turtledove: senegalensis) and spotted dove (S. chinensis) have also been introduced outside their native habitats. The use of the term turtle in this pigeon’s common name is derived from the sound of its call; the bird has no association with shelled reptiles.

turtledove: …the other Streptopelia species, including collared doves (S. decaocto) and ring-necked doves (S. capicola). These slim-bodied, fast-flying gamebirds are found throughout the temperate and tropical Old World. The ringed turtledove, or ringdove, is a domestic variant of S. turtur that now has feral New World populations in California and Florida;…

laughing dove, (Streptopelia senegalensis), bird of the pigeon family, Columbidae (order Columbiformes), a native of African and southwest Asian scrublands that has been successfully introduced into Australia. The reddish-brown bird has blue markings on its wings, a white edge on its long tail,

turtledove, (Streptopelia turtur), European and North African bird of the pigeon family, Columbidae (order Columbiformes), that is the namesake of its genus. The turtledove is 28 cm (11 inches) long. Its body is reddish brown, the head is blue-gray, and the tail is marked with a white tip. It is a

swift: The white-collared swift (Streptoprocne zonaris), soft-tailed and brownish black with a narrow white collar, is found from Mexico to Argentina and on larger Caribbean islands, nesting in caves and behind waterfalls. The white-rumped swift (Apus caffer), soft-tailed and black with white markings, is resident throughout Africa…

Stresa, town, Piemonte (Piedmont) regione, northwestern Italy, on the western shore of Lake Maggiore. A health and tourist resort noted for its pleasant climate and scenic surroundings, it is a favourite site for congresses. A conference held there in 1935 between Italy, Great Britain, and France

Stresa Front, coalition of France, Britain, and Italy formed in April 1935 at Stresa, Italy, to oppose Adolf Hitler’s announced intention to rearm Germany, which violated terms of the Treaty of Versailles. When Italy invaded Ethiopia later that year, France and Britain tried to reconcile the action

Gustav Stresemann was the chancellor (1923) and foreign minister (1923, 1924–29) of the Weimar Republic, largely responsible for restoring Germany’s international status after World War I. With French foreign minister Aristide Briand, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1926 for his policy

stress, in physical sciences and engineering, force per unit area within materials that arises from externally applied forces, uneven heating, or permanent deformation and that permits an accurate description and prediction of elastic, plastic, and fluid behaviour. A stress is expressed as a

stress, in phonetics, intensity given to a syllable of speech by special effort in utterance, resulting in relative loudness. This emphasis in pronunciation may be merely phonetic (i.e., noticeable to the listener, but not meaningful), as it is in French, where it occurs regularly at the end of a

stress, in psychology and biology, any environmental or physical pressure that elicits a response from an organism. In most cases, stress promotes survival because it forces organisms to adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. For example, in response to unusually hot or dry weather,

accent, in music, momentary emphasis on a particular rhythmic or melodic detail; accent may be implied or specifically indicated, either graphically for example, >, —) or verbally (sforzato, abbreviated sfz). In metrically organized music, accents serve to articulate rhythmic groupings, especially

materials testing: Mechanical testing: A stress analysis, accomplished either experimentally or by means of a mathematical model, indicates expected areas of high stress in a machine or structure. Mechanical property tests, carried out experimentally, indicate which materials may safely be employed.

mechanics of solids: The general theory of elasticity: …elastic constants relating the 6 stress components to the 6 strains, at most 21 could be independent. The Scottish physicist Lord Kelvin put this consideration on sounder ground in 1855 as part of his development of macroscopic thermodynamics, showing that a strain energy function must exist for reversible isothermal or…

stress fracture, any overuse injury that affects the integrity of bone. Stress fractures were once commonly described as march fractures, because they were reported most often in military recruits who had recently increased their level of impact activities. The injuries have since been found to be

pregnancy: Urinary tract: …laughs; this is known as stress incontinence.

mechanics of solids: Equations of motion: Thus, the stress tensor is symmetric.

cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: …MRI is sometimes employed for stress testing, in which heart rate or blood flow to the heart is increased artificially through drug administration in order to detect obstructions in the coronary arteries or other heart vessels. In persons with coronary heart disease, cardiac MRI may be used to predict heart…

mechanics of solids: Stress: …could be represented as a stress vector T, defined so that TdS is an element of force acting over the area dS of the surface (Figure 1). Hence, the principles of linear and angular momentum take the formswhich

strain gauge: …an object are photoelasticity and stress-analysis holography. Photoelasticity provides a visual method of observing the strain on an object by viewing the effects of polarized light on a bi-refringent (double-refracting) material bonded to the object. As the test object is stressed, fringe patterns in the bi-refringent material represent the regions…

deformation and flow: …procedure is known as a stress-relaxation test. The physical reasons for this behaviour are too complex to be explained by any simple molecular model. Such behaviour is characteristic of glass, rubber, many plastics, and some metals.

materials testing: Creep test: …the resulting curve is called stress rupture or creep rupture. Once creep strain versus time is plotted, a variety of mathematical techniques is available for extrapolating creep behaviour of materials beyond the test times so that designers can utilize thousand-hour test data, for example, to predict ten-thousand-hour behaviour.

aerospace industry: Between the wars: …of the most fruitful was stressed-skin construction, in which the plane’s skin carried loads in conjunction with the support framework. This approach eliminated many internal trusses and braces within the wing and fuselage, contributed to a lighter and more efficient airframe design, and changed construction techniques. European manufacturers were responsible…

Fred Brooks: …where he worked on the IBM 7030 (known as Stretch), a supercomputer ordered by the U.S. National Security Agency for the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Together with Dura Sweeney, Brooks invented the computer’s interrupt system, which is used to recognize different computing “events” that require immediate attention and to synchronize…

baseball: Pitching with men on base: …home plate, to the “stretch,” a stance that begins with a left-handed pitcher facing first base or a right-handed pitcher facing third base. Pitching from the stretch allows for a shorter motion that gets the ball to the catcher more quickly and allows the base runner less time to…

plastic: Blow molding: …in diameter and length (stretch blow molding), the polymer is biaxially oriented, resulting in enhanced strength and, in the case of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) particularly, enhanced crystallinity.

materials science: Polymer-matrix composites: Stretch forming, a variation on thermoplastic sheet forming, is specifically designed to take advantage of the extensibility, or ability to be stretched, of thermoplastics reinforced with long, discontinuous fibres. In this process, a straight preconsolidated beam is heated and then stretched over a shaped tool…

pregnancy: Skin: “Stretch marks,” which appear on the breasts and abdomen during pregnancy, are due to the tearing of the elastic tissues in the skin that accompanies enlargement of the breasts, distention of the abdomen, and the deposition of subcutaneous fat. They are pink or purplish red…

mechanics of solids: Strain and strain-displacement relations: …λ = Δx3/ΔX3 are called stretch ratios. There are various ways that extensional strain can be defined in terms of them. Note that the change in displacement in, say, the x1 direction between points at one end of the block and those at the other is Δu1 = (λ1 −…

muscle: Whole muscle: …has important sensory structures called stretch receptors, which monitor the state of the muscle and return the information to the central nervous system. Stretch receptors are sensitive to the velocity of the movement of the muscle and the change in length of the muscle. They complete a feedback system that…

human nervous system: Stretch reflexes: Primary afferent fibers are responsible for the stretch reflex, in which pulling the tendon of a muscle causes the muscle to contract. As noted above, the basis for this simple spinal reflex is a monosynaptic excitation of the motor neurons of the stretched…

textile: Stretch yarns: Stretch yarns are frequently continuous-filament synthetic yarns that are very tightly twisted, heat-set, and then untwisted, producing a spiral crimp giving a springy character. Although bulk is imparted in the process, a very high amount of twist is required to produce yarn that…

Tracy Letts: In 2016 his one-act The Stretch opened at The Gift Theatre in Chicago, and Mary Page Marlowe, about the quotidian struggles of an accountant, premiered at Steppenwolf. The following year the latter theatre also staged the debut of his play Linda Vista, a comedy about a midlife crisis. The…

stringed instrument: The production of sound: …rather, they use a so-called stretched tuning, in which they imperceptibly sharpen (raise) pitches as they ascend and thus make the highest notes relatively sharper than the lowest ones. Investigation has disclosed that string players tend to play in the Pythagorean rather than the well-tempered system.

man-made fibre: Stretching and orientation: The spinning processes described above produce some orientation of the long polymers that form spun filaments. Orientation is completed by stretching, or drawing, the filament, a process that pulls the long polymer chains into alignment along the longitudinal axis of the fibre…

Young’s modulus, numerical constant, named for the 18th-century English physician and physicist Thomas Young, that describes the elastic properties of a solid undergoing tension or compression in only one direction, as in the case of a metal rod that after being stretched or compressed lengthwise

chemical compound: Infrared (IR) spectroscopy: These movements are termed stretching vibrations. In addition, the bond axis (defined as the line directly joining two bonded atoms) of one bond may rock back and forth within the plane it shares with another bond or bend back and forth outside that plane. These movements are called bending…

Lambert Strether, fictional character, a sensitive middle-aged man from New England who is the central figure of the novel The Ambassadors (1903) by Henry James. Almost the entire novel is related from Strether’s

fugue: Varieties of the fugue: This overlapping, called stretto, is often found near the end of a fugue, as a means of building to a climax, but may occur anywhere, usually after the exposition. Examples from The Well-Tempered Clavier include Nos. 1 and 8 from Book 1 and Nos. 5, 7, and 22…

Strait of Messina, channel in the Mediterranean Sea separating Sicily (west) and Italy (east) and linking the Tyrrhenian and Ionian seas. The strait is 20 miles (32 km) long, 2 miles (3 km) wide in the north (between Faro Point and the Rock of Scylla), and 10 miles (16 km) wide in the south

Longmyndian: …Minton Series and the underlying Stretton Series. The Minton Series, about 1,200 metres in thickness and made up of purple and green shales, sandstones, and conglomerates, is separated from the underlying Stretton Series by an unconformity representing a period of erosion rather than deposition. The Stretton Series, grayish and greenish…

Stijn Streuvels was a Belgian novelist and short-story writer whose works are among the masterpieces of Flemish prose. The nephew of the priest and poet Guido Gezelle, Streuvels discovered his literary gifts while at school at Avelgem in West Flanders. A master baker for 15 years, he learned

meteorite shower: …which the meteorites fall, the strewn-field, is generally a rough ellipse along the direction of flight. Because air resistance slows down larger fragments less quickly than smaller ones, the larger fragments travel farther, giving a size gradation along the direction of flight.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), a collection of scientific facilities in Panama that is primarily devoted to ecological studies. Although located on Panamanian territory, the institute has been operated by the American Smithsonian Institution since 1946 and was originally

human ear: Structure of the cochlea: …wall of the cochlea: the stria vascularis, which lines the outer wall of the cochlear duct, and the fibrous spiral ligament, which lies between the stria and the bony wall of the cochlea. A layer of flat cells bounds the stria, separating it from the spiral ligament. The hypotenuse is…

glacial landform: Striations: These are scratches visible to the naked eye, ranging in size from fractions of a millimetre to a few millimetres deep and a few millimetres to centimetres long. Large striations produced by a single tool may be several centimetres deep and wide and tens…

human eye: Striate area: The optic tract fibres make synapses with nerve cells in the respective layers of the lateral geniculate body, and the axons of these third-order nerve cells pass upward to the calcarine fissure (a furrow) in each occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex. This…

human eye: Striate area: The optic tract fibres make synapses with nerve cells in the respective layers of the lateral geniculate body, and the axons of these third-order nerve cells pass upward to the calcarine fissure (a furrow) in each occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex. This…

mannikin: …or spotted munia, and the striated mannikin (L. striata), also called white-backed munia. The former is established in Hawaii, where it is called ricebird. A domestic strain of the latter is called Bengal finch.

skeletal muscle, in vertebrates, most common of the three types of muscle in the body. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons, and they produce all the movements of body parts in relation to each other. Unlike smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle is under voluntary control.

glacial landform: Striations: These are scratches visible to the naked eye, ranging in size from fractions of a millimetre to a few millimetres deep and a few millimetres to centimetres long. Large striations produced by a single tool may be several centimetres deep and wide and tens…

basal ganglia: Neurochemicals: The striatum, which serves as a gateway for the regulation of signals through the basal ganglia during the learning of actions and the selection of desirable actions, has the most-complex signaling architecture. In addition to receiving vast external excitatory input from the cortex and thalamus, it…

Martha Gellhorn: …lean prose, includes the novels A Stricken Field (1939) and The Lowest Trees Have Tops (1967) and a collection of novellas, The Weather in Africa (1978).

Eva Zeisel was a Hungarian-born American industrial designer and ceramicist. She is best known for her practical yet beautiful tableware, which bears a unique amalgamation of modern and classical design aesthetics. Stricker’s father, Alexander Stricker, owned a textile factory, and her mother,

Shirley Strickland de la Hunty was an athlete from Australia who won seven Olympic medals between 1948 and 1956, in an era when Australian women dominated track events. Strickland first competed at the 1948 Olympic Games in London, where she won a silver medal as a member of the Australian 4 ×

Catharine Parr Traill was an English Canadian nature writer who, in richly detailed descriptions of frontier life, was one of the first to praise the beauties of the Canadian landscape. Traill, a writer of children’s books in England, emigrated to the wilderness of Upper Canada (now Ontario) in

Donna Strickland is a Canadian physicist who was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize for Physics for her invention of chirped pulse amplification (CPA), a method of making pulses of laser light of high power and short duration. She shared the prize with American physicist Arthur Ashkin and French

Donna Strickland is a Canadian physicist who was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize for Physics for her invention of chirped pulse amplification (CPA), a method of making pulses of laser light of high power and short duration. She shared the prize with American physicist Arthur Ashkin and French

Shirley Strickland de la Hunty was an athlete from Australia who won seven Olympic medals between 1948 and 1956, in an era when Australian women dominated track events. Strickland first competed at the 1948 Olympic Games in London, where she won a silver medal as a member of the Australian 4 ×

William Strickland was a U.S. architect and engineer who was one of the leaders of the Greek Revival in the first half of the 19th century. Strickland first became known as a scene painter, although he studied architecture under Benjamin Latrobe from 1803 to 1805. In 1810 he designed the Masonic

Silurian Period: Pentamerid communities: …are the Lingula, Eocoelia, Pentamerus, Stricklandia, and Clorinda communities. Below a relatively steep gradient, the centre of the Welsh Basin was filled by graptolitic shales.

aerobe: …the absence of oxygen are obligate, or strict, anaerobes. Some species, called facultative anaerobes, are able to grow either with or without free oxygen. Certain others, able to grow best in the presence of low amounts of oxygen, are called microaerophiles.

formal logic: Modal logic: …it is said that p strictly implies q. An alternative equivalent way of explaining the notion of strict implication is by saying that p strictly implies q if and only if it is necessary that p materially implies q. “John’s tie is scarlet,” for example, strictly implies “John’s tie is…

negligence: …taken, a policy known as strict liability (see also manufacturer’s liability).

voter ID law: …the voter are known as “strict” voter ID laws (e.g., the voter may be given a provisional ballot that is not counted unless the voter presents acceptable identification at an election office within a specified period of time). Voter ID laws are also sometimes said to be more or less…

John Mellencamp: …2022 Mellencamp released the self-produced Strictly a One-Eyed Jack; Bruce Springsteen contributed to several of the album’s songs.

Baz Luhrmann: His mockumentary film Strictly Ballroom (1992), based on his play of the same name, was the first of his films to win multiple awards. He followed with Romeo + Juliet (1996), a modern reinterpretation of Shakespeare’s play, set in Miami Beach, Florida; it starred Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire…

Sam Rockwell: …Last Exit to Brooklyn (1989), Strictly Business (1991), Light Sleeper (1992), Somebody to Love (1994), and The Search for One-Eye Jimmy (1994). However, it was his leading role as an eccentric free spirit in Box of Moonlight (1996) that first gained him widespread attention. He later had starring roles in…

O. Henry: of Destiny (1909), Options (1909), Strictly Business (1910), and Whirligigs (1910). Whirligigs contains perhaps Porter’s funniest story, “The Ransom of Red Chief.”

Darcey Bussell: …judge on the reality series Strictly Come Dancing (2009; 2012–18). She also played the mayor in Coppelia (2021), a live-action and animated film adaptation of the 19th-century comic ballet.

mirror neuron: Types of mirror neurons: Strictly congruent neurons (about 30 percent of the mirror neurons in area F5) discharge when a monkey performs a particular action, such as grasping an object with the thumb and index finger (precision grip), and when the monkey observes the same movement. Broadly congruent neurons…

Captain Beefheart: …Safe as Milk (1967) and Strictly Personal (1968). Beefheart’s most famous recording, Trout Mask Replica (1969), produced by Zappa, proved an astonishing departure from previous rock conventions, combining eerie slide guitars, unpredictable rhythms, and surrealistic lyrics that Beefheart (who possessed a five-octave range) wailed with fierce intensity. His songs conveyed…

Jimmie Johnson: …Series and, in 2008, the Sprint Cup Series.) He also earned his first Busch Series win in 2001, at Chicagoland Speedway, winding up eighth in that series’s point standings. In 2002 he began his rookie season in the Cup Series, winning three races and ending the season ranked fifth. Two…

esophagogastroduodenoscopy: …if there is an esophageal stricture or obstruction or persistent vomiting of unknown cause. Esophageal strictures, if benign, can be successfully dilated, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding can be controlled by means of electrocoagulation. If the bleeding is from esophageal varices, they can be injected with a sclerosing (hardening) agent. A…

primate: Bipedalism: …walk has been described as striding, a mode of locomotion defining a special pattern of behaviour and a special morphology. Striding, in a sense, is the quintessence of bipedalism; it is a means of traveling during which the energy output of the body is reduced to a physiological minimum by…

James P. Johnson: A founder of the stride piano idiom, he was a crucial figure in the transition from ragtime to jazz.

Pop art: Pop art in the United States: Kusama, Wayne Thiebaud, Chryssa, Marjorie Strider, Joe Goode, Dorothy Grebenak, Richard Artschwager, Billy Al Bengston, Allan D’Arcangelo, Ray Johnson, Mel Ramos, and John Wesley.

animal communication: Signal production: This is called stridulation. Arthropods all have hard exoskeletons, and by mounting the comb on one external body part and the sharp edge on the other, they can stridulate by rubbing the two hard parts together. For example, lobsters rub an antenna against the head, beetles rub a…

English literature: The Edwardians: …use of the theater in Strife (1909) to explore the conflict between capital and labor, and in Justice (1910) he lent his support to reform of the penal system, while Harley Granville-Barker, whose revolutionary approach to stage direction did much to change theatrical production in the period, dissected in The…

Empedocles: …that two forces, Love and Strife, interact to bring together and to separate the four substances. Strife makes each of these elements withdraw itself from the others; Love makes them mingle together. The real world is at a stage in which neither force dominates. In the beginning, Love was dominant…

witchweed, (genus Striga), genus of about 30 species of parasitic plants in the family Orobanchaceae, most of which are found in the Old World tropics. About 10 species are destructive as parasites on such crops as corn (maize), sorghum, rice, sugarcane, and tobacco. Witchweeds are branched

flatworm: Annotated classification: Order Strigeidida Cercaria (immature form) fork-tailed; penetration glands present; 1–2 pairs of protonephridia; about 1,350 species. Order Echinostomida Cercaria with simple tail and many cyst-producing glands; life cycle with 3 hosts; about 1,360 species. Order Plagiorchida

owl: Annotated classification: Family Strigidae (burrowing owl, eagle owl, elf owl, fish owl, hawk owl, horned owls, little owl, long-eared owl, pygmy owl, screech owl, short-eared owl,

owl, (order Strigiformes), any member of a homogeneous order of primarily nocturnal raptors found nearly worldwide. The bird of Athena, the Greek goddess of practical reason, is the little owl (Athene noctua). Owls became symbolic of intelligence because it was thought that they presaged events. On

owl, (order Strigiformes), any member of a homogeneous order of primarily nocturnal raptors found nearly worldwide. The bird of Athena, the Greek goddess of practical reason, is the little owl (Athene noctua). Owls became symbolic of intelligence because it was thought that they presaged events. On

parasitic plant: Host identification: …a chemical signal (generally a strigolactone, a type of plant hormone) exuded from the host root, which triggers germination of the parasite seed. The parasite radicle (embryonic root) then grows a short distance, typically less than 2 mm (0.08 inch), to contact the host root and produce a haustorium.

Esztergom, town, Komárom-Esztergom megye (county), northwestern Hungary. It is a river port on the Danube River (which at that point forms the frontier with Slovakia) and lies 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Budapest. The various forms of its name all refer to its importance as a grain market. It is

parrot: …sole member of the subfamily Strigopinae. Rare and once thought extinct, it survives as a scant population on Stewart Island.

kakapo, (Strigops habroptilus), giant flightless nocturnal parrot (family Psittacidae) of New Zealand. With a face like an owl, a posture like a penguin, and a walk like a duck, the extraordinarily tame and gentle kakapo is one of strangest and rarest birds on Earth. Heaviest of the world’s

Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom was the prime minister of the Union of South Africa (1954–58) noted for his uncompromising Afrikaner sympathies. As head of the government, he translated this attitude into a vigorous program of apartheid, or separation of the races. After graduating from Victoria

Sergei Eisenstein: Thus, in Strike, which recounts the repression of a strike by the soldiers of the tsar, Eisenstein juxtaposed shots of workers being mowed down by machine guns with shots of cattle being butchered in a slaughterhouse. The effect was striking, but the objective reality was falsified.

strike, in geology, direction of the line formed by the intersection of a fault, bed, or other planar feature and a horizontal plane. Strike indicates the attitude or position of linear structural features such as faults, beds, joints, and folds. Trend is the direction of the line formed by the

strike, collective refusal by employees to work under the conditions required by employers. Strikes arise for a number of reasons, though principally in response to economic conditions (defined as an economic strike and meant to improve wages and benefits) or labour practices (intended to improve

bowling: Principles of play: …on the first for a strike. If pins are left standing after the first delivery, the fallen or “dead” wood is removed and a second delivery permitted. If all remaining pins are knocked down, a spare is recorded. A split can occur on the first ball when two or more…

Volker Schlöndorff: …subsequent films included Strajk (2006; Strike), about one of the founders of Poland’s Solidarity trade union, and the romantic drama Return to Montauk (2017).

baseball: The putout: The batter is allowed two strikes; a third strike results in an out, commonly called a strikeout. A strike occurs when a batter swings at a pitch and misses, when the batter does not swing at a pitched ball that passes through the strike zone, or when the ball is…

Hubert Ogunde: …Nigeria by his timely play Strike and Hunger (performed 1946), which dramatized the general strike of 1945. In 1946 the name of Ogunde’s group was changed to the African Music Research Party, and in 1947 it became the Ogunde Theatre Company. Many of Ogunde’s early plays were attacks on colonialism,…

F-15: …fighter-bomber version, known as the Strike Eagle, a weapons officer seated behind the pilot controls the delivery of a number of guided missiles and bombs. The Strike Eagle carried out much of the nighttime precision bombing of Iraqi installations during the Persian Gulf War of 1990–91.

valley: Drainage patterns: Another term for a strike stream, which parallels the structural grain, is a longitudinal stream. In contrast, transverse streams cut across structural trends. Streams flowing down the tilted sediments of the cuesta are called dip streams because they parallel the structural dip of the strata. Streams draining the cuesta…

musical: Show Boat and the golden age of musicals: …Kay! (1926), Funny Face (1927), Strike Up the Band (1930), and others. Cole Porter wrote timeless and sophisticated compositions for such musicals as Anything Goes (1934) and Dubarry Was a Lady (1939). Other notable composers and lyricists of this period were Richard Rodgers and Oscar