an authority on folklore, she researched early music

Christ the Redeemer: The French sculptor Paul Landowski, who collaborated with Silva Costa on the final design, has been credited as the primary designer of the figure’s head and hands. Funds were raised privately, principally by the church. Under Silva Costa’s supervision, construction began in 1926 and continued for five years.…