Shariputra, was a Brahman ascetic and famous early disciple of the Buddha. Shariputra first heard of the Buddha and his new teaching from Assaji, one of the original 60 disciples. Quickly achieving enlightenment, he developed a reputation as a master of the Abhidhamma (scholastic writings about the

Sariska National Park, national park and wildlife preserve in eastern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It has an area of 190 square miles (492 square km). It was established in 1955 in Sariska Forest as a wildlife sanctuary and was declared a national park in 1979. Acacia forests cover the arid

Sariska National Park, national park and wildlife preserve in eastern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It has an area of 190 square miles (492 square km). It was established in 1955 in Sariska Forest as a wildlife sanctuary and was declared a national park in 1979. Acacia forests cover the arid

Philip II: Early life and accession: …the decisive innovations in arms—the sarissa, a pike nearly one and a half times as long as the spear of the Greeks—tactics, and training belong probably to this first year.

Sarit Thanarat was a field marshal and premier in a military government of Thailand from 1958 to 1963. Sarit studied at the Chula Chom Klao military academy in Bangkok, graduating in 1929 and subsequently serving as an army officer. He supported the military dictator Phibunsongkhram in his coup

Sariwŏn, city, capital of North Hwanghae do (province), southwestern North Korea. Situated on the middle channel of the Chaeryŏng River, it is the market centre for agricultural products of the Chaeryŏng plain. A planned city, developed when the railway from Seoul (now in South Korea) to Sinŭiju

Sarek National Park, park in Norrbotten län (county), northwestern Sweden, encompassing most of the Sarek mountain range. It was established in 1909, with the setting aside of an area of 746 square miles (1,931 square km), and it adjoins two other national parks—Stora Sjöfallet on the north and

Ghaghara River, major left-bank tributary of the Ganges River. It rises as the Karnali River (Chinese: Kongque He) in the high Himalayas of southern Tibet Autonomous Region, China, and flows southeast through Nepal. Cutting southward across the Siwalik Range, it splits into two branches that rejoin

rocket and missile system: The first SLBMs: …SLBM, the one- to two-megaton SS-N-4 Sark. This missile, deployed in 1958 aboard diesel-electric submarines and later aboard nuclear-powered vessels, had to be launched from the surface and had a range of only 350 miles. Partly in response to this deployment, the United States gave priority to its Polaris program,…

Sark, one of the Channel Islands, a dependency of Guernsey, located in the English Channel, south of England’s coast. Sark lies 7 miles (11 km) east of Guernsey and about 25 miles (40 km) west of the Cherbourg Peninsula of France. The island, which is 3 miles (5 km) long and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide

Sir Jadunath Sarkar was the foremost Indian historian of the Mughal dynasty (1526–1857). Educated in English literature at Presidency College, Calcutta, Sarkar at first taught English and later shifted to history during his tenure (1902–17) at Patna College. Sarkar chose Aurangzeb, the last major

Turkish literature: Epic and the emergence of the âşik: …the popular urban song (şarkı) was taken up by court poets and musicians, and it became fashionable for courtiers to entertain themselves by performing these songs with the folkloric bağlama. The great 17th-century poet Nâʾilî was the first to include such songs in his divan (collected works), a practice…

Finnish literature: The early 20th century: …wars were Uuno Kailas and Kaarlo Sarkia, both of whom returned to classical ideals of poetry and traditional metres. The former wrote Uni ja kuolema (1931; “Sleep and Death”) and upheld a rigid moral code; the latter was a fastidious stylist and sensitive seeker after beauty. Aaro Hellaakoski and P.…

Lebanon: Civil war: …the midst of this violence, Elias Sarkis was elected president in May 1976. Replacing the polarizing Franjieh, he called for an end to the war, and an increasingly involved Syria added pressure on the factions to negotiate a cease-fire. Sarkis’s mediation efforts, however, were thwarted by two principal factors that…

Cher is an American entertainer who parlayed her status as a teenage pop singer in the 1960s into a successful recording, concert, and acting career, projecting an image that is altogether tough, vulnerable, outspoken, and resilient. Known for having a devoted fan base, Cher is regarded as a

Armenia: Nikol Pashinyan government: Armen Sargsyan joined the call for Pashinyan to step down; the General Staff of the Armed Forces also called on him to resign several months later. In March 2021 Pashinyan agreed to an early election in June and formally resigned in April while remaining in…

Armenia: Armenia at the turn of the century: Although then Prime Minister Serzh Sargsyan defeated Ter-Petrosyan in an election that international observers largely deemed free and fair, a number of sizable pro-opposition protests held in Yerevan criticized the integrity of the vote and the validity of the election’s outcome.

Tolna: …for its fallow deer), the Sárköz region (known for its peasant costumes and folk arts), the Simontornya fortress, and the spas at Tamásfürdo and Dombóvár.

Nicolas Sarkozy is a French politician who served as president of France (2007–12). Sarkozy was born to immigrant Greek and Hungarian parents. He qualified as a lawyer (1981) and pursued advanced studies in political science at the Institut d’Études Politiques in Paris (1979–81). An ambitious and

Islamic arts: Indian literature in Persian: …included the convert Persian Jew Sarmad (executed 1661), author of mystical robāʿiyyāt, and the Hindu Brahman (died 1662), whose prose work Chahār chaman (“Four Meadows”) gives an interesting insight into life at court.

Sarmatian, member of a people originally of Iranian stock who migrated from Central Asia to the Ural Mountains between the 6th and 4th century bc and eventually settled in most of southern European Russia and the eastern Balkans. Like the Scythians to whom they were closely related, the Sarmatians

Sarmatian Stage, major division of Miocene rocks and time (23.7 to 5.3 million years ago). The Sarmatian Stage, which occurs between the Pontian and Tortonian stages, was named for Sarmatia, the ancient homeland of the Sarmatian tribes in what is presently southern European Russia, where important

Poland: Cultural changes: …17th century manifested itself in Sarmatism. The name came from alleged ancestors of the szlachta (Sarmatians), and the concept served to integrate the multiethnic nobility. Representing a symbiosis of a political ideology and a lifestyle typical of a landowning, rather provincial, tightly knit, and increasingly xenophobic culture, Sarmatism extolled the…

Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, count de Gondomar was a Spanish diplomat and ambassador to England who became one of the most influential men at the court of James I of England. Gondomar’s diplomatic fame rests largely on two missions to England (1613–18 and 1620–22). The chief objective of his first

pre-Columbian civilizations: Settlement in the Cuzco Valley: …de Cieza de León and Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (who also was one of the more reliable Spanish chroniclers) indicate that the quarrel began because the Inca were taking water from this group, although they differ on the details concerning who actually took the water. By the time Mayta Capac…

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento was an educator, statesman, and writer who rose from a position as a rural schoolmaster to become president of Argentina (1868–74). As president, he laid the foundation for later national progress by fostering public education, stimulating the growth of commerce and

Rubén Darío was an influential Nicaraguan poet, journalist, and diplomat. As a leader of the Spanish American literary movement known as Modernismo, which flourished at the end of the 19th century, he revivified and modernized poetry in Spanish on both sides of the Atlantic through his experiments

converso: …and somewhat fanatical Roman Catholic, Pedro Sarmiento, wrote the anti-Semitic Sentencia-Estatuto, which prohibited conversos from holding public or ecclesiastical offices and from testifying against Spanish Christians in courts of law. That statute was followed by the 16th-century laws of purity of blood (limpieza de sangre) which further strengthened the laws…

Michael Madhusudan Dutt: …wrote the first Bengali play, Sarmistha (1859), based on an excerpt from the other great Hindu epic, the Mahabharata.

Trajan: Military campaigns of Trajan: …captured the Dacian capital of Sarmizegethusa (modern Varhély), which lay to the north of the Iron Gate in western Romania; Decebalus evaded capture by suicide. Trajan created a new province of Dacia north of the Danube within the curve of the Carpathian Mountains. This provided land for Roman settlers, opened…

Sarnath, archaeological site north of Varanasi, eastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. According to tradition, it was there that the Buddha began teaching his followers. Sarnath contains a stupa (shrine) called the Dhamek Stupa, which marks the place where the Buddha first taught. Sarnath is

Sarnen, capital of Obwalden Halbkanton (demicanton), central Switzerland, at the efflux of the Sarner River from the northern end of Lake Sarnen, southwest of Lucerne. In its town hall (1729–31), the Weisses Buch (“White Book”) contains the oldest chronicle extant (c. 1470) of the history of Swiss

Liberal Front Party: José Sarney, a cofounder of the PFL, was selected as Neves’s vice presidential candidate. The Neves-Sarney ticket won the balloting, but when Neves fell ill and died before taking office, Sarney became president; he served in the post until 1990. In 1987 the PFL withdrew…

South Asian arts: Further development of the grama-ragas: …Dance”), composed by the theorist Sharngadeva, is often said to be one of the most important landmarks in Indian music history. It was composed in the Deccan (south-central India) shortly before the conquest of this region by the Muslim invaders and thus gives an account of Indian music before the…

Sarnia-Clearwater, city, seat of Lambton county, southeastern Ontario, east-central Canada, on the St. Clair River, at the southern end of Lake Huron, 55 miles (90 km) west of London. First visited by French explorers as early as 1627, its site was settled in 1807, and the present city was founded

Sarno, town, Campania regione, southern Italy, at the foot of Saretto hill near the sources of the Sarno (ancient Sarnus) River, just northwest of Salerno. Near Sarno in ad 553, Teias, king of the Goths, was defeated and slain by the Byzantine general Narses. Malaria retarded the growth of the town

David Sarnoff was an American pioneer in the development of both radio and television broadcasting. As a boy in Russia, Sarnoff spent several years preparing for a career as a Jewish scholar of the Talmud. He immigrated with his family in 1900 and settled in New York City. While going to school, he

saro, rare South American species of otter

Ken Saro-Wiwa was a Nigerian writer and activist, who spoke out forcefully against the Nigerian military regime and the Anglo-Dutch petroleum company Royal Dutch/Shell for causing environmental damage to the land of the Ogoni people in his native Rivers state. Saro-Wiwa was educated at Government

Ken Saro-Wiwa was a Nigerian writer and activist, who spoke out forcefully against the Nigerian military regime and the Anglo-Dutch petroleum company Royal Dutch/Shell for causing environmental damage to the land of the Ogoni people in his native Rivers state. Saro-Wiwa was educated at Government

sarod, stringed musical instrument of the lute family that is common to the Hindustani music tradition of northern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The modern classical sarod is about 100 cm (39 inches) long and has a slightly waisted wood body with a skin belly. The broad neck has a wide fretless

percussion instrument: Idiophones: …of the gamelan are the saron, a trough metallophone depicted as early as about 800 ce on the Borobudur stupa (Buddhist monument), Java, and the frame metallophone gender, now usually supplied with tubular resonators, which has been known since the 12th century. Introduced to China by a Turkic people in…

Southeast Asian arts: Java: …thick bronze slabs (saron demung, saron barung, saron panerus) on trough resonators playing the theme usually in regular note values without ornamentation. The second group consists of elaborating or panerusan instruments, which add ornaments to the main theme. In this group gongs in double rows (bonang panembang, bonang barung, bonang…

Jean-Baptiste-Gaspard Bochart de Saron was a French lawyer and natural scientist who became especially known for his contributions to astronomy. After studies at the Collège Louis-le-Grand, a part of the University of Paris, Saron became legal counselor to the Parlement of Paris in 1748, master of

sarong, principal silk, cotton, or synthetic-fabric garment worn in the Malay Archipelago and the Pacific islands. Brightly coloured fabric 4 or 5 yards (up to 4 12 m) long is wrapped around the lower part of the body and tucked in or tied at the waist, forming a draped dress or skirt varying in

Saronikós Gulf, gulf of the Aegean Sea between Ákra (cape) Soúnion of the Attica (Modern Greek: Attikí) peninsula and Ákra Skíllaion of the Argolís peninsula of the Greek Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos). A maximum of 50 miles (80 km) long northwest-southeast and about 30 miles wide, it is linked on the

Aegean Sea: …bridge at Chalcís); (5) the Saronic Islands west of the Cyclades, lying 5 to 50 miles (8 to 80 km) from Piraeus and including Salamís, Aegina (Aíyina), Póros, Hydra (Ídhra), and Spétsai; (6) the Dodecanese, a group of 13 islands transferred to Greece by Italy after World War II, the…

Saronikós Gulf, gulf of the Aegean Sea between Ákra (cape) Soúnion of the Attica (Modern Greek: Attikí) peninsula and Ákra Skíllaion of the Argolís peninsula of the Greek Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos). A maximum of 50 miles (80 km) long northwest-southeast and about 30 miles wide, it is linked on the

amaretto: …the small Italian city of Saronno, in Lombardy, claim to have originated amaretto, its name derived from the Italian adjective amaro, meaning “bitter.” The Reina family’s recipe draws on a local innkeeper’s version of the drink. As legend has it, the innkeeper gave the liqueur to the Renaissance painter Bernardino…

saros, in astronomy, interval of 18 years 1113 days (1013 days when five leap years are included) after which the Earth, Sun, and Moon return to nearly the same relative positions and the cycle of lunar and solar eclipses begins to repeat itself; e.g., the solar eclipse of June 30, 1973, was

Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén: Mezőkövesd, Ózd, Sárospatak, Szerencs, Sátoraljaújhely, Tiszaújváros, and Tokaj.

tilapia: …divided into mouth-brooding genera (Sarotherodon and Oreochromis) and those that deposit eggs on the bottoms of ponds and lakes (Tilapia).

crake: Pygmy crakes (Sarothrura species), about 14 cm (6 inches) long, are very secretive, inhabiting swampy African forests. Other New World crakes are the several species of Laterallus (including the black rail, L. jamaicensis) and several related genera.

Sarūk carpet, originally, floor covering handwoven in the village of Sārūq, north of Arāk (Solṭānābād) in western Iran; later, floor covering commercially produced mainly in Arāk but also in the weaving villages nearby for the U.S. market. The early carpets were of very good quality, with short

Saint Seraphim of Sarov ; canonized 1903; feast day January 2) was a Russian monk and mystic whose ascetic practice and counseling in cases of conscience won him the title starets (Russian: “spiritual teacher”). He is one of the most renowned monastic figures in Russian Orthodox history. He took

William Saroyan was a U.S. writer who made his initial impact during the Depression with a deluge of brash, original, and irreverent stories celebrating the joy of living in spite of poverty, hunger, and insecurity. The son of an Armenian immigrant, Saroyan left school at 15 and educated himself by

Rota, island, one of the Mariana Islands and part of the Northern Mariana Islands commonwealth of the United States, in the western Pacific Ocean. Rota is situated about 30 miles (50 km) northeast of Guam. Of volcanic formation, the island rises to 1,627 feet (496 metres). Under Japanese

glassware: The Scandinavian countries: …designers were Tapio Wirkkala and Timo Sarpaneva working for the Iittala glassworks (see photograph), Kaj Franck for the Nuutajärvi glassworks (trading as Wärtsilä-Notsjö), and Helena Tynell and Nanny Still for Riihimäki. In the 1960s Timo Sarpaneva struck a new note with his sculptures formed from the charred inner surface of…

Sarpedon, in Greek legend, son of Zeus, the king of the gods, and Laodameia, the daughter of Bellerophon; he was a Lycian prince and a hero in the Trojan War. As recounted in Homer’s Iliad, Book XVI, Sarpedon fought with distinction on the side of the Trojans but was slain by the Greek warrior

Paolo Sarpi was an Italian patriot, scholar, and state theologian during Venice’s struggle with Pope Paul V. Between 1610 and 1618 he wrote his History of the Council of Trent, an important work decrying papal absolutism. Among Italians, he was an early advocate of the separation of church and

Saarbrücken: …the Frankish royal castle of Sarrabrucca, referring to a bridge across the river dating from Roman times. Its early rulers were the bishops of Metz and the counts of Saarbrücken. Chartered in 1321, it belonged to the counts of Nassau-Saarbrücken until it was occupied by the French in 1793. It…

carnivorous plant: Major families: …widely known and much-studied genus Sarracenia, of eastern North America. The sun pitchers, also known as marsh pitcher plants (genus Heliamphora), are native to a limited region in South America and consist of about 23 species. The cobra plant (Darlingtonia californica) is the only member of its genus and is…

pitcher plant: Sarraceniaceae: The crimson pitcher plant (S. leucophylla) has white trumpet-shaped pitchers with ruffled upright hoods and scarlet flowers. The yellow pitcher plant (S. flava) has bright yellow flowers and a long, green, trumpet-shaped leaf the lid of which is held upright. One species, the green pitcher plant…

pitcher plant: Sarraceniaceae: The yellow pitcher plant (S. flava) has bright yellow flowers and a long, green, trumpet-shaped leaf the lid of which is held upright. One species, the green pitcher plant (S. oreophila), is critically endangered and is found in limited areas of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and…

pitcher plant: Sarraceniaceae: The crimson pitcher plant (S. leucophylla) has white trumpet-shaped pitchers with ruffled upright hoods and scarlet flowers. The yellow pitcher plant (S. flava) has bright yellow flowers and a long, green, trumpet-shaped leaf the lid of which is held upright. One species, the green pitcher plant…

pitcher plant: Sarraceniaceae: One species, the green pitcher plant (S. oreophila), is critically endangered and is found in limited areas of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee.

pitcher plant: Sarraceniaceae: The parrot pitcher plant (S. psittacina) has small, fat, red-veined leaves that are topped by beaklike lids and bears dark red flowers. The sweet pitcher plant (S. rubra) produces dull red, violet-scented flowers. The crimson pitcher plant (S. leucophylla) has white trumpet-shaped pitchers with ruffled upright…

pitcher plant: Sarraceniaceae: The purple, or common, pitcher plant (S. purpurea) has heavily veined, green to reddish, flaring, juglike leaves that bear downward-pointing bristles to keep prey, including salamanders, from escaping. Its flowers are purple-red. The parrot pitcher plant (S. psittacina) has small, fat, red-veined leaves that are topped by beaklike…

pitcher plant: Sarraceniaceae: The sweet pitcher plant (S. rubra) produces dull red, violet-scented flowers. The crimson pitcher plant (S. leucophylla) has white trumpet-shaped pitchers with ruffled upright hoods and scarlet flowers. The yellow pitcher plant (S. flava) has bright yellow flowers and a long, green, trumpet-shaped leaf the lid…

Sarraceniaceae, family of carnivorous pitcher plants in the order Ericales, native to North and South America. These low-growing perennial herbs are notable for their modified pitcherlike leaves, which serve as pitfall traps to ensnare and digest insects and other small prey. The family consists of

Druze revolt: …by the high commissioner, General Maurice Sarrail, and his arrest and detainment of several Druze leaders in July 1925 resulted in a full-fledged rebellion. Led by Sulṭān al-Aṭrash, the Druze defeated the French in August and by September were joined by Syrian nationalists from the People’s Party, who entreated their…

Islamic arts: Philosophy: Averroës and Avicenna: …Arab and Persian areas (Sarrāj, Kalābādhī, Qushayrī, and, in Muslim India, al-Hujwīrī) are generally superior to those produced in western Muslim countries. Yet the greatest Islamic theosophist of all, Ibn al-ʿArabī (died 1240), was Spanish in origin and was educated in the Spanish tradition. His writings, in both poetry…

circus: History: …of one German circus, the Sarrasani, which toured South America in 1923 and 1934 in order to evade inflation and political persecution at home. The circus in Britain also declined during the 1920s, although the circuses produced by Bertram Mills, a wealthy undertaker who had invented the glass hearse, were…

Jean-François Sarasin was a French author of elegant verse, best known for the mock epic Dulot vaincu (“Dulot Defeated”), for the epic fragments Rollon conquérant (“Roland in Conquest”) and La Guerre espagnole (“The Spanish War”), and for La Pompe funèbre de Voiture (“Voiture’s Funeral Pomp”).

Albert Sarraut was a French Radical Socialist statesman most noted for his colonial policy and liberal rule as governor-general of Indochina. Sarraut was born into an important Radical family that owned the newspaper Dépêche de Toulouse. Educated at the lycée of Carcassonne and the law faculty of

Albert Sarraut was a French Radical Socialist statesman most noted for his colonial policy and liberal rule as governor-general of Indochina. Sarraut was born into an important Radical family that owned the newspaper Dépêche de Toulouse. Educated at the lycée of Carcassonne and the law faculty of

Nathalie Sarraute was a French novelist and essayist, one of the earliest practitioners and a leading theorist of the nouveau roman, the French post-World War II “new novel,” or “antinovel,” a phrase applied by Jean-Paul Sartre to Sarraute’s Portrait d’un inconnu (1947; Portrait of a Man Unknown).

Jean-François Sarasin was a French author of elegant verse, best known for the mock epic Dulot vaincu (“Dulot Defeated”), for the epic fragments Rollon conquérant (“Roland in Conquest”) and La Guerre espagnole (“The Spanish War”), and for La Pompe funèbre de Voiture (“Voiture’s Funeral Pomp”).

Saar River, right-bank tributary of the Moselle (German Mosel) River. It flows for 153 mi (246 km) across northeastern France into Germany and drains an area of 2,800 sq mi (7,300 sq km). Rising at the foot of Donon (mountain) in the northern Vosges (mountains), the river flows generally northward

José Sarria was a Latino American drag performer and political activist who was the first openly gay person to run for public office in the United States. (He ran unsuccessfully for a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors—the legislative body of the city and county—in 1961). Sarria was the

José Sarria was a Latino American drag performer and political activist who was the first openly gay person to run for public office in the United States. (He ran unsuccessfully for a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors—the legislative body of the city and county—in 1961). Sarria was the

SARS, highly contagious respiratory illness characterized by a persistent fever, headache, and bodily discomfort, followed by a dry cough that may progress to great difficulty in breathing. SARS appeared in November 2002 in Guangdong province, China, where it was first diagnosed as an atypical

coronavirus: …known as SARS coronavirus (or Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) causes a highly contagious respiratory disease that is characterized by symptoms of fever, cough, and muscle ache, often with progressive difficulty in breathing. The virus emerged in humans in 2002; it likely jumped to humans from an animal reservoir, believed…

coronavirus: The virus, later named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), caused an illness known as COVID-19, which was similar to SARS and was characterized primarily by fever and respiratory symptoms. The virus was likewise highly contagious, spreading throughout regions of China, the United States, and…

Australia: The premiership of Scott Morrison (2018–22): …version of the virus: the Omicron variant, which resulted in record levels of infections and raised the number of COVID-19-related deaths in Australia to more than 2,700. Nevertheless, by February it too had abated, and Morrison announced that the country was ready to enter the final phase of the return…

Scott Morrison: Fortress Australia, the stroll out, and the 2022 election: …2021 of the highly transmissible Delta variant of the coronavirus quickly revealed the vulnerability of “Fortress Australia,” and Morrison shifted strategies, refocusing the government’s prevention efforts to vaccination, the slow pace of which (mocked as a “stroll out”) became the object of increasing criticism. In July Morrison presented a four-phase…

Ethiopia: Challenge, revival, and decline (16th–19th century): …widely in Ethiopia that Emperor Sarsa Dengel (reigned 1563–97) limited his government to what are now Eritrea, the northern regions of Tigray and Gonder, and parts of Gojam, Shewa, and Welo, areas that included the bulk of the Christian Semitic-speaking agriculturalists. Meanwhile, the church had barely revived following the destruction…

sarsaparilla, aromatic flavouring agent made from the roots of several tropical vines belonging to the Smilax genus of the family Smilacaceae . Once a popular tonic, sarsaparilla is now used to flavour and mask the taste of medicines. In combination with wintergreen and other flavours it is used in

sarsaparilla: …crystalline glycoside, sarsaponin, which yields sarsapogenin on hydrolysis, have been isolated from the root. Sarsapogenin is related to steroids such as progesterone and is used in their synthesis.

Stonehenge: Speculation and excavation: …incomplete, many of its original sarsens and bluestones having been broken up and taken away, probably during Britain’s Roman and medieval periods. The ground within the monument also has been severely disturbed, not only by the removal of the stones but also by digging—to various degrees and ends—since the 16th…

Stonehenge: Speculation and excavation: …incomplete, many of its original sarsens and bluestones having been broken up and taken away, probably during Britain’s Roman and medieval periods. The ground within the monument also has been severely disturbed, not only by the removal of the stones but also by digging—to various degrees and ends—since the 16th…

Patrick Sarsfield was a Jacobite soldier who played a leading role in the Irish Roman Catholic resistance (1689–91) to England’s King William III. Sarsfield remains a favourite hero of the Irish national tradition. His grandfather, Rory O’More, was a leader of an Irish Catholic uprising against the

Sarcee, North American Plains Indians of Athabaskan linguistic stock who lived in the 18th and 19th centuries near the upper Saskatchewan and Athabaska rivers in the present provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, Can. They probably moved southward to this region near the end of the 17th century

zarzuela, form of Spanish or Spanish-derived musical theatre in which the dramatic action is carried through an alternating combination of song and speech. Topics of the libretti (texts of the productions) vary widely, ranging from stories derived from Greco-Roman mythology to tales of modern-day

Sirsa, city, extreme western Haryana state, northwestern India. It is situated on the edge of the Thar (Great Indian) Desert. Sirsa town and fort, known in antiquity as Sarsuti, are said to have been built by a Raja Saras (c. 250 ce). It was one of the most important 14th-century towns of northern

zarzuela, form of Spanish or Spanish-derived musical theatre in which the dramatic action is carried through an alternating combination of song and speech. Topics of the libretti (texts of the productions) vary widely, ranging from stories derived from Greco-Roman mythology to tales of modern-day

Tajik, a Persian-speaking people of Central Asia located primarily in Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and China’s Xinjiang province. The Tajiks constitute more than four-fifths of the population of Tajikistan. In the 2010s there were more than 7.5 million Tajiks in Tajikistan and more than 1.5

Kalmyk: Another small group, called the Sart Kalmyk, live in Kyrgyzstan near the Chinese border. A few emigrated after World War II to the United States.

Ayyappan, in Hinduism, a deity who is always celibate, generally depicted in a yogic posture, with a bell around his neck. His most prominent shrine is at Sabarimala, in the southern Indian state of Kerala, where he is most popular, though the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka also

ʿIsām Sartāwī was a Palestinian nationalist who, as one of the moderate leaders in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), attracted much hostility from Palestinian extremists because he advocated coexistence with Israel. Trained as a medical doctor in Baghdad, Iraq, Sartāwī was conducting