Myxomycetes: …which may transform into so-called swarm cells with two flagella (whiplike structures used in swimming). The swarm cells often revert to the amoeboid stage. Formerly, it was believed that reproduction involved the nonsexual fusion of swarm cells, but the process is now thought to be sexual.

protozoan: Mechanisms of asexual reproduction: …produce single ciliated offspring, called swarmers, by a process called budding. Budding can occur endogenously, in which the bud forms within the parent and is ejected when mature, or exogenously, in which the swarmer is formed outside the parent. The swarmers swim away from the parent, settle on a substrate,…

beekeeping: Swarming: When the colony becomes crowded with adult bees and there are insufficient cells in which the queen can lay large numbers of eggs, the worker bees select a dozen or so tiny larvae that would otherwise develop into worker bees. These larvae are fed…

souari nut, any of the seeds borne in large, clustered fruits of trees of the genus Caryocar (family Caryocaraceae), which has about 15 species. C. nuciferum, from Panama and northern South America, is typical. Its coconut-sized fruit has four nuts, surrounded by edible flesh. The warty, red,

map: Maps of the discoveries: …at Rome in 1427 by Claudius Claussön Swart, a Danish geographer. Cardinal Nicholas Krebs drew the first modern map of Germany, engraved in 1491. Martin Waldseemüller of St. Dié prepared an edition with more than 20 modern maps in 1513. Maps showing new discoveries and information were at last transcending…

Swartberg, mountain range in Western Cape province, South Africa, extending east-west for 150 mi (240 km) from near the town of Willowmore to the edge of the Witteberge, roughly parallel with the Indian Ocean coast. The Swartberg is the barrier dividing the semiarid Great Karoo (north) and Little

Swartberg, mountain range in Western Cape province, South Africa, extending east-west for 150 mi (240 km) from near the town of Willowmore to the edge of the Witteberge, roughly parallel with the Indian Ocean coast. The Swartberg is the barrier dividing the semiarid Great Karoo (north) and Little

Society of Friends: The rise of Quakerism: …the movement was Swarthmore (Swarthmoor) Hall in northwestern Lancashire, which after 1652 became the centre of an evangelistic campaign by traveling ministers. Within a decade perhaps 20,000 to 60,000 had been converted from all social classes except the aristocracy and totally unskilled labourers. Heaviest concentrations were in the north,…

Swarthmore, borough (town), Delaware county, southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S. It is a southwestern suburb of Philadelphia. The community developed around Swarthmore College, which was founded in 1864. The borough is mainly residential, its economy based on services associated with the college. Inc.

Swarthmore College, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is a liberal arts college offering bachelor’s degree programs in humanities, social sciences, biological sciences, physics, engineering, and other areas. The college offers cooperative

Swartkrans, one of three neighbouring South African paleoanthropological sites, located just west of Johannesburg, where important fossil remains of hominins (members of the human lineage) have been found. The remains date to between 1.8 and 1 million years ago and include early Homo species as

Moa Martinson was a Swedish novelist who was among the first to write about the agricultural labourer, the landless worker of the Swedish countryside known as statare. The first half of her life was filled with poverty and misery, yet she retained an ability to write about the life of the workers

beach: …the active beach is the swash line reached by highest sea level during big storms. The lower beach margin is beneath the water surface and can be determined only if there is a definite border present between the sediment layer and the naked surface of the rocky bench. If the…

swastika, equilateral cross with arms bent at right angles, all in the same rotary direction, usually clockwise. The swastika as a symbol of prosperity and good fortune is widely distributed throughout the ancient and modern world. The word is derived from the Sanskrit svastika, meaning “conducive

doxing: Types of doxing: …Special Weapons and Tactics, or SWAT, in the United States) to the house of the doxed individual. Doxing can also include the spread of revenge porn or sexually explicit images released without consent.

Indus River: Irrigation of the Indus River: …of the Indus are the Swat Canals, which flow from the Swat River, a tributary of the Kabul River. Those canals provide irrigation for the two chief crops of the area, sugarcane and wheat. The Warsak multipurpose project on the Kabul River, about 12 miles (19 km) northwest of Peshawar,…

Hindu Kush: Physiography: …outlying mountains of the Swat Kohistan region of Pakistan to the south also form part of the complex.

Swāt River, river in northern Pakistan, formed by the junction of the Gabriāl and Ushu rivers at Kālām in the Kohistān region. Fed by melting snow and glaciers and receiving the drainage of the entire Swāt River valley, the river flows southward, then westward, until joined by the Panjkora River.

C. Rajagopalachari: …founder and leader of the Swatantra (Independent) Party in 1959.

undersea exploration: Platforms: …use include that of the Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (SWATH) variety. This design type requires the use of twin submerged, streamlined hulls to support a structure that rides above the water surface. The deck shape is entirely unconstrained by the hull shape, as is the case for conventional surface…

Swazi: …language of the Swazi, called Swati or Swazi, belongs to the Benue-Congo group of the Niger-Congo languages; with the Zulu and the Xhosa, the Swazi form the southern Nguni ethnolinguistic group.

Swati Tirunal was the maharaja of Travancore and one of the best-known musicians in the South Indian Carnatic music tradition. Swati Tirunal was anointed the ruler of Travancore at age 16, and he became known for his extensive patronage of the arts. He spoke and wrote poetry in several languages,

Shantou, city in eastern Guangdong sheng (province), southern China. It lies on the coast of the South China Sea a short distance west of the mouth of the Han River, which, with its tributary, the Mei River, drains most of eastern Guangdong. The Han forms a delta, and Shantou is on an inlet that

Shantou wares, various types of porcelain produced mostly in Fujian province, southeastern China, during the 16th and 17th centuries. Most pieces were exported to Japan, Southeast Asia, India, and the Middle East; some went to the European market. At one time it was believed that this porcelain was

rocket and missile system: Antitank and guided assault: …with the AT-1 Snapper, the AT-2 Swatter, and the AT-3 Sagger. The Sagger, a relatively small missile designed for infantry use on the lines of the original German concept, saw use in Vietnam and was used with conspicuous success by Egyptian infantry in the Suez Canal crossing of the 1973…

swatting, act of reporting a false crime at a specific address with the aim of involving armed law enforcement. The term refers to the division in police departments called Special Weapons and Tactics, or SWAT, teams. The Anti-Defamation League estimates that about 1,000 swatting incidents occur

ship: Ship motions in response to the sea: …about a vertical axis) and sway (sideways motion). More generally, motions are possible in all six degrees of freedom, the other four being roll (rotation about a longitudinal axis), pitch (rotation about a transverse axis), heave (vertical motion), and surge (longitudinal motion superimposed on the steady propulsive motion). All six…

Adoor Gopalakrishnan: His debut feature film, Swayamvaram (1972; “One’s Own Choice”), which won him the National Award for best film, deals with the complexities of living in an urban milieu, portraying the protagonist’s struggle to maintain a meaningful relationship with his wife while battling poverty. The movie also garnered him the…

Noah H. Swayne was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1862–81). Swayne chose the law after briefly studying medicine and was admitted to the bar in 1823. He immediately moved from Virginia to Ohio because of his antislavery views and set up a successful practice at Coshocton.

Noah H. Swayne was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1862–81). Swayne chose the law after briefly studying medicine and was admitted to the bar in 1823. He immediately moved from Virginia to Ohio because of his antislavery views and set up a successful practice at Coshocton.

Patrick Swayze was an American actor and dancer who was perhaps best known for his performances in Dirty Dancing (1987) and Ghost (1990). Swayze took lessons at his mother’s Houston dance studio and later studied at the Harkness and Joffrey Ballet schools in New York City. He began his professional

Swazi, Bantu-speaking people inhabiting the tree-studded grasslands of Swaziland, the neighbouring Mpumalanga province of South Africa, and Mozambique. The Swazi, who are chiefly agriculturists and pastoralists, numbered about 1,810,000 in the late 20th century. The language of the Swazi, called

KaNgwane, former nonindependent Bantustan, eastern Transvaal, South Africa. It was created as a homeland for those Swazi people not residing in Swaziland. KaNgwane (and the independent nation of Swaziland) was the traditional homeland of the Swazi, who were organized into a kingdom in the early

Eswatini: Government: In addition, there is the Swazi National Council, which advises the king on all matters regulated by Swazi Law and Custom and connected with Swazi traditions and culture. Eswatini’s legislature is bicameral. The House of Assembly comprises 65 members, of whom 55 are elected by popular vote and 10 are…

Eswatini, landlocked country in the eastern flank of South Africa, where it adjoins Mozambique. It extends about 110 miles (175 km) from north to south and about 80 miles (130 km) from west to east at its largest dimensions. In the colonial era, as a protectorate, and later as an independent

Swaziland System, major division of rocks and time in southern Africa in Precambrian Time (3.96 billion to 540 million years ago). The system consists of a great thickness of sedimentary and metamorphic (altered) rocks with numerous intrusions of igneous bodies. Two major subdivisions of the

national flag consisting of horizontal stripes of blue, yellow, crimson, yellow, and blue, with a Swazi shield and weapons in the centre. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3.The Swazi, famed as warriors, have a traditional shield that is made of black-and-white ox hide stretched over a

Eswatini, landlocked country in the eastern flank of South Africa, where it adjoins Mozambique. It extends about 110 miles (175 km) from north to south and about 80 miles (130 km) from west to east at its largest dimensions. In the colonial era, as a protectorate, and later as an independent

profanity, language that is considered socially offensive due to being vulgar, obscene, or irreverent. The term profanity is often used in a religious sense to refer to language that is blasphemous, sacrilegious, or sometimes merely secular. In a broader sense, profanity is often referred to as

Gerard Terborch: The masterpiece of this period, The Swearing of the Oath of Ratification of the Treaty of Münster (1648), portrays the delegates of Holland and of Spain assembled to sign the peace treaty. After a stay in Madrid he finally returned to his own country at the end of 1650, and…

Lynn Nottage: Plays of the American working class: Sweat and Clyde’s: In 2015 Nottage premiered Sweat, which won her second Pulitzer Prize for Drama. Set in a bar in a shuttered steel town in Pennsylvania, Sweat received rave reviews from critics and audiences for capturing a realistic portrait of the American working class and the growing economic crisis in the…

sweat, the moisture excreted in visible quantities through the openings of the sweat glands. See

sweat bee, (family Halictidae), large family of nearly 4,500 species of solitary bees known for their attraction to human perspiration. Sweat bees are widespread and can be found on every continent on Earth except Antarctica. Like most bees, sweat bees do not produce honey, and they do not sting

sweat gland, either of two types of secretory skin glands occurring only in mammals. The eccrine sweat gland, which is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, regulates body temperature. When internal temperature rises, the eccrine glands secrete water to the skin surface, where heat is

cystic fibrosis: Signs and symptoms: Cystic fibrosis causes the sweat glands to produce sweat that has an abnormally high salt content. The high salt content in perspiration is the basis for the “sweat test,” which is the definitive diagnostic test for the presence of cystic fibrosis. Mutations associated with cystic fibrosis can be detected…

chuck-a-luck, dice game of medieval origin that is related to grand hazard. It is played with three dice and a layout numbered from one to six upon which the players place their bets. The banker then rolls the dice by turning over an hourglass-shaped wire cage in which they are contained. The

sweater, outer garment, usually knitted or crocheted, that is worn on the upper part of the body, either pulled over the head or buttoned down the front or back. Although hand knitting of wool had been practiced for about 2,000 years, it was not until the 15th century that the first knitted shirts

sweatshop, workplace in which workers are employed at low wages and under unhealthy or oppressive conditions. In England, the word sweater was used as early as 1850 to describe an employer who exacted monotonous work for very low wages. “Sweating” became widespread in the 1880s, when immigrants

perspiration, in most mammals, water given off by the intact skin, either as vapour by simple evaporation from the epidermis (insensible perspiration) or as sweat, a form of cooling in which liquid actively secreted from sweat glands evaporates from the body surface. Sweat glands, although found in

sweating sickness, a disease of unknown cause that appeared in England as an epidemic on five occasions—in 1485, 1508, 1517, 1528, and 1551. It was confined to England, except in 1528–29, when it spread to the European continent, appearing in Hamburg and passing northward to Scandinavia and

sweatshop, workplace in which workers are employed at low wages and under unhealthy or oppressive conditions. In England, the word sweater was used as early as 1850 to describe an employer who exacted monotonous work for very low wages. “Sweating” became widespread in the 1880s, when immigrants

Yiddish literature: Writers in New York: …group has been called the Sweatshop Poets, because they responded to the plight of working people. Their poetry represented a range of socialist and revolutionary ideas. Morris Winchevsky (pseudonym of Ben-Zion Novakhovitsh) was born in Lithuania, moved to Königsberg, Germany [now Kaliningrad, Russia], in 1877, and began to publish poems,…

Brown v. Board of Education: Decision: …the Supreme Court’s rulings in Sweatt v. Painter (1950) and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education (1950), which recognized “intangible” inequalities between African American and all-white schools at the graduate level, Warren held that such inequalities also existed between the schools in the case before him, despite their…

Emanuel Swedenborg was a Swedish scientist, Christian mystic, philosopher, and theologian who wrote voluminously in interpreting the Scriptures as the immediate word of God. Soon after his death, devoted followers created Swedenborgian societies dedicated to the study of his thought. These

Swedish literature: The 17th century: …the bishops Haquin Spegel and Jesper Swedberg, the latter the father of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg. Spegel contributed to Swedberg’s new hymnbook of 1695, which became the poetry book of the Swedish people and was of lasting influence. Even the lyric poet Lucidor (pseudonym of Lars Johansson) was represented…

Sweden: Ethnic groups: …groups of immigrants have influenced Swedish culture through the centuries, the population historically has been unusually homogeneous in ethnic stock, language, and religion. It is only since World War II that notable change has occurred in the ethnic pattern. From 1970 to the early 1990s, net immigration accounted for about…

rutabaga, (Brassica napus, variety napobrassica), root vegetable in the mustard family (Brassicaceae), cultivated for its fleshy roots and edible leaves. Rutabagas likely originated as a cross between turnips (Brassica rapa, variety rapa) and wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and are thought to have

Sweden, country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in northern Europe. The name Sweden was derived from the Svear, or Suiones, a people mentioned as early as 98 ce by the Roman author Tacitus. The country’s ancient name was Svithiod. Stockholm has been the permanent capital since 1523. Sweden

Sweden: Political process: …the growing influence of the Sweden Democrats, a right-wing anti-immigration party that was founded in 1988 but did not pass the threshold for representation in the Riksdag until 2010, when it took 5.7 percent of the vote. The party increased its share of the national vote to about 13 percent…

Church of Sweden, church of Sweden that, until 2000, was supported by the state; it changed from the Roman Catholic to the Lutheran faith during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. During the 9th century the Swedish people had gradually begun to accept Christianity. The first Christian

national flag consisting of a yellow cross extending through a blue field. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of 5 to 8.In the 14th century the Folkung dynasty used a shield of blue and white wavy diagonal stripes with a gold lion superimposed. The state coat of arms of Sweden, which also dates

history of Sweden, a survey of the important events and people in the history of Sweden from the time of its settlement. Sweden occupies the greater part of the Scandinavian Peninsula in northern Europe. It has a 1,000-year-long continuous history as a sovereign state, but its territorial expanse

Sweden, country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in northern Europe. The name Sweden was derived from the Svear, or Suiones, a people mentioned as early as 98 ce by the Roman author Tacitus. The country’s ancient name was Svithiod. Stockholm has been the permanent capital since 1523. Sweden

Emanuel Swedenborg was a Swedish scientist, Christian mystic, philosopher, and theologian who wrote voluminously in interpreting the Scriptures as the immediate word of God. Soon after his death, devoted followers created Swedenborgian societies dedicated to the study of his thought. These

New Thought: Origins of New Thought: …a Methodist and then a Swedenborgian minister (a leader of a theosophical movement based on the teachings of the 18th-century Swedish scientist and theologian Emanuel Swedenborg), who published a number of works exploring and systematizing Quimby’s ideas, including Mental Cure (1869), Mental Medicine (1872), and Soul and Body (1876). Other…

New Church, church organized in the General Conference of the New Church, the General Convention of the New Jerusalem in the U.S.A., and the General Church of the New Jerusalem. Its members are followers of the theology of Emanuel Swedenborg, the 18th-century Swedish scientist, philosopher, and

Sweden: Ethnic groups: …groups of immigrants have influenced Swedish culture through the centuries, the population historically has been unusually homogeneous in ethnic stock, language, and religion. It is only since World War II that notable change has occurred in the ethnic pattern. From 1970 to the early 1990s, net immigration accounted for about…

Swedish Academy, Swedish organization devoted to the preservation and elevation of the Swedish language and its literature. The academy awards various literary prizes, including the Nobel Prize for Literature. The academy was founded by King Gustav III on April 5, 1786, in Stockholm. The goal of

Baptist General Conference: He established the first Swedish Baptist Church in Rock Island, Ill., that same year. Palmquist and other Swedish Baptists worked in several Midwestern states among Swedish immigrants. The movement received assistance from the American Baptist Home Mission Society and the American Baptist Publication Society for several years, until the…

Baptist General Conference, conservative Baptist denomination that was organized in 1879 as the Swedish Baptist General Conference of America; the present name was adopted in 1945. It developed from the work of Gustaf Palmquist, a Swedish immigrant schoolteacher and lay preacher who became a

biblical literature: Scandinavian versions: …Gustaf V to become the Swedish church Bible.

Sweden: The Kalmar Union: …to accept this compromise, and war broke out between the two countries. In 1457 the noble opposition, led by Archbishop Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, rebelled against Charles, who fled to Danzig. Oxenstierna and Erik Axelsson Tott, a Danish noble, became the regents, and Christian was hailed as king of Sweden. Christian…

Sweden: Civil wars: Erik’s son Knut killed Sverker’s son (1167) and was accepted as king of the entire country. Knut organized the currency system, worked for the organization of the church, and established a fortress on the site of Stockholm. After his death in 1196, members…

clover: repens), and alsike clover (T. hybridum). Red clover, a biennial, or short-lived perennial, bears an oval purplish flower head about 2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter. White clover, a low creeping perennial, is often used in lawn-grass mixtures and bears a white flower head often tinged with…

Scandinavian law: Historical development of Scandinavian law: Thus, King Magnus’ Swedish code (1350) abolished private vengeance, declaring that the king’s officials should initiate criminal proceedings and provide for the punishment of wrongdoers. Furthermore, presumably under the influence of Christianity, legal provisions were introduced to assist paupers and the helpless. Rules concerning landed property (e.g., the…

Western architecture: Colonial architecture in North America: (3) The Swedish colonial settlement, established in 1638 along the lower Delaware River, was of short duration but contributed the log cabin (in the sense of a structure with round logs, notched at the corners and with protruding ends) to American architecture. (4) The Pennsylvania colonial style…

Sweden: The era of Gustav III: In 1731 the Swedish East India Company was founded, which was extremely successful until it was forced out of business during the Napoleonic Wars. The capital produced by the East India Company and other commercial enterprises formed the basis for a rapid growth of manufacturing enterprises, such as…

Swedish Enlightenment, period of rich development in Swedish literature during the second half of the 18th century in which Neoclassicism reached its highest expression and gradually graded into Romanticism. It was a local embodiment of the broader European Enlightenment. The activity of the

Sweden: Labour and taxation: …private-sector employers belong to the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise, which was formed in 2001 after the merger of the Swedish Employers Confederation and the Federation of Swedish Industries.

film: Preservation of film: …earliest film archive was the Swedish Film History Collection begun in 1933. Archives in Paris, London, and New York City followed shortly afterward. An international federation (FIAF; Fédération Internationale des Archives du Film), with headquarters in Paris, was founded in 1938.

Svensk Filmindustri, oldest and one of the most important Swedish motion-picture studios, as well as a major film distributor and exhibitor. Formed in 1919 by the merger of Svenska Biografteatern and Filmindustribolaget Skandia, Svensk Filmindustri initially produced pictures for international

Pilea: …of several basket plants called creeping charlie, or Swedish ivy, is P. nummulariifolia, with small, round, quilted leaves and a vigorous trailing habit. Giant baby tears, or depressed clearweed (P. depressa), of similar habit, has small, smooth green leaves.

Swedish language, the official language of Sweden and, with Finnish, one of the two national languages of Finland. Swedish belongs to the East Scandinavian group of North Germanic languages. Until World War II, it was also spoken in parts of Estonia and Latvia. Swedish was spoken by about eight

Swedish literature, the body of writings produced in the Swedish language within Sweden’s modern-day geographic and political boundaries. The literatures of Sweden and Finland, considered Scandinavian literature, are closely linked. From the mid-12th century until 1809, Finland was ruled by Sweden,

gastronomy: Scandinavian: Swedish pancakes are popular and are served with lingonberries or fruit preserves.

tunnels and underground excavations: Shotcrete: …in progress, utilizing the “Swedish robot,” which allows the operator to remain under the protection of the previously supported roof. On the Vancouver tunnel, shotcrete was applied from a platform extending forward from the jumbo while the mucking machine operated below. By taking advantage of several unique properties of…

Swedish Social Democratic Party (SAP), socialist political party in Sweden, the country’s oldest existing political party. From its founding in 1889, the SAP has been committed to the creation of an egalitarian society. It has led Sweden’s government for most of the period since 1932. The SAP

Swedish Social Democratic Party (SAP), socialist political party in Sweden, the country’s oldest existing political party. From its founding in 1889, the SAP has been committed to the creation of an egalitarian society. It has led Sweden’s government for most of the period since 1932. The SAP

Arne Borg was a Swedish athlete, one of the dominant swimmers of the 1920s. Between 1921 and 1929 Borg set 32 world records in swimming. He was the winner of two silver medals and a bronze medal at the 1924 Olympics in Paris and a gold and a bronze medal at the 1928 Games in Amsterdam. At the 1924

rutabaga, (Brassica napus, variety napobrassica), root vegetable in the mustard family (Brassicaceae), cultivated for its fleshy roots and edible leaves. Rutabagas likely originated as a cross between turnips (Brassica rapa, variety rapa) and wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and are thought to have

Oscar Montelius: …controversial is his theory, the “Swedish typology,” suggesting that material culture and biological life develop through essentially the same kind of evolutionary process. His main works include Om tidsbestämming inom Bronsåldern (1885; “On Determining the Periods Within the Bronze Age”), The Civilization of Sweden in Heathen Times (1888), and Die…

Sweden: Political conflict: A civil war broke out, and in 1517 a meeting of the estates in Stockholm declared Trolle removed from his position. Despite military assistance from Christian II, Trolle was imprisoned. After a defeat by the Swedes, Christian began negotiations and took six noblemen, among them Gustav…

Sweden: Warfare through the mid-17th century: …changed, and in a short war with Denmark (1643–45) Sweden demonstrated its military superiority and established its position as the dominant power in the Baltic region. During the reign of Queen Christina (ruled 1644–54), the transfer of crown property to the nobility, which had begun as an instrument to finance…

Poland: Sigismund III Vasa: …Poland in a series of wars with Sweden. Although one of Lithuania’s great military commanders, Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, triumphed at Kirchholm (1605), and the Gdańsk-based navy defeated the Swedish fleet near Oliwa (1627), the truce that followed was inconclusive. The same was true for most settlements in foreign and domestic…

Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck was a Dutch organist and composer, one of the principal figures in the development of organ music before J.S. Bach. Sweelinck succeeded his father as organist of the Oude Kerk (Old Church), Amsterdam, in about 1580 and remained in this post until his death. Apparently he

Sweeney Agonistes, poetic drama in two scenes by T.S. Eliot, published in two parts in the New Criterion, as “Fragment of a Prologue” (October 1926) and “Fragment of an Agon” (January 1927), and together in book form as Sweeney Agonistes: Fragments of an Aristophanic Melodrama (1932). Although not

Stephen Sondheim: …a Summer Night (1955); and Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1979; film 2007), a macabre tale set in Victorian-era London. All were either produced or directed by Harold Prince, as were Pacific Overtures (1976), in which Sondheim looked to Japanese Kabuki theater for stylized effects, and Merrily

Tim Burton: …subsequently reteamed with Burton on Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007), based on Stephen Sondheim’s musical; Alice in Wonderland (2010), a special-effects-enhanced adaptation of the Lewis Carroll story; and Dark Shadows (2012), a comedic interpretation of a cult-favourite soap opera from the 1960s.

Fred Brooks: Together with Dura Sweeney, Brooks invented the computer’s interrupt system, which is used to recognize different computing “events” that require immediate attention and to synchronize the activities of multiple programs or input/output devices. Brooks also managed the development of the IBM OS/360 operating system and its associated…

John Sweeney was an American labour leader who served as president of the American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) from 1995 to 2009. Sweeney’s parents were Irish immigrants. His mother was a domestic worker, and his father, a bus driver, was a member of the