Neuchâtel: …and the highest region, the Neuchâteloises Mountains (3,000–3,500 feet [915–1,065 metres]), mainly composed of a long valley in which stand the industrial centres of La Chaux-de-Fonds, Le Locle, La Sagne, Les Ponts-de-Martel, and La Brévine. Neuchâtel is the capital.

Nymphenburg porcelain: …produced here are sometimes called “Neudeck–Nymphenburg.” In 1761 the factory was moved to Nymphenburg, on the outskirts of Munich, where it still operates. The tableware and vases produced by Nymphenburg are often reminiscent of Meissen, even to their use of the ozier, or basketwork, pattern borders. Nymphenburg’s most original contribution…

Johann August Eberhard: Consequently, in his Neue Apologie des Socrates (1772–78; “A New Apology for Socrates”) and in his Allgemeine Theorie des Denkens und Empfindens (1776; “General Theory of Thinking and Feeling”), Eberhard advocated the free examination of religious doctrine and epistemological rationalism in the manner of Leibniz and the German…

Johann Sebastian Bach: Revival of music: …BG was succeeded by the Neue Bach-Gesellschaft (NBG), which exists still, organizing festivals and publishing popular editions. Its chief publication is its research journal, the Bach-Jahrbuch (from 1904). By 1950 the deficiencies of the BG edition had become painfully obvious, and the Bach-Institut was founded, with headquarters at Göttingen and…

Anton Friedrich Büsching: …100 publications was the multivolume Neue Erdbeschreibung, which began appearing in 1760. At his death only the sections dealing with Europe and a part of Asia had been published. A New System of Geography, a six-volume English translation of the first parts, was published in 1762.

Eduard Hanslick: …Die Presse and of the Neue Freie Presse. An excellent pianist, Hanslick served as a juror at various exhibitions of musical instruments, and, for his accomplishments in advancing the prestige of Austrian instrument makers, he was honoured by the Austrian government.

Germany: Government and audience support: …the People’s Independent Theatre (Theater der Freien Volksbühne), dating from 1890 in Berlin. Going to the theatre or opera in Germany is nearly as affordable and as unremarkable as attending the cinema is elsewhere. The same is also true of concert music. Every major city has at least one…

Heinrich Heine: Later life and works: …of poems, Neue Gedichte (1844; New Poems), illustrates the change. The first group, “Neuer Frühling” (“New Spring,” written mostly in 1830/31), is a more mannered reprise of the love poems of Buch der Lieder, and the volume also contains some ballad poetry, a genre in which Heine worked all his…

Moritz, count von Strachwitz: …German poet remembered for his Neue Gedichte (“New Poems”), which included such distinctive poems as “Der Himmel ist blau” and a national patriotic song, “Germania.”

Rainer Maria Rilke: Development of new lyric poetry and New Poems: These Neue Gedichte (1907–08; New Poems) represented a departure from traditional German lyric poetry. Rilke forced his language to such extremes of subtlety and refinement that it may be characterized as a distinct art among other arts and a language distinct from existing languages. The worldly…

Julius Plücker: …pioneering work on line geometry, Neue Geometrie des Raumes gegründet auf die Betrachtung der geraden Linie als Raumelement (1868–69; “New Geometry of Space Founded on the Treatment of the Straight Line as Space Element”). He died before finishing the second volume, which was edited and brought to completion by his…

Germany: Film of Germany: …das neue Kino, or the New German Cinema. Relying on state subsidy to subsist, the members of the movement sought to examine Germany’s unbewältige Vergangenheit, or “unassimilated past.” The New German Cinema had little commercial success outside of Germany, but it still was internationally influential. The critical acclaim afforded directors…

Neue Künstlervereinigung (NKV), exhibiting group founded in Munich, Germany, in 1909 by Wassily Kandinsky, Alexey von Jawlensky, Gabriele Münter, and numerous others who were united by opposition to the official art of Munich rather than by similarity of style. The group held its first exhibition

New National Gallery, art museum in Berlin, Germany, featuring 20th-century European painting and sculpture. (Read Sister Wendy’s Britannica essay on art appreciation.) The New National Gallery is one of the museums that make up the National Museums of Berlin. The name “New” refers both to the

Jakob Friedrich Fries: His important Neue oder anthropologische Kritik der Vernunft, 3 vol. (1807; “New or Anthropological Critique of Reason”) attempted to give a new foundation of psychological analysis to the critical theory of Immanuel Kant, which he sought to reconcile with the philosophy of F.H. Jacobi. His System der…

Bavarian State Picture Galleries: The Neue Pinakothek (New Pinakothek), based on private picture collections of the Bavarian kings, is a collection noted for its works of European painting from the 18th through the 20th century and for its sculpture of the 19th–20th centuries. It is housed with the New State…

Willibald Alexis: …remarkable collection of famous lawsuits, Der neue Pitaval (“The New Pitaval”). He suffered a stroke in 1856 and later retired permanently to Arnstadt.

Friedrich Engels: Partnership with Marx: …major tool was the newspaper Neue Rheinische Zeitung, which Marx edited in Cologne with the able assistance of Engels. Such a party organ, then appearing in a democratic guise, was of prime importance for their purposes; with it they could furnish daily guidelines and incitement in the face of shifting…

Neue Sachlichkeit, (German: New Objectivity), a group of German artists in the 1920s whose works were executed in a realistic style (in contrast to the prevailing styles of Expressionism and Abstraction) and who reflected what was characterized as the resignation and cynicism of the post-World War

Max Pechstein: …of the founders of the Neue Sezession (“New Secession”), an association of artists who disagreed with the policies of the Sezession. In his works of this period he adopted more simple compositions and sombre colours. Like the other Die Brücke artists, Pechstein had an interest in the art of non-European…

Sir James Stirling: His New State Gallery, or Neue Staatsgalerie (1977–84), in Stuttgart, Germany, a combination of classicism and geometric abstraction, is considered by many to be his finest achievement. Among his other works are a building for the Fogg Art Museum (1979–84) and the Arthur M. Sackler Museum…

German literature: The 1970s and ’80s: …turning that became known as Neue Subjektivität (“New Subjectivity”). The dominant genre was lyric poetry. Its authors had formerly been involved in the “student revolution” of 1967–68, which had called for a new politicization of literature in the face of the Vietnam War and the problems of the Third World.…

Friedrich Hölderlin: …ways too; in his periodical Neue Thalia, he published some of the poetry that Hölderlin had written, as well as a fragment of his novel Hyperion. This elegiac story of a disillusioned fighter for the liberation of Greece remained unfinished. Hölderlin held Schiller in great reverence; he saw him again…

Jan Tschichold: …book, Die neue Typographie (1928; The New Typography; A Handbook for Modern Designers), which expounded the principles and functional uses of Modernist typography to printers, type compositors, and designers. In Germany, where black letter, or Gothic script (called Fraktur in German), remained in use until the 20th century, a simplified…

Nicolai Hartmann: …Neue Wege der Ontologie (1942; New Ways of Ontology). According to his new ontology, epistemology depends on ontology, not the opposite. Thus, the “being” of objects is a necessary prerequisite for thought or knowledge about them. The knowledge that people have of reality is itself a part of reality, as…

Walther Rathenau: …over, he advocated in his Die neue Wirtschaft (1918; “The New Economy”) industrial self-government combined with employee participation and effective state control rather than the wholesale nationalization of industry by the state.

Karl Kautsky: …and edited the Marxist review Neue Zeit, publishing it in Zürich, London, Berlin, and Vienna until 1917. In 1891 the Social Democrats adopted his Erfurt Program, which committed the party to an evolutionary form of Marxism that rejected both the radicalism of Rosa Luxemburg and the evolutionary socialist doctrines of…

musical criticism: Historical development: …1834 he founded the periodical Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (“New Journal for Music”) and remained its editor in chief for 10 years. Its pages are full of the most perceptive insights into music and music makers. The first major article Schumann wrote was a laudatory essay on the young Chopin,…

Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ), Swiss daily newspaper published in Zürich and generally considered one of the world’s great newspapers. It was founded as a weekly, the Zürcher Zeitung, in 1780. Reorganized in 1821, the paper became the Neue Zürcher Zeitung and appeared twice weekly. By 1869—the year

Neuchâtel, capital (since 1815) of Neuchâtel canton, western Switzerland, on the northwestern shore of Lake Neuchâtel, at the mouth of the Seyon River, partly on the slopes of the Chaumont (3,566 feet [1,087 metres]) and partly on land reclaimed from the lake. A Burgundian town by the 11th century,

Neuchâtel, canton, western Switzerland, bordering France to the northwest and Lake Neuchâtel to the southeast and bounded by the cantons of Bern on the northeast and Vaud on the southwest. It lies in the central Jura Mountains and is drained by Lake Neuchâtel (leading to the Rhine) and Le Doubs

Lake Neuchâtel, largest lake wholly in Switzerland; its area of 84 square miles (218 square km) is divided among the cantons of Neuchâtel, Vaud, Fribourg, and Bern. Lakes Neuchâtel, Biel (Bienne), and Morat, connected by canals, are survivors of a former glacial lake in the lower Aare valley, at

Neuengamme-Ring, a complex of Nazi German concentration camps situated in marshy country near Neuengamme, a suburb of the port city of Hamburg, Germany. The first camp was established in 1940 to provide slave labour for local armaments industries, and beginning in 1942 annexes to the camp were set

Manuel Neuer is a German football (soccer) player who, as one of the game’s leading goalkeepers, helped Germany win the 2014 World Cup; for his performance, he received the Golden Glove award as the tournament’s best goalkeeper. Neuer began playing soccer before he was five years old. He initially

Manuel Neuer is a German football (soccer) player who, as one of the game’s leading goalkeepers, helped Germany win the 2014 World Cup; for his performance, he received the Golden Glove award as the tournament’s best goalkeeper. Neuer began playing soccer before he was five years old. He initially

Nikolaus Lenau: …in Gedichte (1832; “Poems”) and Neuere Gedichte (1838; “Newer Poems”), demonstrate close ties to the Weltschmerz (“World Pain”) mood of the Romantic period and reveal a personal, almost religious relationship to nature. His later poems, Gesammelte Gedichte (1844; “Collected Poems”) and the religious epics Savonarola (1837) and Die Albigenser

Ferdinand Freiligrath: … (1846; “This Will Be”) and Neuere politische und soziale Gedichte (1849 and 1851; “Newer Political and Social Poetry”), celebrating the Revolution of 1848, which brought him back to Germany, were even more strongly socialistic and antimonarchical; they are considered to be among the best examples of German revolutionary poetry of…

Neues Deutschland, morning daily newspaper published in Germany. Headquarters are in Berlin. Neues Deutschland initially functioned as the official organ of the Central Committee of the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED; Socialist Unity Party of Germany) in the German Democratic

Liebeslieder waltzes, two groups of songs by Johannes Brahms intended for entertainment at casual social occasions. The first set (Op. 52), consisting of 18 songs, was published in 1869 and the second (Op. 65), called Neues Liebesliederwalzer (“New Love Song Waltzes”) and consisting of 15 songs, in

New Museum, museum located on Museum Island (Museumsinsel) in Berlin and part of the National Museums of Berlin (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin). It houses the Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection (Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung), the Museum of Prehistory and Early History (Museum für Vor-

Johann Heinrich Lambert: The Neues Organon (1764; “New Organon”), his principal philosophical work, contains an analysis of a great variety of questions, among them formal logic, probability, and the principles of science. He also corresponded with Immanuel Kant, with whom he shares the honour of being among the first…

medal: Germany and Austria: Ludwig Neufahrer worked mainly in Nürnberg and the Austrian Habsburg domains, employed by Ferdinand I from 1545. The Italian expatriate medalist Abondio was called to Vienna and also appointed court medalist by Emperor Maximilian II in Prague in 1566.

François de Neufville, duc de Villeroi was a French courtier, a lifelong favourite of King Louis XIV, who became marshal of France in 1693. His ducal father, Nicolas de Neufville, had been governor (educational supervisor) of the infant Louis XIV and marshal of France from 1646. François is

Newhouse family: The family’s fortunes began with Samuel Irving Newhouse (b. May 24, 1895, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d. Aug. 29, 1979, New York City), who was born Solomon Neuhaus and was later known as S.I. Newhouse. He was working as a clerk for Judge Herman Lazarus in Bayonne, N.J., when Lazarus took…

National Spelling Bee: The inaugural champion was 11-year-old Frank Neuhauser of Louisville, who correctly spelled gladiolus to claim a prize of $500. The event proved popular, and the number of participating newspapers (and therefore contestants) soon proliferated. In 1941 the sponsorship of the national bee was assumed by the Scripps newspaper conglomerate, though…

Theodor, Baron Neuhof was a German adventurer. An indefatigable intriguer in military, political, and financial affairs throughout Europe, he was for a time (1736–43) the nominal king of Corsica under the style of Theodore I. After serving in the French and Bavarian armies, Neuhof went to England

Theodor, Baron Neuhof was a German adventurer. An indefatigable intriguer in military, political, and financial affairs throughout Europe, he was for a time (1736–43) the nominal king of Corsica under the style of Theodore I. After serving in the French and Bavarian armies, Neuhof went to England

Jean Perronet: …was also aesthetically pleasing; Perronet’s Pont de Neuilly has been called the most graceful stone bridge ever built. He was 80 years old when he began the Pont de la Concorde, originally called the Pont Louis XV, in 1787. Despite the outbreak of the French Revolution, he kept the work…

Treaty of Neuilly, (Nov. 27, 1919), peace treaty between Bulgaria and the victorious Allied powers after World War I that became effective Aug. 9, 1920. Under its terms Bulgaria was forced to cede lands to Yugoslavia and Greece (thus depriving it of an outlet to the Aegean) involving the transfer

Neuilly-sur-Seine, exclusive residential northwestern suburb of Paris, France. It lies in Hauts-de-Seine département, Île-de-France région, west of the capital and north of the Bois de Boulogne. Its main thoroughfare is the wide avenue de Charles de Gaulle, which is a prolongation of the

Song Joong-Ki: …in the lead role in A Werewolf Boy (2012; Neuk-dae-so-nyeon). The film became the most successful K-drama up to that time when it surpassed seven million ticket sales within two months. Song also had the lead role in the television series The Innocent Man (2012; Sesang Eodiedo Eobneun Chakhan Namja).

neume, in musical notation, a sign for one or a group of successive musical pitches, predecessor of modern musical notes. Neumes have been used in Christian (e.g., Gregorian, Byzantine) liturgical chant as well as in the earliest medieval polyphony (music in several voices, or parts) and some

William Maxwell Gaines: …gap-toothed cover boy, the fictional Alfred E. Neuman, whose motto “What, me worry?” became the catchphrase of teenage readers. From 1956 Neuman was a write-in candidate in every presidential election, and Gaines once hung a Neuman campaign poster from the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy. At the peak of…

John von Neumann: Princeton, 1930–42: …of operators, now known as von Neumann algebras (1929 through the 1940s). Other achievements include a proof of the quasi-ergodic hypothesis (1932) and important work in lattice theory (1935–37). It was not only the new physics that commanded von Neumann’s attention. A 1932 Princeton lecture, “On Certain Equations of Economics…

elliptic equation: …constant temperature distribution throughout (Neumann problem).

Balthasar Neumann was a German architect who was the foremost master of the late Baroque style. Neumann was apprenticed to a bell-founder and in 1711 emigrated to Würzburg, where he gained the patronage of that city’s ruling prince-bishop, a member of the Schönborn family, after working on military

Max Horkheimer: Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979), and Franz Neumann (1900–54)—who (along with Horkheimer) came to be known collectively as the Frankfurt School. Horkheimer also served as editor of the institute’s literary organ, Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung (“Journal for Social Research”), which published pathbreaking studies in political philosophy and cultural analysis from 1932 to…

Franz Ernst Neumann was a German mineralogist, physicist, and mathematician who devised the first mathematical theory of electrical induction, the process of converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. Neumann’s early work in crystallography gained him a reputation that led to his

John von Neumann was a Hungarian-born American mathematician. As an adult, he appended von to his surname; the hereditary title had been granted his father in 1913. Von Neumann grew from child prodigy to one of the world’s foremost mathematicians by his mid-twenties. Important work in set theory

Balthasar Neumann was a German architect who was the foremost master of the late Baroque style. Neumann was apprenticed to a bell-founder and in 1711 emigrated to Würzburg, where he gained the patronage of that city’s ruling prince-bishop, a member of the Schönborn family, after working on military

The Fly: Production notes and credits:

Lisel Mueller was a German-born American poet known for her warm introspective poetry. She was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1997 for her volume Alive Together: New and Selected Poems. Mueller fled Nazi Germany for the United States with her mother and sister in 1939. Her father, Fritz

St. John Neumann ; canonized 1977; feast day January 5) was the bishop of Philadelphia and a leader in the Roman Catholic parochial school system in the United States. After studies at the University of Prague, Neumann’s interest in missions in the United States took him to New York, where he was

St. John Neumann ; canonized 1977; feast day January 5) was the bishop of Philadelphia and a leader in the Roman Catholic parochial school system in the United States. After studies at the University of Prague, Neumann’s interest in missions in the United States took him to New York, where he was

Therese Neumann was a German stigmatic. At the age of 20 Neumann underwent a severe nervous shock after the outbreak of a fire and later suffered from hysterical paralysis, blindness, and gastric troubles for several years. In 1926 a blood-coloured serum began to ooze from her eyes, and during Lent

set theory: The Neumann-Bernays-Gödel axioms: The second axiomatization of set theory (see the Neumann-Bernays-Gödel axiomsNeumann-Bernays-Gödel axioms.

Târgu Mureş, city, capital of Mureş judeƫ (county), north-central Romania. It lies in the valley of the Mureş River, in the southeastern part of the Transylvanian Basin. First mentioned in the early 14th century, it was a cattle and crop market town called Agropolis by Greek traders. In the 15th

neume, in musical notation, a sign for one or a group of successive musical pitches, predecessor of modern musical notes. Neumes have been used in Christian (e.g., Gregorian, Byzantine) liturgical chant as well as in the earliest medieval polyphony (music in several voices, or parts) and some

John Neumeier is an American ballet dancer, choreographer, and director who choreographed and directed some 120 ballets over the course of his career. Neumeier studied dance in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Chicago. During and after the completion of his academic studies at Marquette University (B.A.,

cantata: Lutheran ministers, notably Erdmann Neumeister, encouraged the absorption of secular music into the church service. They provided German Protestant composers with cycles of texts for sacred cantatas based on the operatic aria form. Previously, Lutheran church music had been based largely on 12th-century music with biblical texts. With…

Western painting: Germany: …contribution was as a theorist; Neun Briefe über Landschaftsmalerei (1831; “Nine Letters on Landscape Painting”) elucidates and expands the ideas of Friedrich, adding Carus’ own more-scientific approach to natural phenomena. Other important painters influenced by Friedrich were Ernst Ferdinand Oehme, a landscape painter, and Georg Friedrich Kersting, who captured in…

Bernhard Kellermann: November (1921; The Ninth of November), inspired by revolutionary activity in Germany in 1918; Das blaue Band (1938; “The Blue Band”), based on the sinking of the ocean liner Titanic; and Totentanz (1948; “Dance of Death”).

Volker Schlöndorff: …and Der neunte Tag (2004; The Ninth Day), the chilling tale of a priest’s time in a Nazi concentration camp. Schlöndorff’s subsequent films included Strajk (2006; Strike), about one of the founders of Poland’s Solidarity trade union, and the romantic drama Return to Montauk (2017).

Samson Raphael Hirsch: …Neunzehn Briefe über Judenthum (1836; Nineteen Letters of Ben Uziel), in which he expounded Neo-Orthodoxy. This system required two chief courses of action: (1) an educational program that combined strict training in the Torah (Jewish Law) with a modern secular education—so that Orthodoxy could withstand the challenge of Reform Judaism,…

Neuquén, city, capital of Neuquén provincia (province), west-central Argentina. It is located at the confluence of the Neuquén and Limay rivers, which there form the Negro River. Founded in 1904, the city is a market centre for the adjacent fruit-growing area, which became more productive from the

Neuquén, provincia (province), west-central Argentina. It is bordered by the high peaks of the Andes Mountains and by Chile (west), the Colorado River and tributaries (north), and the Limay River (south). The city of Neuquén, the provincial capital, is at the confluence of the Neuquén and Limay

Patagonia: Resource exploitation: …have been constructed on the Neuquén and Limay rivers in order to exploit the hydroelectric potential of the western portion of Patagonia. These projects also have created large reservoirs that have made extensive irrigated agriculture possible in the Negro River region. Among the major crops grown are peaches, plums, almonds,…

Malvales: Neuradaceae, Thymelaeaceae, and Sphaerosepalaceae: Neuradaceae is a small family of annual, or rarely perennial, herbs. It includes 3 genera and 10 species, which grow from Africa to India in desert areas. Grielum (5 species) is the largest genus, with all of its plants native to…

vertebral column: …centrum, surmounted by a Y-shaped neural arch. The arch extends a spinous process (projection) downward and backward that may be felt as a series of bumps down the back, and two transverse processes, one to either side, which provide attachment for muscles and ligaments. Together the centrum and neural arch…

neural crest, group of embryonic cells that are pinched off during the formation of the neural tube (the precursor of the spinal cord) but that do not remain as a part of the central nervous system. The cells of the neural crest migrate to numerous locations in the body and contribute to the

neural engineering, in biomedicine, discipline in which engineering technologies and mathematical and computational methods are combined with techniques in neuroscience and biology. Objectives of neural engineering include the enhancement of understanding of the functions of the human nervous

prenatal development: Development between the second and fourth weeks: …definite gutterlike formation called the neural groove, which is the first indication of the future central nervous system. Beneath the groove, the mesodermal head process presently rounds into an axial rod, the notochord, that serves as a temporary “backbone.” By the end of the third week, a head fold, paired…

neural network, a computer program that operates in a manner inspired by the natural neural network in the brain. The objective of such artificial neural networks is to perform such cognitive functions as problem solving and machine learning. The theoretical basis of neural networks was developed

neural network, a computer program that operates in a manner inspired by the natural neural network in the brain. The objective of such artificial neural networks is to perform such cognitive functions as problem solving and machine learning. The theoretical basis of neural networks was developed

neuroplasticity: capacity of neurons and neural networks in the brain to change their connections and behaviour in response to new information, sensory stimulation, development, damage, or dysfunction. Although some neural functions appear to be hard-wired in specific, localized regions of the brain, certain neural networks exhibit modularity and carry out…

neural oscillation, synchronized rhythmic patterns of electrical activity produced by neurons in the brain, spinal cord, and autonomic nervous system. Oscillations, in general, are a reflection of a balanced interaction between two or more forces. In the brain, they typically reflect competition

animal development: Differentiation of the germinal layers: …layer thickens and becomes the neural plate, whose edges rise as neural folds that converge toward the midline, fuse together, and form the neural tube. In vertebrates the neural tube lies immediately above the notochord and extends beyond its anterior tip. The neural tube is the rudiment of the brain…

receptor, molecule, generally a protein, that receives signals for a cell. Small molecules, such as hormones outside the cell or second messengers inside the cell, bind tightly and specifically to their receptors. Binding is a critical element in effecting a cellular response to a signal and is

neural stem cell, largely undifferentiated cell originating in the central nervous system. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the potential to give rise to offspring cells that grow and differentiate into neurons and glial cells (non-neuronal cells that insulate neurons and enhance the speed at which

hallucination: The nature of hallucinations: …that have variously been called neural traces, templates, or engrams. Ideas and images are held to derive from the incorporation and activation of these engrams in complex circuits involving nerve cells. Such circuits in the cortex (outer layers) of the brain appear to subserve the neurophysiology of memory,

cephalic disorder: Anencephaly: …the upper region of the neural tube to close in early embryonic development, specifically within the first month of pregnancy. (The neural tube is the primitive structure from which develops the central nervous system.) Females are more likely to be affected than males. Insufficient maternal intake of folic acid is…

neural tube defect, any congenital defect of the brain and spinal cord as a result of abnormal development of the neural tube (the precursor of the spinal cord) during early embryonic life, usually accompanied by defects of the vertebral column or skull. In normal development a plaque of nerve

neuralgia, cyclic attacks of acute pain occurring in a peripheral sensory nerve; the cause of the pain is unknown, and pathological changes in nerve tissue cannot be found. There are two principal types of neuralgia: trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Trigeminal neuralgia (tic

neuraminidase, any of a group of enzymes that cleave sialic acid, a carbohydrate occurring on the surfaces of cells in humans and other animals and in plants and microorganisms. In the 1940s American scientist George Hirst identified in samples of influenza virus mixed with red blood cells

antiviral drug: Anti-influenza drugs: These drugs are inhibitors of neuraminidase, a glycoprotein on the surface of the influenza virus. Inhibition of neuraminidase activity decreases the release of virus from infected cells, increases the formation of viral aggregates, and decreases the spread of the virus through the body. If taken within 30 hours…

neurasthenia, a syndrome marked by physical and mental fatigue accompanied by withdrawal and

Konstantin, baron von Neurath was a German diplomat who was Adolf Hitler’s foreign minister from 1933 to 1938. After studying law at the Universities of Tübingen and Berlin, Neurath entered the German foreign service in 1903. After World War I he served as minister to Denmark (from 1919),

Otto Neurath was an Austrian philosopher and sociologist noted for interpreting logical-positivist thought as a basis for behaviourist social and economic theory. After imprisonment for being associated with the short-lived Bavarian Communist republic in 1919, Neurath went to Vienna (1920) to

Rosi Mittermaier was a German Alpine skier who won two gold medals and one silver medal at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. Her performance was, at that time, the best ever by a woman Alpine skier at the Olympics. Mittermaier first showed promise of being a world-class skier as a

Schwann cell, any of the cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce the myelin sheath around neuronal axons. Schwann cells are named after German physiologist Theodor Schwann, who discovered them in the 19th century. These cells are equivalent to a type of neuroglia called