strain, in physical sciences and engineering, number that describes relative deformation or change in shape and size of elastic, plastic, and fluid materials under applied forces. The deformation, expressed by strain, arises throughout the material as the particles (molecules, atoms, ions) of which

geology: Structural geology: Strain analysis is another important technique of structural geology. Strain is change in shape; for example, by measuring the elliptical shape of deformed ooliths or concretions that must originally have been circular, it is possible to make a quantitative analysis of the strain patterns in…

mechanics of solids: The general theory of elasticity: …stress components to the 6 strains, at most 21 could be independent. The Scottish physicist Lord Kelvin put this consideration on sounder ground in 1855 as part of his development of macroscopic thermodynamics, showing that a strain energy function must exist for reversible isothermal or adiabatic (isentropic) response and working…

mechanics of solids: Beams, columns, plates, and shells: …1744 introduced the concept of strain energy per unit length for a beam and showed that it is proportional to the square of the beam’s curvature. Euler regarded the total strain energy as the quantity analogous to the potential energy of a discrete mechanical system. By adopting procedures that were…

strain gauge, device for measuring the changes in distances between points in solid bodies that occur when the body is deformed. Strain gauges are used either to obtain information from which stresses (internal forces) in bodies can be calculated or to act as indicating elements on devices for

metallurgy: Metallurgy: …those which grow stronger with strain (strain harden)—for example, the copper-zinc alloy, brass, used for cartridges and the aluminum-magnesium alloys in beverage cans, which exhibit greater strain hardening than do pure copper or aluminum, respectively.

industrial glass: Viscosity: …1013 poise, and finally the strain point by 1014.5 poise. Upon further cooling, viscosity increases rapidly to well beyond 1018 poise, where it can no longer be measured meaningfully. (The softening point and working point of the major oxide glass families are indicated in the table of properties of oxide…

seismograph: Basic principles of the modern seismograph: The strain seismograph, in contrast, employs no pendulum, and its operation depends on changes in the distance between two points on the ground. That type of seismograph was devised in 1935 by American seismologist Hugo Benioff.

strain theory, in chemistry, a proposal made in 1885 by the German chemist Adolf von Baeyer that the stability of carbocyclic compounds (i.e., those of which the molecular structure includes one or more rings of carbon atoms) depends on the amount by which the angles between the chemical bonds

strain theory, in sociology, proposal that pressure derived from social factors, such as lack of income or lack of quality education, drives individuals to commit crime. The ideas underlying strain theory were first advanced in the 1930s by American sociologist Robert K. Merton, whose work on the

elasticity: …construction of specific forms of strain-energy function from the results of experiments involving three-dimensional deformations, generalizing the one-dimensional situation described above.

Strait Is the Gate, tale by André Gide, published in 1909 as La Porte étroite. It is one of the first of his works to treat the problems of human relationships. The work contrasts the yearning toward asceticism and self-sacrifice with the need for sensual exploration as a young woman struggles with

George Strait is an American country music singer, guitarist, and “new traditionalist” known for reviving interest in the western swing and honky-tonk music of the 1930s and ’40s through his straightforward musical style and his unassuming right-off-the-ranch stage persona. He was among the most

George Strait is an American country music singer, guitarist, and “new traditionalist” known for reviving interest in the western swing and honky-tonk music of the 1930s and ’40s through his straightforward musical style and his unassuming right-off-the-ranch stage persona. He was among the most

Denmark Strait, channel partially within the Arctic Circle, lying between Greenland (west) and Iceland (east). About 180 miles (290 km) wide at its narrowest point, the strait extends southward for 300 miles (483 km) from the Greenland Sea to the open waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. The cold

William Castle: King of the Gimmick: …returned to shocking audiences with Strait-Jacket (1964), which starred Joan Crawford as an erstwhile ax murderer who fears that she is reverting to her old ways. The film, which was written by Robert Bloch, featured the tagline “Just keep saying to yourself: It’s only a movie…it’s only a movie…” Bloch…

Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi: …privileges when it signed the London Straits Convention of 1841.

Straits Question, in European diplomacy of the 19th and 20th centuries, a recurrent controversy over restrictions on the passage of warships through the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, the strategic straits connecting the Black Sea with the Aegean and Mediterranean seas. The

Straits Settlements, former British crown colony on the Strait of Malacca, comprising four trade centres, Penang, Singapore, Malacca, and Labuan, established or taken over by the British East India Company. The British settlement at Penang was founded in 1786, at Singapore in 1819; Malacca,

The Straits Times, morning daily newspaper published in Singapore, generally recognized as one of the outstanding English-language papers of the Far East. It was founded in 1845 as a single-sheet weekly by Robert Carr Woods to provide commercial information needed by Singapore’s bustling port

Volker Schlöndorff: …subsequent films included Strajk (2006; Strike), about one of the founders of Poland’s Solidarity trade union, and the romantic drama Return to Montauk (2017).

differential geometry: …can be illustrated by the strake, a spiraling strip often designed by engineers to give structural support to large metal cylinders such as smokestacks. A strake can be formed by cutting an annular strip (the region between two concentric circles) from a flat sheet of steel and then bending it…

Stralsund, city, Mecklenburg–West Pomerania Land (state), northeastern Germany. It is a Baltic Sea port on the Strelasund (strait) opposite Rügen island, with which it is connected by the Rügendamm, a road and rail embankment. There was a village that specialized in ferrying goods and passengers to

Strålsund faience, tin-glazed earthenware made at Strålsund, Swed. (now Stralsund, Ger.), from around 1755 to 1792. The factory was founded by Johann Ulrich Giese, who leased it to Johann Eberhard Ludwig Ehrenreich. The latter had founded a faience factory at Marieberg in Sweden, and the products

Denmark: Reunion under Valdemar IV: …rather favorable peace treaty at Stralsund in 1370, which gave the Hanseatic League trading rights in Denmark and pawned parts of Skåne to the league for 15 years. Valdemar returned home and continued his work of stabilizing the crown’s hold on the country until he died in 1375.

strambotto, one of the oldest Italian verse forms, composed of a single stanza of either six or eight hendecasyllabic (11-syllable) lines. Strambotti were particularly popular in Renaissance Sicily and Tuscany, and the origin of the form in either region is still uncertain. Variations of the

protozoan: Annotated classification: Stramenopiles Group consists of 4 heterotrophic clades and 15 predominantly autotrophic clades and contains many examples of secondarily-derived heterotrophs; in autotrophic groups, fucoxanthin is the dominant accessory pigment. Apomorphic (derived) trait is the tubular tripartite flagellar hair construction, basal portion of which is attached to…

purple: …the mollusks Stramonita (also called Purpura) haemastoma and Bolinus (formerly Murex) brandaris, the shells of which have been found adjacent to ancient dyeworks at Athens and Pompeii. The colour-producing secretion is contained in a small cyst adjacent to the head of the animal, and this puslike matter, when spread on…

History of film: Pre-World War I American cinema: Marks’s 3,300-seat Strand, which opened in the Broadway district of Manhattan in 1914). Known as “dream palaces” because of the fantastic luxuriance of their interiors, these houses had to show features rather than a program of shorts to attract large audiences at premium prices. By 1916 there…

metallurgy: Continuous casting: Actually not a means of casting parts, continuous casting is practiced in the primary production of metals to form strands for further processing. The metal is poured into a short, reciprocating, water-cooled mold and solidifies even as it is withdrawn from the other…

history of publishing: General periodicals: …Magazine (1898), and, above all, The Strand Magazine (1891–1950), one of the first monthly magazines of light literature with plenty of illustrations. The Strand became enormously popular and is perhaps most famous for its Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle. Among the early contributors to Tit-Bits was Alfred Harmsworth…

Africa: Afromontane vegetation: All high mountains exhibit azonality; i.e., their vegetation differs from that found in the climatic zones from which they rise. The differences manifest themselves as progressive modifications, which are usually well stratified and reflect altitude-dependent climatic changes. Generally, as elevation increases, temperature decreases (to…

Mark Strand was a Canadian poet, writer of short fiction, and translator whose poetry, noted for its surreal quality, explores the boundaries of the self and the external world. Educated at Antioch College (B.A., 1957), Yale University (B.F.A., 1959), and the University of Iowa (M.A., 1962), Strand

Mark Strand was a Canadian poet, writer of short fiction, and translator whose poetry, noted for its surreal quality, explores the boundaries of the self and the external world. Educated at Antioch College (B.A., 1957), Yale University (B.F.A., 1959), and the University of Iowa (M.A., 1962), Strand

Paul Strand was a photographer whose work influenced the emphasis on sharp-focused, objective images in 20th-century American photography. When he was 17 years old, Strand began to study photography with Lewis W. Hine, who was later noted for his photographs of industrial workers and immigrants. At

coastal landforms: Strand-plain coasts: Some wave-dominated coasts do not contain estuaries and have no barrier island system. These coasts, however, do have beaches and dunes, and may even have coastal marshes. The term strand plain has been applied to coasts of this sort. Examples include parts of…

Swedish literature: Emergence of realism and Poetic Realism: …a good deal of verse: Carl Vilhelm August Strandberg (pseudonym Talis Qualis), the fieriest poet of this type, later made excellent translations from British Romantic poet Lord Byron. Popular reading was provided by August Blanche in Bilder ur verkligheten (1863–65; “Pictures of Real Life”), short stories depicting Stockholm life with…

Frank Borzage: Warner Brothers tenure: Stranded (1935) is a romance starring Brent and Francis set against the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge, while Shipmates Forever (1935) is another Powell-Keeler musical. Hearts Divided (1936) paired Powell with Marion Davies in a musical set in the time of Napoleon. Desire (1936),…

Roxy Music: Following British success with Stranded (1973) and Country Life (1974), the band broke through in the United States with Siren and its hit single “Love Is the Drug” in 1975. Splitting, re-forming, and splitting again, Roxy Music had commercial success with its albums in the late 1970s and early…

cetacean: Stranding: Stranding is a phenomenon that has long fascinated people, and there is fossil evidence of mass strandings from before humans evolved. Many stranded cetaceans are found already dead, and it is not known if they were alive and conscious when they stranded themselves. When…

rope: Manufacturing process.: Strands, also known as readies, are formed by twisting yarns, or small cords, together. The stranding machines, called formers or bunchers, vary in size and form depending on ability to accommodate continuous strand lengths as well as on production rates and flyer speeds.

Alan Garner: Strandloper (1996) is based on the true story of an Englishman who lived with Australian Aboriginal people for more than 30 years. Thursbitch (2003) intertwines events taking place in the titular English valley in the 18th and 21st centuries. In Treacle Walker (2021), a boy…

Keri Hulme: …poetry Lost Possessions (1985) and Strands (1992). Stonefish (2004) is a collection of short stories.

Gunnar Georg Emanuel Strang was a Swedish politician who was finance minister (1955–76) in a succession of Social Democratic cabinets and one of the architects of Sweden’s national social-welfare system. Strang was a self-educated agricultural labourer and trade-union organizer who rose to become

James Jesse Strang was an American churchman, dissident of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), whose futile attempt to succeed Joseph Smith as its leader led him to found the Strangite sect. Admitted to the bar in 1836 after teaching for a brief period, Strang also served as

James Jesse Strang was an American churchman, dissident of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), whose futile attempt to succeed Joseph Smith as its leader led him to found the Strangite sect. Admitted to the bar in 1836 after teaching for a brief period, Strang also served as

Robert Siodmak: The Strange Affair of Uncle Harry (1945), an adaptation of a Broadway play, was a psychological thriller with George Sanders as a designer whose relationship with a young woman (Raines) is threatened by his possessive sister (Geraldine Fitzgerald).

Laurie Anderson: Anderson’s later recordings included Strange Angels (1989), Bright Red (1994), and The Ugly One with the Jewels and Other Stories (1995).

chaos theory: …a new class of “strange attractors” was discovered by the American mathematician Stephen Smale. On strange attractors the dynamics is chaotic. Later it was recognized that strange attractors have detailed structure on all scales of magnification; a direct result of this recognition was the development of the concept of…

C. Vann Woodward: …most widely read book was The Strange Career of Jim Crow (1955), in which he showed that the legal segregation of whites and blacks was not rooted in “time immemorial” as had been routinely claimed by Southerners but was actually a relatively recent phenomenon that had been erected in the…

Frank Borzage: MGM tenure: …MGM, Borzage was assigned to Strange Cargo (1940), a parable in which several convicts (among them Clark Gable, Peter Lorre, and Paul Lukas) and a saloon girl (Crawford) escaping from a South American penal colony are redeemed and changed by the spiritual influence of a new prisoner (Ian Hunter), who…

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, novella by Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson, published in 1886. The names of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the two alter egos of the main character, have become shorthand for the exhibition of wildly contradictory behaviour, especially between private

Georges Simenon: …own name was Pietr-le-Letton (1929; The Strange Case of Peter the Lett), in which he introduced the imperturbable, pipe-smoking Parisian police inspector Jules Maigret to fiction. Simenon went on to write 83 more detective novels featuring Inspector Maigret, as well as 136 psychological novels. His total literary output consisted of…

Kathryn Bigelow: With the science-fiction movie Strange Days (1995), she created a stylish drama involving futuristic technology that enables the transmission of thoughts and memories from one person to another. After The Weight of Water (2000), Bigelow helmed K-19: The Widowmaker (2002). Based on a true event, it focuses on a…

Strange Fruit, searing anti-lynching protest song written by American author and songwriter Abel Meeropol and first recorded in 1939 by American jazz singer Billie Holiday. Meeropol wrote the poem that became “Strange Fruit” after seeing a horrifying photograph of the 1930 lynching of two Black

Morley Callaghan: Strange Fugitive (1928), the first of Callaghan’s more than 10 novels, describes the destruction of a social misfit, a type that recurs in Callaghan’s fiction. His novels examine questions of morality and social class, and his later works show an emphasis on Christian love as…

Anthony Mann: The 1940s: film noirs: …to Republic Studios to make Strange Impersonation (1946), an eerie mystery that had a research scientist (Brenda Marshall) caught in a web of murder and blackmail. The Bamboo Blonde (1946) was a hybrid of a musical and a war movie about a bomber pilot who falls in love with a…

The Ox-Bow Incident, American western film, released in 1943, that was a thought-provoking and disturbing look at the dangers of mob justice. The movie, which was based on the novel of the same name by Walter van Tilburg Clark, epitomized a new maturity in the western movie genre, having progressed

Strange Interlude, Pulitzer Prize-winning drama in two parts and nine acts by Eugene O’Neill. It was produced in 1928 in New York City and was published the same year. The work’s complicated plot is the story of a woman in her roles as daughter, wife, mistress, mother, and friend. Its length was an

Irving Rapper: Later films: The drama Strange Intruder (1956) had difficulty overcoming a far-fetched storyline: a dying soldier, thinking that his wife (Ida Lupino) has been unfaithful, asks his friend (Edward Purdom) to kill his children. The Brave One (1956) was a sentimental but effective tale of a Mexican boy who…

Jill Abramson: Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas (1994; cowritten with Jane Mayer) covers the controversial confirmation of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas in 1991, focusing on Republican efforts to downplay allegations of sexual harassment against him. She experimented with lighter fare in The Puppy Diaries:…

number game: Impossible figures: …introduced the undecidable figures called strange loops. One of these is the Penrose square stairway (Figure 6), which one could apparently traverse in either direction forever without getting higher or lower. Strange loops are important features of some of M.C. Escher’s lithographs, including “Ascending and Descending” (1960) and “Waterfall” (1961).…

Jennifer Hudson: …coproducer of the Broadway musical A Strange Loop, which debuted in 2022. When it received the Tony Award for best new musical, Hudson became the second Black woman to win an EGOT. Also in 2022 she began hosting the daytime talk show The Jennifer Hudson Show.

Dame Judith Anderson: …Edge of Darkness (1943), and The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946). In 1960 she was made Dame Commander of the British Empire.

Michael Curtiz: Early life and work: Some critics have pointed to The Strange Love of Molly Louvain (1932), a gangster film starring Ann Dvorak and Lee Tracy, as Curtiz’s first personalized effort, but most confer that distinction on Doctor X (1932). A creepy horror film with Lionel Atwill as the mad mastermind and Tracy and Fay…

Canadian literature: From settlement to 1900: …De Mille’s satiric travel fantasy A Strange Manuscript Found in a Copper Cylinder (1888) and Roberts’s renowned quasi-documentary animal stories (Earth’s Enigmas, 1896; The Kindred of the Wild, 1902) represented different and original fictional forms.

Thomas Nashe: …exchange of pamphlets with Harvey, Strange Newes (1592) and Have with You to Saffron-Walden (1596). If Harvey is to be credited, Nashe was a hack for the printer John Danter in 1593. The controversy was terminated in 1599, when the archbishop of Canterbury ordered that “all Nasshes bookes and Doctor…

subatomic particle: Strangeness: The discovery of the pion in 1947 seemed to restore order to the study of particle physics, but this order did not last long. Later in the year Clifford Butler and George Rochester, two British physicists studying cosmic rays, discovered the first examples of…

quark: Quark flavours: Strange quarks (charge −13e) occur as components of K mesons and various other extremely short-lived subatomic particles that were first observed in cosmic rays but that play no part in ordinary matter.

human behaviour: Attachment: …is known as the “strange situation.” Two episodes that are part of a longer series in this procedure involve leaving the infant with a stranger and leaving the infant alone in an unfamiliar room. Children who show only moderate distress when the mother leaves, seek her upon her return,…

Chinese literature: Prose fiction: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio). This collection, completed in 1679, was reminiscent of the early literary tale tradition, for it contained several Tang stories retold with embellishments and minor changes to delineate the characters more realistically and to make the plots more probable. Such…

Doctor Strange: Origin and development in the Silver Age: …Strange propelled the sales of Strange Tales throughout the mid-1960s. In 1968 he was given his own book, and new artist Gene Colan produced hallucinatory layouts for Doctor Strange that were even more experimental than Ditko’s. When sales dipped, there was a last-ditch attempt to make Doctor Strange more like…

Sister Rosetta Tharpe: …that Tharpe’s rendition of “Strange Things Happening Every Day” can be viewed as the first rock-and-roll song and have branded her the “Godmother of Rock and Roll.” In Lost Highway: Journeys & Arrivals of American Musicians (1979), historian Peter Guralnick notes that early rockabilly performer Sleepy LaBeef believed that…

Edgar G. Ulmer: Later films: …direct the expensive film noir The Strange Woman (1946) at United Artists (UA). Hedy Lamarr starred as a woman in 1820s Maine who plots to have her wealthy husband killed. Carnegie Hall (1947) was an atypical entry in Ulmer’s filmography, a UA musical that was more highbrow than his usual…

Lord Strange’s Men, prominent Elizabethan acting company. A household troupe of Lord Strange, they toured the provinces before appearing at court in 1582. From 1588 to 1594 they were associated with the Admiral’s Men. It has been suggested that Lord Strange’s Men were the first to employ William

James Stanley, 7th earl of Derby was a prominent Royalist commander in the English Civil War, who was executed by the Parliamentarians. Eldest son of William, the 6th earl, he was returned to Parliament for Liverpool in 1625 and on March 7, 1628, entered the House of Lords as Baron Strange. When

Luther Strange is an American politician who was appointed as a Republican to the U.S. Senate from Alabama in 2017 and held the office until 2018. He previously served (2011–17) as the state’s attorney general. Strange studied political science at Tulane University (B.A., 1975), which he attended

Luther Strange is an American politician who was appointed as a Republican to the U.S. Senate from Alabama in 2017 and held the office until 2018. He previously served (2011–17) as the state’s attorney general. Strange studied political science at Tulane University (B.A., 1975), which he attended

Michael Strange was an American writer and performer who produced poetry and plays, acted onstage, and did readings for radio. Oelrichs was of a well-to-do and socially prominent family. She was the reigning debutante of Newport society until her marriage in 1910 to Leonard M. Thomas, a rising

subatomic particle: Strangeness: The discovery of the pion in 1947 seemed to restore order to the study of particle physics, but this order did not last long. Later in the year Clifford Butler and George Rochester, two British physicists studying cosmic rays, discovered the first examples of…

Orhan Pamuk: Works: Kafamda Bir Tuhaflık (2014; A Strangeness in My Mind) is a love story set in Istanbul. Balkon (2019; “Balcony”) is a collection of photographs Pamuk took from the balcony of his home. Orange (2020) features photographs of the backstreets of Istanbul lit by streetlamps; in the book Pamuk observes…

subatomic particle: Strangeness: …proposal, particles are assigned a strangeness quantum number, S, which can have only integer values. The pion, proton, and neutron have S = 0. Because the strong force conserves strangeness, it can produce strange particles only in pairs, in which the net value of strangeness is zero. This phenomenon, the…

human behaviour: Emotional development: …unfamiliar person, a phenomenon called stranger anxiety. A month or two later the infant may cry when his mother leaves him in an unfamiliar place; this phenomenon is called separation anxiety. It is no accident that both stranger and separation anxiety first appear about the time the child becomes able…

Stranger in a Strange Land, classic science fiction novel by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, published in 1961. The work centres on a human raised on Mars who comes to Earth and challenges customs relating to sex, death, religion, and money. The book became an icon of the 1960s counterculture,

Mary Higgins Clark: …and her later novels included A Stranger Is Watching (1977), While My Pretty One Sleeps (1989), We’ll Meet Again (1999), Daddy’s Gone a Hunting (2013), and I’ve Got My Eyes on You (2018). Several of Clark’s novels and stories were adapted into films.

Will Ferrell: Elf, Anchorman, and Talladega Nights: …Internal Revenue Service agent in Stranger than Fiction (2006) and an alcoholic selling his possessions in Everything Must Go (2010), an adaptation of a Raymond Carver short story.

Jim Jarmusch: His next movie, Stranger than Paradise (1984), established his reputation as a new voice in independent cinema. Jarmusch continued to earn acclaim for films such as the offbeat comedies Down by Law (1986), Mystery Train (1989), and Night on Earth (1992).

Millie Bobby Brown: Stranger Things: …role on the Netflix series Stranger Things. The part popularized Brown as an actor among mainstream audiences, propelling her to stardom. On the show Brown played Eleven, a young girl with psychokinetic powers who is experimented on by scientists who are trying to create a superhuman weapon.

Guy Butler: Stranger to Europe (1952) contains some of Butler’s first poetry. Other poetry volumes include Selected Poems (1975; rev. ed., 1989), Songs and Ballads (1978), and Pilgrimage to Dias Cross (1987). In 1989 he edited (with Jeff Opland) The Magic Tree, a collection of 119 narrative…

Paul Simon: Later work and assessment: Stranger to Stranger (2016) was an experimental mélange of rhythmic instruments and textures that drew inspiration from eclectic composer Harry Partch. On In the Blue Light (2018), Simon reworked several of his lesser-known songs through a jazz lens.

Orson Welles: Films of the later 1940s: The Stranger, The Lady from Shanghai, and Macbeth: The Stranger (1946) was a thriller about a Nazi, Franz Kindler (Welles), who is hiding out as a schoolteacher in a small New England town. His impending nuptials with a fellow teacher (Loretta Young) are interrupted when a war-crimes investigator (Edward G. Robinson) tracks him…

The Stranger, enigmatic first novel by Albert Camus, published in French as L’Étranger in 1942. It was published as The Outsider in England and as The Stranger in the United States. The title character of The Stranger is Meursault, a Frenchman who lives in Algiers (a pied-noir). The novel is famous

Billy Joel: Piano Man to The Stranger: …and set the stage for The Stranger (1977). Featuring four U.S. hit singles (one of which, “Just the Way You Are,” won Grammy Awards for song of the year and record of the year), it sold five million copies, surpassing Simon and Garfunkel’s Bridge over Troubled Water to become Columbia

Katherine Mansfield: …the Bay,” “The Voyage,” “The Stranger” (with New Zealand settings), and the classic “Daughters of the Late Colonel,” a subtle account of genteel frustration. The last five years of her life were shadowed by tuberculosis. Her final work (apart from unfinished material) was published posthumously in The Dove’s Nest…

Maria Kuncewiczowa: Cudzoziemka (1936; The Stranger) is a psychoanalytic study of alienation in an ethnically foreign country. Her novel Dni powszednie państwa Kowalskich (1938; “The Daily Life of the Kowalskis”) was broadcast by radio in Poland before World War II.

Anna Karina: >The Stranger) and Rainer Werner Fassbinder’s Chinesisches Roulette (1976; Chinese Roulette), it is for her work with Godard that she is most remembered. In 1973 she tried her hand at screenwriting and directing; the result, Vivre ensemble (Living Together), met with limited success. That same…

English literature: Fiction: Snow’s earnest 11-novel sequence, Strangers and Brothers (1940–70), about a man’s journey from the provincial lower classes to London’s “corridors of power,” had its admirers. But the most inspired fictional cavalcade of social and cultural life in 20th-century Britain was Angus Wilson’s No Laughing Matter (1967), a book that…

Berthold Kaempfert: …with the love song “Strangers in the Night,” made popular by Frank Sinatra.

H. Bruce Humberstone: …helmed his first feature film, Strangers of the Evening. Although largely forgettable, the comedy-horror movie launched Humberstone’s career as a prolific and versatile director.

Patricia Highsmith: In 1950 she published Strangers on a Train, an intriguing story of two men, one ostensibly good and the other ostensibly evil, whose lives become inextricably entangled. The following year the novel was made into a movie by Alfred Hitchcock, using a screenplay by Raymond Chandler and Czenzi Ormonde.…