tung tree, (Aleurites fordii), small Asian tree of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), commercially valuable for tung oil (q.v.), which is extracted from its nutlike seeds. In the Orient tung oil was traditionally used for lighting, but it also has important modern industrial uses. The tung tree

tung tree, (Aleurites fordii), small Asian tree of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), commercially valuable for tung oil (q.v.), which is extracted from its nutlike seeds. In the Orient tung oil was traditionally used for lighting, but it also has important modern industrial uses. The tung tree

Dong, an ethnic minority of China found in southeastern Guizhou province and in neighbouring Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi and Hunan province. According to most linguists the Dong speak a Kam-Sui language that is closely related to the Tai languages, and they call themselves Kam. The Dong

Mongolian languages: …Monguor (Tu), Bao’an (Bonan), and Santa (Dongxiang) in the south—were isolated from the main body of Mongolian languages when the tide of Mongol conquest receded. These languages diverged from the main group of Mongolian dialects and to this day retain archaic features characteristic of Middle Mongolian that have been lost…

Manchu, people who lived for many centuries mainly in Manchuria (now Northeast) and adjacent areas of China and who in the 17th century conquered China and ruled for more than 250 years. The term Manchu dates from the 16th century, but it is certain that the Manchu are descended from a group of

Dong, an ethnic minority of China found in southeastern Guizhou province and in neighbouring Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi and Hunan province. According to most linguists the Dong speak a Kam-Sui language that is closely related to the Tai languages, and they call themselves Kam. The Dong

Donglin, party of Chinese scholars and officials who attempted to combat the moral laxity and intellectual weakness they felt was undermining public life during the last years of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The party was founded by Gu Xiancheng, a government official forced out of office because

Manchuria, historical region of northeastern China. Strictly speaking, it consists of the modern provinces (sheng) of Liaoning (south), Jilin (central), and Heilongjiang (north). Often, however, the northeastern portion of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region also is included. Manchuria is bounded

Northeast Plain, heart of the central lowland of northeastern China (Manchuria). It has a surface area of about 135,000 square miles (350,000 square km), all of which lies below 1,000 feet (300 metres) above sea level. The plain, largely the product of erosion from the surrounding highlands, is

Zhou Dunyi: In the longer treatise entitled Tongshu (“Explanatory Text”), Zhou’s restatement and reinterpretation of Confucian doctrines laid the basis for the ethics of later Neo-Confucianism. According to Zhou, the sage, or superior man, reacts to external phenomena according to the principles of propriety, humanity, righteousness, wisdom, faithfulness, and tranquillity. Zhou viewed…

Dongting Lake, large lake in northern Hunan province, south-central China. It lies in a basin to the south of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) and is connected to the Yangtze by four channels. Typically, some two-fifths of the river’s waters flow into the lake, the amount increasing during flood

Dai Zhen was a Chinese empirical philosopher, considered by many to have been the greatest thinker of the Qing period (1644–1911/12). Born to poor parents, Dai educated himself by reading borrowed books. Although he passed his preliminary civil service examinations, he never passed the highly

mamey apple: …used locally for destroying skin-infesting chigoe fleas, and the bitter resinous seeds are used as an antiworming agent.

Krishna River: …the Bhima (north) and the Tungabhadra (south). The latter has a dam at Hospet, completed in 1957, forming a reservoir and supplying hydroelectric power. Other hydroelectric installations along the river include those along the Telangana–Andhra Pradesh border at Srisailam and Nagarjuna Sagar.

India: Bahmanī consolidation of the Deccan: …concerned with control over the Tungabhadra-Krishna Doab. The doab had been an area of contention long before the foundation of either the Bahmanī kingdom or Vijayanagar. Claims and counterclaims of victory show that neither side gained effective and lasting control over the doab, and the struggle extended eventually into the…

tungara frog, (Physalaemus pustulosus), terrestrial, toadlike frog common in moist, lowland sites from Mexico to northern South America. The frog is cryptically coloured, its rough brown skin matching the leaf litter in which it lives. Although a mere 25–35 mm (1–1.4 inches) in length, this small

Thjórs River: …and its largest tributary, the Tungna (80 miles [129 km] long), carry away meltwater from Hofsjökull, Vatnajökull (Vatna Glacier), and several smaller glaciers while draining a basin of 2,907 square miles (7,530 square km), the lower third of which is part of the island’s most extensive farming region. Because of…

history of the Low Countries: The Roman period: …the Xanten district, and the Tungri to part of the area originally inhabited by the Eburones.

molybdate and tungstate minerals: tungstate minerals, naturally occurring inorganic compounds that are salts of molybdic acid, H2MoO4, and tungstic acid, H2WO4. Minerals in these groups often are valuable ores.

César Vallejo: …proletarian novel El tungsteno (1931; Tungsten), showing the brutal exploitation and degradation of Indian workers at a Peruvian tungsten mine. He returned to Paris in 1932, and he then spent two years in Spain during that nation’s civil war (1936–39). The Spanish Civil War inspired most of his last important…

tungsten (W), chemical element, an exceptionally strong refractory metal of Group 6 (VIb) of the periodic table, used in steels to increase hardness and strength and in lamp filaments. Tungsten metal was first isolated (1783) by the Spanish chemists and mineralogists Juan José and Fausto Elhuyar by

tungsten carbide, an important member of the class of inorganic compounds of carbon, used alone or with 6 to 20 percent of other metals to impart hardness to cast iron, cutting edges of saws and drills, and penetrating cores of armour-piercing projectiles. Tungsten carbide is a dense, metallike

tungsten processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. Tungsten exhibits a body-centred cubic (bcc) crystal lattice. It has the highest melting point of all metals, 3,410° C (6,170° F), and it has high conductivity for electricity. Owing to this unique combination of properties,

halogen lamp, Incandescent lamp with a quartz bulb and a gas filling that includes a halogen. It gives brilliant light from a compact unit. The halogen combines with the tungsten evaporated from the hot filament to form a compound that is attracted back to the filament, thus extending the

molybdenite: …hexagonal symmetry as those of tungstenite (tungsten disulfide). Both have layered structures and similar physical properties; the chief difference is the higher specific gravity of tungstenite. For detailed physical properties, see sulfide mineral (table).

César Vallejo: …proletarian novel El tungsteno (1931; Tungsten), showing the brutal exploitation and degradation of Indian workers at a Peruvian tungsten mine. He returned to Paris in 1932, and he then spent two years in Spain during that nation’s civil war (1936–39). The Spanish Civil War inspired most of his last important…

African art: Lower Congo (Kongo) cultural area: One type of figure, called tungunlungu, representing the female ancestry of the tribe, is placed in front of the chief’s house.

Puruhá: …two local volcanoes, Chimborazo and Tungurahua, were their divine ancestors, and they offered human sacrifices to Chimborazo.

Evenk, the most numerous and widely scattered of the many small ethnic groups of northern Siberia (Asian Russia). The Evenk numbered about 70,000 in the early 21st century. A few thousand live in Mongolia, and the remainder are almost equally divided between Russia and China. They are separable

Evenk language, one of the largest members of the Manchu-Tungus language family within the Altaic language group. The language, which has more than 20 dialects, is spoken in China, Mongolia, and Russia. A literary form of the language, using the Latin alphabet, was created in the late 1920s, but

Arctic: Linguistic affiliations: …Yenisey River, languages of the Tungusic type predominate. These languages, each with several dialect divisions, are spoken by the Evenk and the Even. They represent the northern branch of the so-called Manchu-Tungus language group. Languages of this group share a common agglutinative structure with the Mongolian languages (which include Mongol,…

Manchu-Tungus languages, smallest of three families of the Altaic language group. The Manchu-Tungus languages are a group of 10 to 17 languages spoken by fewer than 70,000 people scattered across a vast region that stretches from northern China across Mongolia to the northern boundary of Russia.

Arctic: Linguistic affiliations: …Yenisey River, languages of the Tungusic type predominate. These languages, each with several dialect divisions, are spoken by the Evenk and the Even. They represent the northern branch of the so-called Manchu-Tungus language group. Languages of this group share a common agglutinative structure with the Mongolian languages (which include Mongol,…

Tunguska event, enormous explosion that is estimated to have occurred at 7:14 am plus or minus one minute on June 30, 1908, at an altitude of 5–10 km (15,000–30,000 feet), flattening some 2,000 square km (500,000 acres) and charring more than 100 square km of pine forest near the Podkamennaya

Tunguska River, either of two roughly parallel rivers of western Siberia, Russia, both tributaries of the Yenisey. Both rivers flow generally northwest, but the Podkamennaya Tunguska River turns west at about 62° N to join the Yenisey, whereas the Nizhnyaya Tunguska River continues its

Knuckles: …6,112 ft (1,863 m) at Knuckles Peak, about 10 mi northeast of Wattegama. The region receives an average rainfall of 100–200 in. (2,500–5,000 mm). Tea, rubber, rice, vegetables, and cardamom are grown in the area. Of irregular shape, the mountain range extends for 25 mi in length and reaches 15…

astronomical map: Relationship of the bright stars and their constellations: …any civilization is the Chinese Tunhuang manuscript in the British Museum, dating from about 940 ce. A Latin document of about the same age, also in the British Museum, shows a planisphere to illustrate the Phainomena of Aratus, without, however, indicating individual stars. The oldest illuminated Islamic astronomical manuscript, a…

corm: …fibrous covering known as a tunic, and the roots emerge from a smooth area at the base known as the basal plate. Corms store starches to fuel growth and to help plants survive unfavourable conditions, and many produce offshoots known as daughter corms or cormels that are used for vegetative…

tunicate: …embedded in a tough secreted tunic containing cellulose (a glucose polysaccharide not normally found in animals). The less modified forms are benthic (bottom-dwelling and sessile), while the more advanced forms are pelagic (floating and swimming in open water). A characteristic tadpole larva develops in the life cycle, and in one…

tunic, basic garment worn by men and women in the ancient Mediterranean world. It was fashioned from two pieces of linen sewn up the sides and across the top, with holes left for the head and arms. It reached to the knees or lower, was with or without sleeves, belted at the waist, and held at the

plant development: The shoot tip: …three layers, which constitute the tunica. Enclosed by the tunica lies a core of cells that exhibits no distinct layering; this zone is the corpus. The layers of the tunica normally contribute to the surface layers of the plant, and the corpus provides the deeper lying tissues.

tunic, basic garment worn by men and women in the ancient Mediterranean world. It was fashioned from two pieces of linen sewn up the sides and across the top, with holes left for the head and arms. It reached to the knees or lower, was with or without sleeves, belted at the waist, and held at the

artery: The outermost coat, or tunica adventitia, is a tough layer consisting mainly of collagen fibres that act as a supportive element. The large arteries differ structurally from the medium-sized arteries in that they have a much thicker tunica media and a somewhat thicker tunica adventitia. See also cardiovascular system.

animal reproductive system: Testes: …surrounded by a capsule, the tunica albuginea. Seminiferous tubules may constitute up to 90 percent of the testis. The tubule walls consist of a multilayered germinal epithelium containing spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells, nutritive cells that have the heads of maturing sperm embedded in them. Seminiferous tubules may begin blindly…

artery: The innermost layer, or tunica intima, consists of a lining, a fine network of connective tissue, and a layer of elastic fibres bound together in a membrane pierced with many openings. The tunica media, or middle coat, is made up principally of smooth (involuntary) muscle cells and elastic fibres…

Mary R. Haas: …where her dissertation was on Tunica, a moribund American Indian language. She continued her fieldwork on, and comparative studies of, American Indian languages, especially of the southeastern U.S., including the Natchez and Muskogean languages, for the rest of her life. She directed the Survey of California Indian Languages while on…

artery: The tunica media, or middle coat, is made up principally of smooth (involuntary) muscle cells and elastic fibres arranged in roughly spiral layers. The outermost coat, or tunica adventitia, is a tough layer consisting mainly of collagen fibres that act as a supportive element. The large…

tunicate, any member of the subphylum Tunicata (Urochordata) of the phylum Chordata. Small marine animals, they are found in great numbers throughout the seas of the world. Adult members are commonly embedded in a tough secreted tunic containing cellulose (a glucose polysaccharide not normally

tunicate, any member of the subphylum Tunicata (Urochordata) of the phylum Chordata. Small marine animals, they are found in great numbers throughout the seas of the world. Adult members are commonly embedded in a tough secreted tunic containing cellulose (a glucose polysaccharide not normally

bulb: …by the onion, has a thin papery covering protecting its fleshy leaves. The other type, the scaly bulb, as seen in true lilies, has naked storage leaves, unprotected by any papery covering, that make the bulb appear to consist of a series of angular scales. Bulbs can vary in size…

dalmatic: A shorter dalmatic, called the tunicle, is worn by subdeacons. Both the dalmatic and tunicle were worn under the chasuble by Roman Catholic bishops, but since 1960 these vestments have not been obligatory for bishops.

tuning and temperament, in music, the adjustment of one sound source, such as a voice or string, to produce a desired pitch in relation to a given pitch, and the modification of that tuning to lessen dissonance. The determination of pitch, the quality of sound that is described as ‘high” or “low,”

tuning and temperament, in music, the adjustment of one sound source, such as a voice or string, to produce a desired pitch in relation to a given pitch, and the modification of that tuning to lessen dissonance. The determination of pitch, the quality of sound that is described as ‘high” or “low,”

tuning fork, narrow, two-pronged steel bar that when tuned to a specific musical pitch retains its tuning almost indefinitely. It was apparently invented by George Frideric Handel’s trumpeter John Shore shortly before Shore’s death in 1752. Because it produces a nearly pure tone (without

stringed instrument: Morphology: The pegbox carries the four tuning pegs, two on each side. It is slotted to the front to receive the strings. The pegs are tapered and pass through two holes in the cheeks of the head. At the top of the head is the scroll, again a typical embellishment of…

keyboard instrument: Reed pipes: …are tuned by moving the tuning wire, thus shortening or lengthening the tongue. As in flue pipes, the scale and shape of the resonator largely determine the quality of tone to be produced; but the wind pressure, the shape and size of the shallot, and the thickness and curvature of…

percussion instrument: The 19th century: …experiments with graduated sets of tuning forks struck by hammers from a keyboard produced the 19th-century “tuning-fork pianos,” the most noteworthy of which were different models of Victor Mustel of Paris from 1865 on. Graduated steel bars struck from a keyboard by piano hammers form the celesta, patented in 1886…

Ramses II: Military exploits: …defenses and conquered Katna and Tunip—where, in a surprise attack by the Hittites, he went into battle without his armor—and held them long enough for a statue of himself as overlord to be erected in Tunip. In a further advance he invaded Kode, perhaps the region between Alexandretta and Carchemish.…

Tunis, capital and largest city of Tunisia, on the northern African coast, between the western and eastern basins of the Mediterranean Sea. Tunis was built at the end of the shallow Lake of Tunis, an inlet of the Gulf of Tunis, and is linked with its port, Ḥalq al-Wādī, 6 miles (10 km) to the

Tunisia: Finance: The Tunisian stock exchange, Bourse de Tunis, was founded in 1969 and has become a central pillar of economic policy, as it has facilitated privatization and encouraged both domestic savings and foreign investment.

Tunisia, country of North Africa. Tunisia’s accessible Mediterranean Sea coastline and strategic location have attracted conquerors and visitors through the ages, and its ready access to the Sahara has brought its people into contact with inhabitants of the African interior. According to Greek

national flag consisting of a red field (background) with a central white disk incorporating a red star and redcrescent. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3.The Turkish national flag colour for centuries has been red, and ships from Tunisia, like private vessels throughout the Ottoman

Tunisia: History of Tunisia: The following discussion offers a brief summary of Tunisia’s early history but mainly focuses on Tunisia since about 1800. For a more detailed treatment of earlier periods and of the country in its regional context, see North Africa.

Tunisia, country of North Africa. Tunisia’s accessible Mediterranean Sea coastline and strategic location have attracted conquerors and visitors through the ages, and its ready access to the Sahara has brought its people into contact with inhabitants of the African interior. According to Greek

National Dialogue Quartet: …des Avocats de Tunisie), the Tunisian Confederation of Industry, Trade and Handicrafts (Union Tunisienne de l’Industrie, du Commerce et de l’Artisinat; UTICA), and the Tunisian Human Rights League (La Ligue Tunisienne pour la Défense des Droits de l’Homme; LTDH)—that was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2015 for its efforts…

Tunisia: Relief: The Tunisian Dorsale, or High Tell, a southwest-northeast–trending mountain range that is an extension of the Saharan Atlas (Atlas Saharien) of Algeria, tapers off in the direction of the Sharīk (Cape Bon) Peninsula in the northeast, south of the Gulf of Tunis. The highest mountain, Mount Chambi (Al-Shaʿnabī), located…

National Dialogue Quartet: …of Tunisian civil society organizations—the Tunisian General Labour Union (Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail; UGTT), the Tunisian Order of Lawyers (Ordre National des Avocats de Tunisie), the Tunisian Confederation of Industry, Trade and Handicrafts (Union Tunisienne de l’Industrie, du Commerce et de l’Artisinat; UTICA), and the Tunisian Human Rights League…

National Dialogue Quartet: …de l’Artisinat; UTICA), and the Tunisian Human Rights League (La Ligue Tunisienne pour la Défense des Droits de l’Homme; LTDH)—that was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2015 for its efforts to broker peaceful political compromise in Tunisia in the wake of the Tunisian Revolution of 2010–11 (also called the…

Destour, Tunisian political party, especially active in the 1920s and ’30s in arousing Tunisian national consciousness and opposition to the French protectorate. The forerunner of the Destour, the Young Tunisians, had engaged the Tunisian intellectual elite but lacked widespread support. Forced

Tunisia: The arts: Modern Tunisian literature grew from a cultural renaissance in the early 20th century. Social essayist Tahar Haddad, satirist Ali Douagi, poet Aboul Kacem Chabbi, and others have paved the way for a new realist trend in Tunisian literature by combining modern European styles with contemporary Tunisian…

National Dialogue Quartet, coalition of Tunisian civil society organizations—the Tunisian General Labour Union (Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail; UGTT), the Tunisian Order of Lawyers (Ordre National des Avocats de Tunisie), the Tunisian Confederation of Industry, Trade and Handicrafts (Union

National Dialogue Quartet: …Tunisienne du Travail; UGTT), the Tunisian Order of Lawyers (Ordre National des Avocats de Tunisie), the Tunisian Confederation of Industry, Trade and Handicrafts (Union Tunisienne de l’Industrie, du Commerce et de l’Artisinat; UTICA), and the Tunisian Human Rights League (La Ligue Tunisienne pour la Défense des Droits de l’Homme; LTDH)—that…

Tunisia: Transportation and telecommunications: …telecommunication services are controlled by Tunisie Télécom (founded in 1996), a state-owned entity that is responsible for maintaining and developing the country’s communications infrastructure. Tunisia signed the World Trade Organization Basic Telecommunications Services Agreement of 1997, which opened the country’s market, and its telecommunications infrastructure has expanded markedly since that…

Tunisia: The protectorate (1881–1956): …major weapon became the newspaper Le Tunisien, a French-language publication founded in 1907. With the printing of an Arabic edition in 1909, the Young Tunisians simultaneously educated their compatriots and persuaded the more liberal French to help move Tunisia toward modernity.

Tunja, city and capital of Boyacá departamento, north-central Colombia. It lies in the high valley of the Teatinos, or Boyacá, River. Founded in 1539 by Captain Gonzalo Suárez Rendón, the settlement was originally called Hunza by the local Chibcha Indians. In 1819 it served as Simón Bolívar’s

Chad: Ethnic groups: …associated with the Kanembu and Tunjur, who are of Arabic origin. All of these groups are sedentary and coexist with Daza, Kreda, and Arab nomads. The Hadjeray (of the Guera Massif) and Abou Telfân are composed of refugee populations who, living on their mountainous terrain, have resisted various invasions. On…

Grigory Ivanovich Tunkin was a Soviet legal scholar and diplomat who played a major role in formulating Soviet foreign policy as a key adviser to Soviet leaders Nikita Khrushchev and Mikhail Gorbachev. Tunkin graduated from the Moscow Law Institute in 1935 and received a doctorate from Moscow State

Kazaure: It was founded by Dan Tunku, a Fulani warrior who was one of the 14 flag bearers for the Fulani jihad (holy war) leader Usman dan Fodio. Dan Tunku arrived from the nearby town of Dambatta (Dambarta) at a stockaded village that he named Kazaure and established an emirate…

Leo Esaki: …which became known as the Esaki diode. It also opened new possibilities for solid-state developments that his corecipients of the 1973 prize exploited separately. In 1960 Esaki was awarded an IBM (International Business Machines) fellowship for further research in the United States, and he subsequently joined IBM’s research laboratories in…

tunneling, in physics, passage of minute particles through seemingly impassable force barriers. The phenomenon first drew attention in the case of alpha decay, in which alpha particles (nuclei of helium atoms) escape from certain radioactive atomic nuclei. Because nuclear constituents are held

brick and tile: Firing and cooling: …cool end of a long tunnel kiln and move slowly forward through gradually increasing temperatures to the firing zone, pass through it, and emerge through decreasing heat zones until cooled.

human ear: Organ of Corti: …Corti is the arch, or tunnel, of Corti, formed by two rows of pillar cells, or rods. The pillar cells furnish the major support of this structure. They separate a single row of larger, pear-shaped inner hair cells from three or more rows of smaller, cylindrical outer hair cells. The…

Tunnel of Eupalinos, tunnel drilled on the Aegean island of Sámos in the 6th century bce, one of the major feats of ancient engineering. The tunnel was dug to carry water for the capital city of the tyrant Polycrates from springs on the far side of Mount Kastro. It was built, according to

Bruce Springsteen: On his own: …in the period beginning with Tunnel of Love (1987) and including Human Touch and Lucky Town (released simultaneously in 1992). The songs on those albums are intensely personal reflections on intimate relationships. In general, they have not been as popular.

baking: Ovens: …commercial bakeries use either the tunnel oven, consisting of a metal belt passing through a connected series of baking chambers open only at the ends, or the tray oven, with a rigid baking platform carried on chain belts. Other types include the peel oven, having a fixed hearth of stone…

barrel vault, ceiling or roof consisting of a series of semicylindrical arches. See

tea: Withering: …instead of troughs, and in tunnel withering, leaf is spread on tats carried by mobile trolleys and is subjected to hot-air blasts in a tunnel. Continuous withering machines move the leaf on conveyor belts and subject it to hot air in an enclosed chamber, discharging withered leaf while fresh leaf…

Bernhard Kellermann: …his novel Der Tunnel (1913; The Tunnel, 1915), a sensational technical-utopian work about the construction of a tunnel between Europe and North America.

Bernhard Kellermann: …his novel Der Tunnel (1913; The Tunnel, 1915), a sensational technical-utopian work about the construction of a tunnel between Europe and North America.

tunnels and underground excavations: Soft-ground moles: …their first success in 1954, moles (mining machines) have been rapidly adopted worldwide. Close copies of the Oahe moles were used for similar large-diameter tunnels in clay shale at Gardiner Dam in Canada and at Mangla Dam in Pakistan during the mid-1960s, and subsequent moles have succeeded at many other…

tunneling, in physics, passage of minute particles through seemingly impassable force barriers. The phenomenon first drew attention in the case of alpha decay, in which alpha particles (nuclei of helium atoms) escape from certain radioactive atomic nuclei. Because nuclear constituents are held

tunnels and underground excavations: Soft-ground moles: …their first success in 1954, moles (mining machines) have been rapidly adopted worldwide. Close copies of the Oahe moles were used for similar large-diameter tunnels in clay shale at Gardiner Dam in Canada and at Mangla Dam in Pakistan during the mid-1960s, and subsequent moles have succeeded at many other…

tunneling shield, machine for driving tunnels in soft ground, especially under rivers or in water-bearing strata. The problem of tunneling under a river had defied the engineering imagination for centuries because of the difficulty of preventing mud and water from seeping in and collapsing the

Emlen Tunnell was an American football player who in 1967 became the first African American to be enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. His career stretched from 1948 through 1961, and he was a key member of National Football League (NFL) championship teams in New York and Green Bay. Several

Emlen Tunnell was an American football player who in 1967 became the first African American to be enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. His career stretched from 1948 through 1961, and he was a key member of National Football League (NFL) championship teams in New York and Green Bay. Several

tunnels and underground excavations, horizontal underground passageway produced by excavation or occasionally by nature’s action in dissolving a soluble rock, such as limestone. A vertical opening is usually called a shaft. Tunnels have many uses: for mining ores, for transportation—including road

Gene Tunney was an American boxer who defeated Jack Dempsey in 1926 to become the world heavyweight boxing champion. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Tunney began boxing while working as a clerk for the Ocean Steamship Company in New York City (1915–17). He joined the U.S.

Gene Tunney was an American boxer who defeated Jack Dempsey in 1926 to become the world heavyweight boxing champion. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Tunney began boxing while working as a clerk for the Ocean Steamship Company in New York City (1915–17). He joined the U.S.

Gene Tunney: One of his four children, John V. Tunney, was a U.S. senator (1971–77).

Colossus: …that the British code-named “Tunny.” Tunny was the Schlüsselzusatz (SZ) cipher attachment, manufactured by Berlin engineering company C. Lorenz AG. Tunny sent its messages in binary code—packets of zeroes and ones resembling the binary code used inside present-day computers.