sexual dimorphism: The mountain spiny lizard (Sceloporus jarrovi) is sexually dimorphic in feeding habits: the equal-sized males and females seek out different sizes of prey.

Tommaso Campanella: …which only a few survive—in Scelta (1622; “Selections”). Considered by some critics to be the most original poetry in Italian literature of the period, the collection includes madrigals, sonnets, conventional love poems, and metaphysical hymns. His Metafisica (1638) expounds his theory of metaphysics based on a trinitarian structure of power,…

Henri Duparc: …the French song into a scena, or opera-like scene, and brought to it a poetic sense of musical prosody and a symphonic conception of form. In his youth Duparc wrote two orchestral works, Aux Étoiles (To the Stars) and Lénore, and a motet. He was also keenly interested in Russian…

perspective scenery: Angle perspective was an 18th-century refinement of perspective scenery. Several vanishing points were set at the centre-back of the stage and off to the sides, so that the scenery, receding in several directions, was pictured at an angle to the viewer.

scenario, in film making, original idea for a film translated into a visually oriented text. The scenario plan gives the mood of each image and its relationship with the other shots in the sequence. The writer of the shooting script sets up each individual camera shot according to the camera

theatrical production: Preparation of content: …activity, usually termed episodes or scenes, can include many kinds of behaviour—e.g., persuasion of one person by another, delivery of a speech, singing of a song, hand-to-hand combat.

scene shifting, in theatre, method of indicating a change of locale during the course of a play. In Greek and Roman theatre the action was performed in front of a conventional backdrop—representing a temple in Greek theatre and houses or a temple in Roman theatre. Changes of scene were indicated by

stagecraft: Scenic design: In comparison with the history of Western theatre, the history of scenic design is short. Whereas the golden age of Greek theatre occurred more than two millennia ago, the intensive use of scenery in the theatre did not…

Edgar Degas: Color and line: …following year his dramatic painting Scene from the Steeplechase: The Fallen Jockey was also met with indifference, despite its startlingly close-up view of a contemporary horse race that seems, in retrospect, like the public announcement of a transformation in his art.

Edgar Degas: Color and line: …1865 his more simply executed Scene of War in the Middle Ages was accepted by the Salon jury, but it remained almost unnoticed in the thronged exhibition halls. The following year his dramatic painting Scene from the Steeplechase: The Fallen Jockey was also met with indifference, despite its startlingly close-up…

Linnebach lantern, theatrical lighting device by which silhouettes, colour, and broad outlines can be projected as part of the background scenery. Originally developed in the 19th century by the German lighting expert Adolf Linnebach, it is a concentrated-filament, high-intensity lamp placed in a

scene shifting, in theatre, method of indicating a change of locale during the course of a play. In Greek and Roman theatre the action was performed in front of a conventional backdrop—representing a temple in Greek theatre and houses or a temple in Roman theatre. Changes of scene were indicated by

Scenedesmus, genus of about 70 species of colonial green algae (family Scenedesmaceae), a common component of freshwater plankton. Scenedesmus species are used experimentally to study pollution and photosynthesis and are a potential source of biodiesel. In sewage purification processes, the algae

Ingmar Bergman: Life: …Scener ur ett äktenskap (1974; Scenes from a Marriage), and Höstsonaten (1978; Autumn Sonata), all dealing compassionately with intimate family relationships, won popular as well as critical fame.

environmental theatre: The sets were usually based on multilevel platforms, balconies, ramps, and scaffolds surrounding a stage that encroached on the audience’s territory, providing a wider range of space for the actors and a greater flexibility of interaction between the audience and performers. The audience of the environmental…

Netherlands Antilles: Relief: …2,910 feet (887 metres) at Mount Scenery, an extinct volcano on Saba that is the islands’ highest point.

José Gutiérrez Solana: …gloomy and corrosive literary works, Scenes and Customs of Madrid, 2 vol. (1912, 1918), and for his intense and dramatic paintings.

Christopher Wheeldon: Wheeldon also choreographed Scènes de ballet for the School of American Ballet; it premiered in 1999. Set to music by Igor Stravinsky, it featured more than 60 children in a classroom setting and for the most part was choreographed to give the illusion of dancers and their mirror…

La Bohème: …based on the episodic novel Scènes de la vie de bohème (1847–49; “Scenes of Bohemian Life”) by French writer Henri Murger. A success from the beginning, it is one of the most frequently performed of all operas.

Scenes from Private Life, collection of six lengthy short stories by Honoré de Balzac, published in 1830 as Scènes de la vie privée. They are for the most part detailed psychological studies of girls in conflict with parental authority. Balzac’s acute observation of the minutia of domestic life

Paul Mazursky: Later work: Scenes from a Mall (1991), however, was an inert comedy, despite the presence of Midler and Woody Allen as a couple whose marriage unravels while they are celebrating their anniversary with a day at the mall. The Pickle (1993) was another disappointment, an inside-Hollywood farce…

Ingmar Bergman: Life: …Scener ur ett äktenskap (1974; Scenes from a Marriage), and Höstsonaten (1978; Autumn Sonata), all dealing compassionately with intimate family relationships, won popular as well as critical fame.

Scenes from Private Life, collection of six lengthy short stories by Honoré de Balzac, published in 1830 as Scènes de la vie privée. They are for the most part detailed psychological studies of girls in conflict with parental authority. Balzac’s acute observation of the minutia of domestic life

Sir Hubert Hastings Parry, Baronet: Parry’s Scenes from Prometheus Unbound (1880) was the first of a series of choral works that showed his gift for the massive effects that characterized English music of the rest of the 19th century. Among his works are Blest Pair of Sirens (1887) for chorus and…

Cavaliere D’Arpino: …work is the four incidents from the life of St. John the Baptist in the Church of San Giovanni in Laterano, Rome. During his long career, he also created the designs for the mosaics of the cupola of St. Peter’s; the frescoes of the Cappella Paolina of the Church of…

Vittore Carpaccio: …scenes from the legend of St. Ursula for the Scuola di Santa Orsola, now in the Galleries of the Academy of Venice. In these works he emerged as a mature artist of originality, revealing a gift for organization, narrative skill, and a command of light. The genre scene of the…

Amos Oz: Temunot me-hạye ha-kefar (2009; Scenes from Village Life) and Ben hạverim (2012; Between Friends) are, respectively, a novel set in an Israeli village and a collection of short stories set on a kibbutz. Ha-Beśorah ʿal-pi Yehudah (2014; “The Gospel According to Judas”) investigates the nature of betrayal by weaving…

Scenes of Clerical Life, the first novel by George Eliot, comprising three tales that had originally appeared serially in Blackwood’s Magazine from January to October of 1857 and were published together in two volumes in 1858. The stories, noted for their dialogue and characterization, drew upon

Sumiyoshi Gukei: His scroll “Scenes of Kyōto and Its Environs” (Tokyo National Museum) is remarkable for its vividness of style and the way the daily life of courtiers and townsmen, as well as of country folks, is depicted with a powerful sense of reality and humour. These qualities were…

stagecraft: Scenic design: In comparison with the history of Western theatre, the history of scenic design is short. Whereas the golden age of Greek theatre occurred more than two millennia ago, the intensive use of scenery in the theatre did not…

environmental law: Levels of environmental law: For example, in Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission (1965), a U.S. federal appeals court voided a license granted by the Federal Power Commission for the construction of an environmentally damaging pumped-storage hydroelectric plant (i.e., a plant that would pump water from a lower to an…

roller coaster: Coney Island amusement park: …went on to construct the Scenic Railway on the Boardwalk in Atlantic City, N.J., in 1887. It was a rolling tour through elaborate artificial scenery—vividly coloured tableaus, biblical scenes, and flora—illuminated by lights triggered by the approaching cars. This ride was the precursor of Space Mountain at Disneyland in Anaheim,…

circus: Equestrian acts: …from the days of Astley, scenic riding remained extremely popular in the 19th century, before the purely acrobatic style supplanted it. In scenic riding the equestrian, appropriately costumed, acted out a pantomime on horseback. The greatest exponent of this artistic mode of riding was the Englishman Andrew Ducrow, who was…

window fly, (family Scenopinidae), any of a relatively rare group of black flies (order Diptera) that are a little smaller than the housefly. The adults are often seen on windows, and larvae of most species live in decaying wood or fungi, although those of Scenopinus fenestralis feed on carpet

bowerbird: The stagemaker, or tooth-billed catbird (Scenopoeetes dentirostris), of forests of northeastern Australia, arranges leaves silvery-side up (withered ones are carried aside) to form a “circus ring.”

Jackson Pollock: Poured works of Jackson Pollock: …as White Light (1954) and Scent (1955) in his last years. In 1956 Jackson died at the age of 44 in an automobile accident. After a day of drinking, he had driven his convertible off the road and flipped it, seriously injuring one passenger, Ruth Kligman, with whom he was…

odour, the property of certain substances, in very small concentrations, to stimulate chemical sense receptors that sample the air or water surrounding an animal. In insects and other invertebrates and in aquatic animals, the perception of small chemical concentrations often merges with perception

artiodactyl: Scent glands: External glands occur in various places on artiodactyls. Preorbital glands, immediately in front of the eyes, are present in the giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni), in all cervids except the roe deer, and, among the bovids, in duikers, many neotragines, gazelles and their…

dog: Hounds: There are scent hounds and sight hounds. They are a diverse group, ranging from the low-slung dachshund to the fleet-footed greyhound. However, they all are dedicated to the tasks for which they were bred, whether coursing over rough terrain in search of gazelles, such as the Afghan…

Hymenoptera: Chemical: Ants use scent marks, which they place on their pathways. They are thus able to find their way back to the nest and direct other colony members to a food source. When danger threatens, ants, wasps, and bees secrete an alarm substance. This marks the place of…

Al Pacino: Academy Award and later films: …a bitter blind man in Scent of a Woman (1992). Pacino’s other notable films of the 1990s included Carlito’s Way (1993); Heat (1995), a crime drama in which he played a detective hunting a thief (Robert De Niro); Donnie Brasco (1997), in which he starred as a low-level mobster who…

Lepidoptera: Courtship and mating: …are detected by structures (scent sensilla) on the male’s antennae. Males with very large, feathery antennae, such as those of the giant silkworm moths, can locate females from 5 to 6 km (3 to 4 miles) away and may form courting swarms about them. A species may have a…

gardening: Scented gardens: Scent is one of the qualities that many people appreciate highly in gardens. Scented gardens, in which scent from leaves or flowers is the main criterion for inclusion of a plant, have been established, especially for the benefit of blind people. Some plants…

Janet Frame: In Scented Gardens for the Blind (1963), a girl becomes mute after her parents’ marriage dissolves. The Adaptable Man (1965) is a subversive comedy set in a small town that has just been connected to the electrical grid. Frame further investigated sanity and social isolation in…

sun orchid: violosa), and the scented sun orchid (T. avistata) are common Australian species.

geranium: The aromatic, or scented-leaved, geraniums are found in several species, including P. abrotanifolium, P. capitatum, P. citrosum, P. crispum, P. graveolens, and P. odoratissimum. Minty, fruity, floral, and spicy fragrances are released readily when their leaves are rubbed or bruised.

sceptre, ornamented rod or staff borne by rulers on ceremonial occasions as an emblem of authority and sovereignty. The primeval symbol of the staff was familiar to the Greeks and Romans and to the Germanic tribes in various forms (baculus, “long staff”; sceptrum, “short staff”) and had various

the Shirelles: …later to her more ambitious Scepter Records (for which Dionne Warwick also recorded). Unlike most girl groups, the Shirelles wrote some of their own songs, but their biggest hits were written by others—including Brill Building stalwarts Carole King and Gerry Goffin, whose “Will You Love Me Tomorrow

Robert Boyle: Scientific career: …his most influential writings were The Sceptical Chymist (1661), which assailed the then-current Aristotelian and especially Paracelsian notions about the composition of matter and methods of chemical analysis, and the Origine of Formes and Qualities (1666), which used chemical phenomena to support the corpuscularian hypothesis. Boyle also maintained a lifelong…

skepticism, in Western philosophy, the attitude of doubting knowledge claims set forth in various areas. Skeptics have challenged the adequacy or reliability of these claims by asking what principles they are based upon or what they actually establish. They have questioned whether some such claims

George Santayana: Santayana’s system of philosophy: Scepticism and Animal Faith (1923) marks an important departure from his earlier philosophy and serves as “a critical introduction” to and résumé of his new system developed in the four-volume Realms of Being (1928, 1930, 1937, 1940), an ontological (nature of being) treatise of great…

sceptre, ornamented rod or staff borne by rulers on ceremonial occasions as an emblem of authority and sovereignty. The primeval symbol of the staff was familiar to the Greeks and Romans and to the Germanic tribes in various forms (baculus, “long staff”; sceptrum, “short staff”) and had various

Maurice Scève was a French poet who was considered great in his own day, then long neglected. Reinstated by 20th-century critics and poets, chiefly for his poem cycle, Délie, Scève has often been described as the leader of the Lyonese school of writers (including Pernette du Guillet and Louise

continued fraction: In a simple continued fraction (SCF), all the bi are equal to 1 and all the ai are positive integers. An SCF is written, in the compact form, [a0; a1, a2, a3, …]. If the number of terms ai is finite, the SCF is said to terminate,…

chemical bonding: Computational approaches to molecular structure: …computations are referred to as self-consistent field (SCF) procedures. Thus, a particular electronic distribution is proposed, and the distribution of the electrons is recalculated on the basis of this first approximation. The distribution is then calculated again on the basis of that improved description, and the process is continued until…

Schaerbeek, municipality, Brussels-Capital Region, central Belgium. A village until 1795, it is now an industrial suburb northeast of Brussels and one of the 19 municipalities that make up Greater Brussels. A rail junction with switch and freight yards, it has an electric power station and

Central Asian arts: Buddhist morality plays: …first Mongolian actors were called schabi, or disciples, of the lama Noyan Hutuqtu. These men and women formed a regular troupe and were invited all over Mongolia to perform.

Theodor Fontane: …for its charming style, and Schach von Wuthenow (1883; A Man of Honor), in which he portrays the weaknesses of the Prussian upper class.

shaharith, (“dawn”), in Judaism, the first of three periods of daily prayer; the other daily services are minhah and maarib. They are all ideally recited in the synagogue so that a quorum (minyan) can be formed to pray as a corporate body representing “Israel.” Shaharith is considered a substitute

Ilona Elek was a Hungarian fencer who was the first woman to win two Olympic gold medals in the individual foil competition. In addition to her success in the Olympics, Elek was the world champion in women’s foil in 1934, 1935, and 1951. Did You Know? Ilona Elek was the first woman to win two

Hjalmar Schacht was a German banker and financial expert who achieved international renown by halting the ruinous inflation that threatened the existence of the Weimar Republic in 1922–23. He also served as minister of economics (1934–37) in the National Socialist government of Adolf Hitler.

Hjalmar Schacht was a German banker and financial expert who achieved international renown by halting the ruinous inflation that threatened the existence of the Weimar Republic in 1922–23. He also served as minister of economics (1934–37) in the National Socialist government of Adolf Hitler.

Leon Festinger: Social pressures in informal groups: …attracted many talented students, including Stanley Schachter and Harold Kelley.

motivation: The Schachter-Singer model: In 1962 the American psychologists Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer performed an experiment that suggested to them that elements of both the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories are factors in the experience of emotion. Their cognitive-physiological theory of emotion proposed that both bodily changes…

Bavarian State Picture Galleries: The Schack Gallery collection of 19th-century, late Romantic German painting was acquired by the state in 1940 and represents the private collection of Count Adolf Friedrich von Schack. It is housed in the former Prussian Embassy, built in 1907–09.

Western architecture: Germany and central Europe: …most excellent of buildings, and Oseas Schadaeus’s guide to the cathedral, Summum Argentoratensium Templum (1617; “Strasbourg’s Finest Church”) was the first illustrated guidebook ever devoted to a single medieval building and, in spite of its Latin title, was written in German. Other 17th- and early 18th-century histories and guides—and there…

Western architecture: The Low Countries: …its counterpart in that of Jozef Schadde, architect of the Antwerp stock exchange (1858–80) and the station in Brugge.

schadenfreude, the emotional experience of pleasure in response to another’s misfortune. Schadenfreude is a German word that combines Schaden, which means “damage,” and Freude, which means “joy.” The concept is common to people across cultures, but some languages do have comparable words. It has

Gottfried Schadow was a German sculptor, regarded as the founder of the modern Berlin school of sculptors. Schadow was trained under the court sculptor Jean-Pierre-Antoine Tassaert and in Rome (1785–87), where he studied under Antonio Canova. In 1788 he succeeded Tassaert as director of the

Gottfried Schadow was a German sculptor, regarded as the founder of the modern Berlin school of sculptors. Schadow was trained under the court sculptor Jean-Pierre-Antoine Tassaert and in Rome (1785–87), where he studied under Antonio Canova. In 1788 he succeeded Tassaert as director of the

Nazarene: …joined by Peter von Cornelius, Wilhelm von Schadow, and others who at various times were associated with the movement. They soon acquired the originally derisive nickname Nazarenes because of their affectation of biblical style of hair and dress. The major project of the Nazarenes was to revive the medieval art…

geography: Geography as a science: a new research agenda: ” Kurt Schaefer, a German-trained geographer at the University of Iowa, argued that science is characterized by its explanations. These involve laws, or generalized statements of observed regularities, that identify cause-and-effect relationships. According to Schaefer, “to explain the phenomena one has described means always to recognize…

Vincent Joseph Schaefer was an American research chemist and meteorologist who in 1946 carried out the first systematic series of experiments to investigate the physics of precipitation. From an aircraft over Massachusetts, he seeded clouds with pellets of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) and

weather modification: General considerations: The Schaefer-Langmuir experiments in the laboratory and the atmosphere demonstrated that so-called supercooled clouds—namely those composed of water droplets at temperatures below freezing—could be dissipated. When the supercooled clouds were seeded with grains of dry ice, ice crystals formed and grew large enough to fall out…

Claude-Frédéric-Armand Schaeffer was a French archaeologist whose excavation of the ancient city of Ugarit at Ras Shamra, Syria, disclosed a succession of cultures from the 7th or 6th millennium bc to about 1195 bc. Moreover, the resulting knowledge of northern Canaanite civilization helped to

checkers: …for the proof belongs to Jonathan Schaeffer, a Canadian computer scientist, who had earlier developed the first computer program, named Chinook, to win a world championship from a human at any game. Chinook lost its first championship challenge match in 1990 to the American mathematician Marion Tinsley, with two wins…

Pierre Schaeffer was a French composer, acoustician, and electronics engineer who in 1948, with his staff at Radio-diffusion et Télévision Française, introduced musique concrète. In this genre, sounds of natural origin, animate and inanimate, are recorded and manipulated so that the original sounds

stalking: History of stalking: In 1989 television actress Rebecca Schaeffer was murdered by a fan, and in 1993 tennis player Monica Seles was stabbed by a deranged supporter of rival player Steffi Graf. Several of those cases involved the harassment of celebrities in California, and the entertainment industry began to press for criminal…

Hermanus Johannes Aloysius Maria Schaepman was a Dutch statesman, Roman Catholic priest, and author who founded Catholic political clubs (forerunners of the Roman Catholic State Party) and established a Catholic-Calvinist legislative coalition that lasted from 1888 to 1905. Ordained a priest in

Schaerbeek, municipality, Brussels-Capital Region, central Belgium. A village until 1795, it is now an industrial suburb northeast of Brussels and one of the 19 municipalities that make up Greater Brussels. A rail junction with switch and freight yards, it has an electric power station and

Sankt Wolfgang: …or rack, railway ascends the Schafberg (5,850 feet [1,783 metres]) from the town. The Late Gothic-style Pilgrimage Church (1430–77) has a magnificent carved wooden altar (1481) by the sculptor Michael Pacher. The town’s Zum Weissen Rössl (The White Horse) inn was made famous in the operetta by Ralph Benatzky. Best…

Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer: …physiologist and inventor of the prone-pressure method (Schafer method) of artificial respiration adopted by the Royal Life Saving Society.

Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer was an English physiologist and inventor of the prone-pressure method (Schafer method) of artificial respiration adopted by the Royal Life Saving Society. The first holder of the Sharpey Scholarship (1871) at University College, London, he studied with William

Karl Schäfer was an Austrian figure skater who was the best performer in his sport during the 1930s and was an innovator in the sport as well. He won two successive gold medals in the Winter Olympics of 1932 and 1936. He was also world champion in figure skating from 1930 to 1936. (Read Scott

Philip Schaff was a Swiss-born American ecumenical leader and theologian whose works, especially the Creeds of Christendom (1877), helped set standards in the United States for scholarship in church history. Schaff was educated at the universities of Tübingen, Halle, and Berlin and was made a

Giovanni Morelli was an Italian patriot and art critic whose methods of direct study established the foundation of subsequent art criticism. Morelli was born to Swiss parents and, during his education in Switzerland and at the University of Munich, acquired so great a command of German as to write

Schaffhausen, capital of Schaffhausen canton, northern Switzerland, on the right bank of the Rhine, west of Lake Constance (Bodensee). The site was first mentioned in 1045 as Villa Scafhusun. About 1049 Count Eberhard III of Nellenburg founded there the Benedictine monastery of All Saints, around

Swiss literature: Schaffhausen is represented in the novels of Albert Bächtold, and Joseph Reinhart wrote in the dialect of Solothurn.

Schaffhausen, most northerly canton of Switzerland. It lies north of the Rhine River and west of Lake Constance (Bodensee) and has an area of 115 square miles (298 square km), of which about 90 percent is classed as productive. It is virtually surrounded on the north, east, and west by Germany,

Schaffhausen, capital of Schaffhausen canton, northern Switzerland, on the right bank of the Rhine, west of Lake Constance (Bodensee). The site was first mentioned in 1045 as Villa Scafhusun. About 1049 Count Eberhard III of Nellenburg founded there the Benedictine monastery of All Saints, around

Schaffhausen, most northerly canton of Switzerland. It lies north of the Rhine River and west of Lake Constance (Bodensee) and has an area of 115 square miles (298 square km), of which about 90 percent is classed as productive. It is virtually surrounded on the north, east, and west by Germany,

Albert Schäffle was an economist and sociologist who served briefly as Austrian minister of commerce and agriculture (1871); he was responsible for a major plan of imperial federalization for the Bohemian crownland. Schäffle became a professor of political economy at Tübingen (1860) and later

Franklin J. Schaffner was an American director who worked on a number of well-regarded television programs before launching a successful film career that included such classics as Planet of the Apes (1968) and Patton (1970). Schaffner, whose parents were Protestant missionaries, was raised in Japan

Franklin J. Schaffner was an American director who worked on a number of well-regarded television programs before launching a successful film career that included such classics as Planet of the Apes (1968) and Patton (1970). Schaffner, whose parents were Protestant missionaries, was raised in Japan

Jakob Schaffner was a Swiss writer who lived in Germany from 1913. He belonged to a new generation of Swiss writers who, searching for uncompromising greatness and believing in life as a boundless adventure, broke away from the saturated tradition of middle-class society. Schaffner was orphaned at

stained glass: 20th century: Matthew (1964) in Sobernheim; Ludwig Schaffrath’s cycle of modern grisaille windows for the cloister (1962–65) in Aachen, his high triple-gabled window walls for the transepts of St. Peter’s Church (1964) in Birkesdorf, near Düren, and his powerfully iconic and technically innovative slab- and rod-glass sanctuary window in St. Matthew’s…

Norman L. Bowen: Schairer, a young and able experimenter who had joined the laboratory from Yale University. Together they worked on silicate systems containing iron oxide, beginning with ferric oxide and later ferrous oxide.

Gilad Shalit is a former Israeli soldier who was captured by Palestinian militants in June 2006. Shalit’s captivity for more than five years became a significant focal point in Israeli politics and society, and the push for his release led in October 2011 to a deal in which Shalit was freed in

Max Reinhardt: Discovery of the theatre: …revue, Schall und Rauch (Sound and Smoke), to which Reinhardt contributed sketches. Playing before invited audiences, it was so successful that it was transformed into a serious work and settled into the Kleines Theater in 1902. Reinhardt planned a full season and directed his first play, Oscar Wilde’s Salomé.

Adam Schall von Bell was a Jesuit missionary and astronomer who became an important adviser to the first emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). Schall arrived in China in 1622, having been trained in Rome in the astronomical system of Galileo. He soon impressed the Chinese with the superiority