Southeast Asian arts: Bali: …artist Rudolf Bonnet founded the Pita Maha (“Great Shining”) cooperative. Bonnet, in particular, guided and developed artists, introducing them to new materials, encouraging new subject matter, and promoting their works in the West. The Pita Maha was the catalyst for the establishment of a number of painters’ groups, such as…

Jordan Spieth is an American professional golfer who, at age 21, won the 2015 Masters Tournament and the U.S. Open, two of golf’s most prestigious events. He captured a third major title when he won the 2017 British Open. Spieth began hitting a golf ball at age four and began playing the sport

Jordan Spieth is an American professional golfer who, at age 21, won the 2015 Masters Tournament and the U.S. Open, two of golf’s most prestigious events. He captured a third major title when he won the 2017 British Open. Spieth began hitting a golf ball at age four and began playing the sport

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz: …primarily to literary work, publishing Śpiewy historyczne (1816; “Historical Songs”), a series of simple song poems that became very popular, and Lebje i Sióra (1821; Levi and Sarah, or, The Jewish Lovers: A Polish Tale), the first Polish novel to discuss the problems of Jews in Polish society. In 1831…

Loganiaceae: Some species of pinkroot (Spigelia) are known to be highly poisonous, but several, including S. marilandica, are also cultivated as ornamentals. Poisonous alkaloids found in the bark and seeds of plants of the genus Strychnos are used in arrow poisons such as curare and in drugs that stimulate…

Loganiaceae: …highly poisonous, but several, including S. marilandica, are also cultivated as ornamentals. Poisonous alkaloids found in the bark and seeds of plants of the genus Strychnos are used in arrow poisons such as curare and in drugs that stimulate the heart and central nervous system. Natal orange (Strychnos spinosa) of…

Elvis Costello: Branching out to other genres: …sounds on his next album, Spike (1989), on which O’Riordan and former Beatle Paul McCartney cowrote several songs. In both of these works, Costello wrote about the role of the artist in popular culture, blending contemporary cultural imagery with modern and classical literary allusions. He developed a fragmented, dissonant lyrical…

volleyball: Court, net, and ball dimensions: (This offensive action, called a spike, or kill, is usually performed most effectively and with greatest power near the net by the forward line of players.)

mass spectrometry: Trace element analysis: …isotopically enriched sample, called a spike, is added to the original material, thoroughly mixed with it, and extracted with that element. The mass spectrum of this mixture will be a combination of the natural spectrum of the element plus the unnatural one of the spike. By knowing the amount of…

inflorescence: Indeterminate inflorescence.: A spike is a raceme, but the flowers develop directly from the stem and are not borne on pedicels, as in barley (Hordeum).

spike heath, (Bruckenthalia spiculifolia), erect but spreading evergreen shrub, of the heath family (Ericaceae) and the order Ericales. The spike heath is native to southern Europe and to Asia Minor. It is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental, especially in rock gardens. The plant grows about 25

lavender: Essential oil: Spike oil, or spike lavender oil, is distilled from a somewhat inferior grade of lavender. Oil of spike is used in painting on porcelain, in soap manufacture, and to scent other products.

spike moss, (family Selaginellaceae), family of more than 700 species of mossy or fernlike seedless vascular plants of the order Selaginellales. The family consists of a single genus, Selaginella. They are widely distributed in all parts of the world, particularly in the tropics. Many are forest

lavender: Essential oil: Spike oil, or spike lavender oil, is distilled from a somewhat inferior grade of lavender. Oil of spike is used in painting on porcelain, in soap manufacture, and to scent other products.

rampion: Spike rampion (P. spicatum) has oblong spikes of yellowish white flowers. Some species of rampion are grown as garden ornamentals. “Rampion” also refers to Campanula rapunculus, whose turniplike roots and leaves are eaten in salads.

Cyperaceae: Distribution and abundance: …species; and Fimbristylis, Eleocharis (spike rushes), and Scleria (nut rushes), each with about 200 species. Other large genera are Bulbostylis, with approximately 100 species; Schoenus, also with about 100 species; and Mapania, with up to 80 species.

winter hazel: Spike winter hazel (C. spicata), about the same height, blooms about the same time but bears lemon-yellow flowers. The fragrant winter hazel (C. glabrescens), up to 6 m tall, is somewhat hardier than the aforementioned species.

harrow: The horse-drawn or tractor-drawn spike-tooth harrow, or drag, developed in the early 19th century, has sections 1 to 1.5 metres (3 to 5 feet) wide with long spike teeth mounted nearly vertically on horizontal bars. It is used chiefly for pulverizing soil and for early cultivation. Spring-tooth harrows (developed…

ginger lily: Major species: Spiked ginger lily (H. spicatum) has heavily perfumed flowers and is used in traditional and Ayurvedic medicine.

tetraodontiform: Annotated classification: Family Triacanthodidae (spikefishes) The most primitive members of the order. Deepwater species with a truncated or rounded tail; deep caudal peduncle (the region between the end of the anal fin and the front of the tail); nonstreamlined body; soft dorsal and anal fins of about same…

Cyperaceae: Characteristic morphological features: …a single flower), forming the spikelet, the basic unit of a sedge inflorescence. Spikelets are arranged into inflorescences of variable size and form: from small, tight heads in many genera to panicles, the usual form of the inflorescence; panicles as long as one metre or more can be found in…

spikenard, (Nardostachys jatamansi), perennial herb (family Caprifoliaceae) of the Himalayas and its fragrant essential oil. The plant and its oil have been used since ancient times in traditional medicines, and the oil, derived from its woody rhizomes, is used as a perfume and in religious

spikenard: American spikenard (A. racemosa) is a North American member of the ginseng family (Araliaceae). The plant is characterized by large spicy-smelling roots and is cultivated as an ornamental. It grows 3.5 metres (11 feet) tall and has leaves divided into three heart-shaped parts. The flowers…

Brno: …by the castle on the Špilberk, withstood several sieges: in 1428 by the Hussites (religious reformers); in 1464 by George of Poděbrady, the Bohemian leader; and in 1645 by the Swedes, under Lennart Torstenson. Later, during the Silesian War of the Austrian Succession (1740–45), it was invaded again. It was…

tunnels and underground excavations: Hand-mined tunnels: …adaptation of it is termed spiling. In spiling the forepoles are intermittent with gaps between. Crown spiling is still resorted to for passing bad ground; in this case spiles may consist of rails driven ahead, or even steel bars set in holes drilled into crushed rock.

spilite, fine-grained or dense, extrusive igneous (volcanic) rock that is usually free of visible crystals and is commonly greenish or grayish green in colour. Spilites are of basaltic character but contain the feldspar albite in place of the normal labradorite. The dark mineral is a pale-brown

Spanish literature: Poetry: Jaume Roig’s Lo spill o llibre de les dones (c. 1460; “The Mirror or Book of Women”) was very different—a caustic satire on woman, written in more than 16,000 four-syllable lines, portraying contemporary Valencian life vividly. Johan Roiç de Corella, a Valencian lyricist, was perhaps the best…

Mickey Spillane was an American writer of detective fiction, whose popular work is characterized by violence and sexual licentiousness. Spillane began his career by writing for pulp magazines and comic books in order to pay for his schooling. His first novel—I, The Jury (1947)—introduced detective

Mickey Spillane was an American writer of detective fiction, whose popular work is characterized by violence and sexual licentiousness. Spillane began his career by writing for pulp magazines and comic books in order to pay for his schooling. His first novel—I, The Jury (1947)—introduced detective

glassware: Germany: …of the German intaglio engravers, Gottfried Spiller, whose deep cutting on the thick Potsdam glass has seldom, if ever, been surpassed. A notable, if lesser, engraver from the same shop was Heinrich Jäger; and later, in the 1730s and 1740s, work of high quality was done by Elias Rosbach.

pick-up-sticks, game of skill, played by both children and adults, with thin wooden sticks or with straws or matches. In the early 18th century sticks were made of ivory or bone; later they were made of wood or plastic. To begin the game, 20 to 50 sticks are bunched in one hand and set vertically

orographic precipitation: …ridge and is sometimes called spillover. On the lee side of the mountain range, rainfall is usually low, and the area is said to be in a rain shadow. Very heavy precipitation typically occurs upwind of a prominent mountain range that is oriented across a prevailing wind from a warm…

spillway, passage for surplus water over or around a dam when the reservoir itself is full. Spillways are particularly important safety features for several types of dams. They may lead over the dam or a portion of it or along a channel around the dam or a conduit through it, and the erosive energy

skunk: Spotted skunks (genus Spilogale) live from southwestern Canada to Costa Rica. Except for a white spot between the eyes, their spots are actually a series of interrupted stripes running down their back and sides. The spotted skunks are the smallest skunks, about the size of…

skunk: Natural history: …the spring, except in the western spotted skunk (S. gracilis), which breeds in the autumn but undergoes a period of delayed implantation lasting about 150 days.

skunk: …a tree squirrel—except for the pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea), which can fit in a person’s hand.

flea: Life cycle: The life cycle of the European rabbit flea (Spilopsyllus cuniculi) and its host are perfectly synchronized. The sexual development of male and female fleas is under the direct control of the rabbit’s sex hormones. Thus, the eggs of the female flea mature successfully only if she is feeding on a…

eagle: The serpent eagles, or snake eagles, Spilornis (six species, subfamily Circaetinae), eat mostly snakes, including large poisonous ones. They occur in Asia. Other birds called serpent eagles, notably the long-tailed members of the genera Dryotriorchis (e.g., African serpent eagle) and Eutriorchis (e.g., the endangered Madagascar serpent…

mechanics: Rotation about a moving axis: …is sometimes called the body’s spin, and r × p is called the orbital angular momentum. Any change in the angular momentum of the body is given by the torque equation,

figure skating: Spins: Spins are generally performed on either the back outside or the back inside edge of the blade. A sit spin is done in sitting position, with the body supported by the leg that controls the spin as the free leg extends beside the bent…

Rock criticism: …or American magazines such as Spin (founded in 1985 as a younger, hipper rival to Rolling Stone) and The Village Voice.

spin, in physics, the amount of angular momentum associated with a subatomic particle or nucleus and measured in multiples of a unit called the Dirac h, or h-bar (ℏ), equal to the Planck constant divided by 2π. For electrons, neutrons, and protons, the multiple is 0.5; pions have zero spin. The

Nikki Giovanni: Spin a Soft Black Song (1971), Ego-Tripping (1973), Vacation Time (1980), The Sun Is So Quiet (1996), and I Am Loved (2018) were collections of poems for children. Loneliness, thwarted hopes, and the theme of family affection became increasingly important in her poetry during the…

man-made fibre: Solution spinning: …not always) placed in the spin bath, a coagulation bath in which solvent diffuses out of the extruded material and a nonsolvent, usually water, diffuses into the extrudate. The resulting gel may be oriented by stretching during this stage, as the polymer is coagulated, or the freshly formed fibres may…

cricket: Bowling: The primary purpose of the spin is to bring the ball up from the pitch at an angle that is difficult for the batsman to anticipate. The two swerves (curves) are the “inswinger,” which moves in the air from off to leg (into the batsman), and the “away swinger,” or…

fishing: Methods: spin casting differ essentially in the type of reel, the rod length, and the strength of the line used. Bait casting usually employs a reel with heavier line, often in the 10- to 20-pound (4,500- to 9,000-gram) test range. Most spinning reels are usually spooled…

Paula Abdul: Music and acting: …on TV series, including in Spin City and Sabrina the Teenage Witch.

Spīn Ghar Range, mountain range forming a natural frontier between Pakistan and Afghanistan, extending westward for 100 miles (160 km) from the Vale of Peshawar (Pakistan) to the Lowrah Valley (Afghanistan). The boundary between the two countries runs along the summit of the range, which reaches a

ballistics: Spin stabilization, provided by rifling, causes gyroscopic wobbling in response to aerodynamic tumbling forces. Insufficient spin permits tumbling, and too much prevents dipping of the shot nose as it traverses the trajectory. Drift of the shot arises from lift, due to yawing, meteorological conditions, and…

spectroscopy: Fluorescence and phosphorescence: …of two orientations corresponding to magnetic spin quantum number ms = ± 1 2 . The Pauli exclusion principle requires that no two electrons in an atom have the same identical set of quantum numbers; hence when two electrons reside in a single AO or MO they must have different…

spectroscopy: Fluorescence and phosphorescence: The spin quantum number is s = 1 2 , so in the presence of a magnetic field an electron can have one of two orientations corresponding to magnetic spin quantum number ms = ± 1 2 . The Pauli exclusion principle

ballistics: Spin stabilization, provided by rifling, causes gyroscopic wobbling in response to aerodynamic tumbling forces. Insufficient spin permits tumbling, and too much prevents dipping of the shot nose as it traverses the trajectory. Drift of the shot arises from lift, due to yawing, meteorological conditions, and…

magnon: This wave is called a spin wave, because the magnetism of each atom is produced by the spin of unpaired electrons in its structure. Thus, a magnon is a quantized spin wave.

political spin, in politics, the attempt to control or influence communication in order to deliver one’s preferred message. Spin is a pejorative term often used in the context of public relations practitioners and political communicators. It is used to refer to the sophisticated selling of a

spin, in physics, the amount of angular momentum associated with a subatomic particle or nucleus and measured in multiples of a unit called the Dirac h, or h-bar (ℏ), equal to the Planck constant divided by 2π. For electrons, neutrons, and protons, the multiple is 0.5; pions have zero spin. The

rock: Basic types of magnetization: Spin-canted (anti)ferromagnetism is a special condition which occurs when antiparallel magnetic moments are deflected from the antiferromagnetic plane, resulting in a weak net magnetism. Hematite (α-Fe2O3) is such a material.

man-made fibre: Melt spinning: In a process known as spin-drawing, fibres may be drawn in-line to several times their original length. Packages may be collected directly from the spinning tower to give what is called continuous filament, or several lines of fibre may be collected into a large tow for cutting to staple.

spectroscopy: Infrared instrumentation: …diode lasers, F-centre lasers, and spin-flip Raman lasers is providing new sources for infrared spectrometers. These sources in general are not broadband but have high intensity and are useful for the construction of instruments that are designed for specific applications in narrow frequency regions.

crystal: The Kondo effect: The spin-flip scattering is strong at low temperatures and actually increases slightly as temperature decreases. This phenomenon is called the Kondo effect after the Japanese theoretical physicist Jun Kondo, who first explained the increase in resistivity resulting from magnetic impurities. There is a characteristic temperature, called…

magnetic resonance: Electron-spin resonance: …the ligand field and the spin-orbit coupling. In the lanthanoids, for instance, the ligand field is weak and unable to uncouple the spin and orbital momentum, leaving the latter largely unreduced. In the iron group, on the other hand, the components of the ligand field are, as a rule, stronger…

spectroscopy: Fine and hyperfine structure of spectra: …created by its motion (the spin-orbit interaction) modifies its energy and is proportional to the combination of the orbital angular momentum and the spin angular momentum. Small differences in energies of levels arising from the spin-orbit interaction sometimes cause complexities in spectral lines that are known as the fine structure.…

chemical compound: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: …atoms through a process termed spin-spin splitting. Each set of equivalent hydrogens on a given carbon is split into an n+1 multiplet by adjacent hydrogen atoms that are nonequivalent to the hydrogens of the given carbon. These splittings are generally observed for all nonequivalent hydrogens bonded to the one or…

spin-statistics theorem, in quantum mechanics, fundamental mathematical proof that subatomic particles having integral values of spin (such as photons and helium-4 atoms) must be described by Bose-Einstein statistics (q.v.) and that subatomic particles having half-integral values of spin (such as

Spina, ancient Etruscan port on the Adriatic coast of Italy, now about 6 miles (10 km) inland. Spina was founded at the mouth of the Po River toward the end of the 6th century bc and was one of two main ports of entry for the rich Greek commerce with northern Etruria. Soon after 400 bc Spina was

spina bifida, congenital cleft of the vertebral column, a form of neural tube defect

neural tube defect: In spina bifida occulta, or hidden spina bifida, the vertebrae fail to completely enclose the spinal cord, but the latter is normal in form and is covered by the skin of the back. This form of the defect has no effect on body functions and may…

spinach, (Spinacia oleracea), hardy leafy annual of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), used as a vegetable. Widely grown in northern Europe and the United States, spinach is marketed fresh, canned, and frozen. Young leaves are commonly sold as “baby spinach.” It received considerable impetus as a

aphid: Types of aphids: The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), also called the spinach aphid, is pale yellow-green with three dark lines on the back. The life cycle involves two hosts. The female reproduces parthenogenetically during summer and produces sexual males and females in autumn. It is a serious pest,…

anthomyiid fly: Another important pest is the spinach leaf miner (Pegomya hyoscyami), which produces blotches or linear mines (internal passages) on spinach leaves.

Martin Karplus: Karplus’s autobiography, Spinach on the Ceiling: The Multifaceted Life of a Theoretical Chemist, was published in 2020.

spinach, (Spinacia oleracea), hardy leafy annual of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), used as a vegetable. Widely grown in northern Europe and the United States, spinach is marketed fresh, canned, and frozen. Young leaves are commonly sold as “baby spinach.” It received considerable impetus as a

birth: Spinal anesthesia: Spinal anesthesia (sometimes called spinal block) is produced when a local anesthetic agent, such as lidocaine or bivucaine, sometimes mixed with a narcotic, is injected into the cerebrospinal fluid in the lumbar region of the spine. This technique allows the woman to be…

vertebral column, in vertebrate animals, the flexible column extending from neck to tail, made of a series of bones, the vertebrae. The major function of the vertebral column is protection of the spinal cord; it also provides stiffening for the body and attachment for the pectoral and pelvic

spinal cord, major nerve tract of vertebrates, extending from the base of the brain through the canal of the spinal column. It is composed of nerve fibres that mediate reflex actions and that transmit impulses to and from the brain. The spinal cord and the brain together make up the system of nerve

spinal cord injury, any of various conditions caused by damage to the tract of nerves that extends from the base of the brain through the canal of the spinal column. Spinal cord injury often has permanent consequences for the function of body parts below the site of injury, the extent of which

Parkinson disease: Treatment: Spinal cord stimulation, an experimental therapy, has also shown some benefit in improving movement in patients with Parkinson disease. In this therapy, electrodes are implanted into the epidural space along the spinal cord. When switched on, the device emits electrical pulses at a frequency that…

ganglion: A spinal ganglion, for instance, is a cluster of nerve bodies positioned along the spinal cord at the dorsal and ventral roots of a spinal nerve. The dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of afferent nerve fibres (those carrying impulses toward the central nervous system);…

meningococcus: …bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, which causes meningococcal meningitis in humans, who are the only natural hosts in which it causes disease. The bacteria are spherical, ranging in diameter from 0.6 to 1.0 μm (micrometre; 1 μm = 10−6 metre); they frequently occur in pairs, with adjacent sides flattened. They are strongly…

nervous system disease: Hereditary motor neuropathies: Hereditary motor neuropathies (also known as spinal muscular atrophies and as Werdnig-Hoffman or Kugelberg-Welander diseases) are a diverse group of genetic disorders in which signs of ventral-horn disease occur in babies or young people. The usual symptoms of muscle atrophy and weakness…

spinal nerve, in vertebrates, any one of many paired peripheral nerves that arise from the spinal cord. In humans there are 31 pairs: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each pair connects the spinal cord with a specific region of the body. Near the spinal cord each spinal

polio: Course of disease: In some types of spinal polio, the virus damages the upper part of the spinal cord, with resulting difficulties in breathing. In bulbar polio the virus attacks the brainstem, and the nerve centres that control swallowing and talking are damaged. Secretions collect in the throat and may lead to…

Ivan Pavlov: Laws of conditioned reflex: …as “conditioned”) reflex and the spinal reflex.

nervous system disease: Spinal nerve roots: …signs of damage to the spinal roots are the same as for peripheral-nerve damage except that the area of involvement is restricted to the area supplied by the spinal roots rather than the nerves. Also, generalized symmetrical sensory loss is not seen in spinal root damage.

lumbar puncture, direct aspiration (fluid withdrawal) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through a hollow needle. The needle is inserted in the lower back, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae, into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, where the CSF is located. Lumbar puncture is

human nervous system: Accessory nerve (CN XI or 11): The accessory nerve is formed by fibers from the medulla oblongata (known as the cranial root) and by fibers from cervical levels C1–C4 (known as the spinal root). The cranial root originates from the nucleus ambiguus and exits the…

spinalis muscle, any of the deep muscles of the back near the vertebral column that, as part of the erector spinae (sacrospinalis) muscle group, assist in extension (e.g., bending backward), lateral flexion (bending to the side), and rotation of the spine. The spinalis thoracis is the major

pre-Columbian civilizations: Classic civilization in the Maya lowlands: Tzakol phase: Spinden may be correct, which would make these dates 260 years earlier.)

textile: Early spinning methods: …implements, the distaff and the spindle. The distaff was a stick on which the mass of fibres was held. The drawn-out length of fibre was fastened to the weighted spindle, which hung free. The spinner whirled the spindle, causing it to twist the fibre as it was drawn from the…

human respiratory system: Muscle and lung receptors: Receptors, called spindles, in the respiratory muscles measure muscle length and increase motor discharge to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles when increased stiffness of the lung or resistance to the movement of air caused by disease impedes muscle shortening. Tendon organs, another receptor in muscles, monitor changes…

spindle and whorl, Earliest device for spinning fibres into thread or yarn. The spinster lets the spindle fall to draw out the fibres while the whorl keeps it rotating to apply the necessary twist. The spindle and whorl was replaced by the spinning

bomb: Some, called spindle bombs, are shaped like a football or spindle of thread; others, called cow-dung or pancake bombs, are flattened on landing; and still others are ribbon-shaped. If bombs are still molten or plastic when they land (a characteristic of those formed during the relatively weak…

Euonymus: The European spindle tree (E. europaeus), which grows to 6 metres (20 feet), keeps its poisonous pink and orange fruits after the leaves fall. In eastern Europe, gutta-percha resin is extracted from this plant. The wood is used for pegs and spindles, and several varieties of…

cell: Mitosis and cytokinesis: …bundle of microtubules called the mitotic spindle.

bovid: …in its own genus, the saola, discovered in the 1990s in the montane forests that divide Laos and Vietnam.

Apple Inc.: 1985–1997: Leadership struggles after Jobs and Wozniak: …1993, Sculley was replaced by Michael Spindler as CEO. Spindler’s most notable achievements were the successful migration of the Mac OS to the PowerPC microprocessor and the initiation of a shift away from Apple’s proprietary standards.

Texas: The modern period: …gusher that blew in at Spindletop (Beaumont) in 1901 opened a new economic era for the state. Oil companies were formed; oilmen began to search for and find new deposits in the state; and refining and marketing activities provided new jobs and incomes for Texas. Texas suffered throughout the Great…

angiosperm: Leaf modifications: Spines are also modified leaves. In cacti, spines are wholly transformed leaves that protect the plant from herbivores, radiate heat from the stem during the day, and collect and drip condensed water vapor during the cooler night. In the many species of the spurge family…

vertebral column, in vertebrate animals, the flexible column extending from neck to tail, made of a series of bones, the vertebrae. The major function of the vertebral column is protection of the spinal cord; it also provides stiffening for the body and attachment for the pectoral and pelvic

echidna: …a dome-shaped body covered in spines. Echidnas have beady eyes and mere slits for ears, and at the end of their beaks are two small nares (or nostrils) and a tiny mouth. Electroreceptors in the skin of the beak may sense electrical signals produced by the muscles of invertebrate prey.…

curvature of the spine, any of a group of deviations of the normal spinal curvature, including scoliosis, lordosis, and kyphosis. Scoliosis is a lateral, or sideways, deviation of the spine, or vertebral column. The condition usually includes two curves—the original abnormal curve and a