Leon Fleisher: …Nathaniel Kahn about Fleisher’s persistence, Two Hands (2006), was nominated for an Academy Award. In 2007 he was awarded a Kennedy Center Honor for his contributions to music.

James Hong: Career: …Chinatown (1974) and its sequel The Two Jakes (1990). He portrayed a designer of synthetic humanoid eyes in the dystopian science-fiction film Blade Runner (1982). One of his most memorable roles was his turn as the immortal sorcerer David Lo Pan in director John Carpenter’s cult classic action-comedy Big Trouble…

Uys Krige: … (1960), The Sniper (1962), and The Two Lamps (1964) solidified his international reputation as a dramatist.

Ivan Turgenev: Sketches of rural life: …these, the most important are “Two Landowners,” a study of two types of despotic serf-owners, and “Hamlet of Shchigrovsky Province,” which contains one of the most profound and poignant analyses of the problem of the “superfluous man.” Far more significant are the sketches that tell of Turgenev’s encounters with peasants…

Tim McGraw: Two Lanes of Freedom (2013) featured a duet with pop-country superstar Taylor Swift, whose debut single, “Tim McGraw” (2006), had memorably paid tribute to his music. His albums Sundown Heaven Town and Damn Country Music were released in 2014 and 2015, respectively, and in 2017…

Carl Spitteler: …also wrote two masterly stories—Die Mädchenfeinde (1907; Two Little Misogynists, 1922), a childhood idyll derived from his own experience; and Conrad der Leutnant (1898), a dramatically finished Novelle in which he approached the Naturalism he otherwise hated. His novel Imago (1906) so sharply reflected his inner conflict between a…

Liv Ullmann: …Darkly) and Zwei leben (2012; Two Lives). In addition, Ullmann directed the films Sofie (1992); Kristin Lavransdatter (1995); Trolösa (1999; Faithless), for which Bergman wrote the screenplay; and Miss Julie (2014), which she adapted from August Strindberg’s play of the same name.

Eṣfahān school: His painting Two Lovers (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City) is among the most accomplished works of the Eṣfahān school. Although there is an element of stylization, the exquisiteness and delicacy of the hands, faces, and costumes infuse the painting with an impressionistic quality. The curved,…

Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), astronomical survey conducted from 1997 to 2001 of the entire sky at near-infrared wavelengths. Two automated 1.3-metre (4.3-foot) telescopes were used. One was at Mount Hopkins, Arizona; the other was at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. The

Philip Pearlstein: …their faces (with masks in Two Models with Eames Lounge Chair, African Mask, Drum, and Carousel Ostrich [2018]), or drawing attention to certain parts of the nudes’ bodies (as in Two Models, Owl, Cardinal, Eagle Weathervane [2008]).

Claudette Colbert: …and her last major project, The Two Mrs. Grenvilles (1987), for which she won a best supporting actress Golden Globe). In 1989 she was honored with a Kennedy Center award for lifetime achievement.

Budd Boetticher: Late work: …the story for Don Siegel’s Two Mules for Sister Sara (1970), which starred Clint Eastwood. Arruza was finally released in 1972. His last directorial credit was the documentary My Kingdom For… (1985), which focuses on horses. Boetticher also appeared as a judge in the 1988 crime drama Tequila Sunrise.

two natures of Christ, in Christianity, the doctrine stating that Jesus, through the Incarnation, became fully human and fully divine and that these natures cannot be separated. The idea that “Jesus Christ is true God and true man” is also referred to as the hypostatic union and is a central tenet

Galileo: Galileo’s Copernicanism: …scienze attenenti alla meccanica (Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences). Galileo here treated for the first time the bending and breaking of beams and summarized his mathematical and experimental investigations of motion, including the law of falling bodies and the parabolic path of projectiles as a result of the mixing…

Kathy Reichs: Reichs’s other fictional works included Two Nights (2017), about a reclusive former police officer who tries to find a missing teenager. She also wrote (with her son, Brendan Reichs) the young adult series Virals, which chronicles the adventures of Tory Brennan, the grandniece of Temperance Brennan.

The Two Noble Kinsmen, tragicomedy in five acts by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher. The play was probably written and first performed about 1612–14. It was published in quarto in 1634 with a title page identifying Fletcher and Shakespeare as joint authors. It was included in the second folio

Pablo Picasso: The move to Paris and the Rose Period: …form, especially in 1906 (Two Nudes; La Toilette). His Portrait of Gertrude Stein (1906) and a Self-Portrait with Palette (1906) show that development as well as the influence of his discovery of archaic Iberian sculpture.

Olivia Newton-John: Career: …two films, Xanadu (1980) and Two of a Kind (1983), were not well received by critics, though the first produced a platinum soundtrack.

Frances E.W. Harper: …various periodicals; her story “The Two Offers” in the Anglo-African Magazine in September–October 1859 was said to be the first published by an African American author.

Joyce Carol Oates: …& Ugly Girl (2002) and Two or Three Things I Forgot to Tell You (2012).

Jean-Luc Godard: Breathless and filmmaking style and themes: …que je sais d’elle (Two or Three Things I Know About Her), devoted to Paris—marked a nadir of Godard’s generalized despair, which by then was aimed at society as well as at interpersonal relationships. An increasing interest in left-wing thought was implicit in La Chinoise (1967; its title is…

John Ruskin: Cultural criticism of John Ruskin: …Art and Policy” (published in The Two Paths, 1859), a text in which both the radical-conservative temper and the symbolic method of his later cultural criticism are clearly established. Beginning as an art critic, Ruskin contrasts the exquisite sculptured iron grilles of medieval Verona with the mass-produced metal security railings…

Robert Wise: Last films: …space, he directed the melodramatic Two People (1973), with Peter Fonda and Lindsay Wagner; The Hindenburg (1975), chronicling the events around the famous dirigible disaster; the thriller Audrey Rose (1977), with Anthony Hopkins; and the big-budget Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979), the first entry in the franchise of movies…

Carl Theodor Dreyer: …Danish cinema; Tvä människor (1945; Two People); and Ordet (1955; The Word), winner of the Grand Prize at the Venice Film Festival, dramatizes the complex relationship between social good and spiritual good in an ambiguous story of a hardworking, down-to-earth farm family who are burdened by the younger son’s insane…

Nigel Dennis: …of Cards of Identity, as Two Plays and a Preface (1958). His knowledge of journalism sharpened the satire of August for the People (1961), a much-praised play about the power of the press. His nonfiction included a critical biography of Jonathan Swift.

Anthony Hopkins: Later movie and television roles: …XVI in the Netflix film The Two Popes (2019), about the friendship between Benedict and the future Pope Francis. For his performance, Hopkins earned his fifth Oscar nomination. He garnered further acclaim—including his second Academy Award—for his portrayal of a man struggling with dementia in The Father (2020). In 2022…

modulation: In contrary fashion, Beethoven’s Two Preludes Through all Major Keys for piano or organ, op. 39 (1789), have several passages where the key signature changes in nearly every measure.

Italy: Economic and political crisis: the two red years: Throughout the biennio rosso (“two red years”; 1919–20), revolution appeared imminent. While spontaneous land occupations swept through the south, riots and lootings hit shopkeepers in the north and center in the summer of 1919, and prices were cut by half throughout the country. Socialist deputies walked out…

Shirley Jones: … in the John Ford western Two Rode Together (1961) before returning to her roots with a winning performance as Marian, the librarian, in the musical The Music Man (1962).

Otto Dix: …as Pimp and Girls and Two Sacrifices of Capitalism (the sacrifices are a grotesque prostitute and a defaced former soldier). In 1924 he etched a 50-plate series recording the horrors of war.

Jane Bowles: …writing her only published novel, Two Serious Ladies (1943). For a time the couple lived in a boardinghouse with, among others, the writers Richard Wright and Carson McCullers, the composer Benjamin Britten, and the entertainer Gypsy Rose Lee. The couple settled in Tangier, Morocco, in 1952. In December 1953 her…

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, state that united the southern part of the Italian peninsula with the island of Sicily between the mid-15th and the mid-19th centuries. (For a brief history of the state, see Naples, Kingdom of.) United by the Normans in the 11th century, the two areas were divided in

Aleksei Leonov: …2004 he wrote a book, Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race, with American astronaut David Scott.

H.E. Bates: …began writing his first novel, The Two Sisters, at this time, and he was fired when his employer discovered that he was writing it while at his job. Bates continued working on the novel, and, after multiple rejections, it was published in 1926. A collection of short stories, Day’s End,…

Canadian literature: Modern period, 1900–60: In the panoramic Two Solitudes (1945) and The Watch That Ends the Night (1959), framed against the backdrop of the two world wars, Hugh MacLennan attempted to capture moral, social, and religious conflicts that rent individuals, families, and the French and English communities in Quebec. Sheila Watson’s enigmatic…

Henri Bergson: Later years of Henri Bergson: …et de la religion (The Two Sources of Morality and Religion). As in the earlier works, he claimed that the polar opposition of the static and the dynamic provides the basic insight. Thus, in the moral, social, and religious life of men he saw, on the one side, the…

Virginia Woolf: Early fiction: …the press) published their own Two Stories in the summer of 1917. It consisted of Leonard’s Three Jews and Virginia’s The Mark on the Wall, the latter about contemplation itself.

Marxism: Lenin: …Sotsial-Demokraty v demokraticheskoy revolyutsi (1905; Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution. He fiercely attacked the influence of Kantian philosophy on German and Russian Marxism in Materializm i empiriokrititsizm (1908; Materialism and Empirio-criticism (1908). In 1912 at the Prague Conference the Bolsheviks constituted themselves as an independent party.…

Two Thousand Guineas, one of the English Classic horse races (with the Derby, the Saint Leger, the One Thousand Guineas, and the Oaks), first run in 1809. Run at Newmarket, Suffolk, the 1-mile event is open to three-year-old colts (carrying 126 pounds) and fillies (121 pounds). Winners of the Two

Ayi Kwei Armah: In Two Thousand Seasons (1973) Armah borrowed language from the African dirge and praise song to produce a chronicle of the African past, which is portrayed as having a certain romantic perfection before being destroyed by Arab and European despoilers. The Healers (1979), Armah’s fifth novel,…

Věra Čáslavská: …1968 Čáslavská signed the “Two Thousand Words,” a document that called for more rapid progress toward real democracy in Czechoslovakia. After Soviet tanks entered Prague in August of that year, Čáslavská, facing possible arrest for her political stance, fled to the mountain village of Šumperk. She was granted permission…

J.R.R. Tolkien: The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings: …The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. It was divided originally because of its bulk and to reduce the risk to its publisher should it fail to sell. In fact it proved immensely popular. On its publication in paperback in the United States…

John Locke: Oxford: …his first substantial political work, Two Tracts on Government (composed in 1660 but first published three centuries later, in 1967), Locke defended a very conservative position: in the interest of political stability, a government is justified in legislating on any matter of religion that is not directly relevant to the…

African American literature: August Wilson: …family in the 1930s; and Two Trains Running (produced 1990), a look at the Black Power ideals of the 1960s from the perspective of the late 1980s. Fences and The Piano Lesson both won the Pulitzer Prize. Wilson’s later plays, Seven Guitars (produced 1995), Jitney! (produced in 1982 and revived…

Two Treatises of Government, major statement of the political philosophy of the English philosopher John Locke, published in 1689 but substantially composed some years before then. The work may be considered a response to the political situation as it existed in England at the time of the exclusion

Bartolomé Esteban Murillo: …Capuchin church at Cádiz and The Heavenly and Earthly Trinities (c. 1675–82; popularly called the “Holy Family”). The often mystical significance of his subjects is countered by the idealized reality of his figures based on familiar human archetypes, with natural gestures and tender, devout expressions, creating an effect of intimate…

democratization: Definitions of consolidation: One common indicator is two consecutive turnovers of power. Another is when one political group agrees to give up power to the former opposition, because this indicates a willingness by incumbents to settle disputes through the democratic process and to spend periods of time out of office. However, these…

Kamala Markandaya: Literary career: … (1969), The Nowhere Man (1972), Two Virgins (1973), The Golden Honeycomb (1977), and Pleasure City (1982; also published as Shalimar).

O.G. Rejlander: His most famous work, The Two Ways of Life (1857), was based on the background and arrangement of Raphael’s School of Athens (1509–11) and was created by combining more than 30 negatives. Shown in the Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition of 1857, the photograph was purchased by Queen Victoria as…

Sally Field: … (1993), Forrest Gump (1994), and Two Weeks (2006). In Steven Spielberg’s Lincoln (2012), she portrayed Mary Todd Lincoln. She subsequently was cast in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), and Hello, My Name Is Doris (2015). In the sports comedy

Vincente Minnelli: Films of the 1960s and 1970s: Home from the Hill, Bells are Ringing, and On a Clear Day You Can See Forever: Two Weeks in Another Town (1962) came next; it was very loosely based on an Irwin Shaw novel about the travails of a movie crew filming on location in Rome. It starred Douglas as a former actor summoned by his onetime favorite director (Edward G.…

Sandra Bullock: Commercial success: …as an underappreciated lawyer in Two Weeks Notice (2002). She later appeared as the racist wife of a Los Angeles district attorney in the critically acclaimed Crash (2004). Bullock took another serious role when she portrayed the American author Harper Lee in Infamous (2006), a biopic about writer Truman Capote.…

Two Women, novel by Alberto Moravia, published in Italian in 1957 as La ciociara. Based partially on Moravia’s own experiences during World War II, the novel tells the story of Cesira, a strong-willed widow who is forced to flee Rome in 1943 with her 18-year-old daughter Rosetta. The two women

Two Women, Italian film drama, released in 1961, that earned Sophia Loren an Academy Award for best actress—the first Oscar ever given for a performance in a foreign-language movie. Two Women—which was based on the novel by Alberto Moravia—is a tale of survival in war-torn Italy in the early 1940s.

Harry Mulisch: Twee vrouwen (1975; Two Women; filmed 1979) explored love between two women. Perhaps his most popular work is his novel De aanslag (1982; The Assault; filmed 1985), in which one family betrays another during the war. The reason for that betrayal is revealed to the only surviving member…

Bartolomé Esteban Murillo: …aristocracy from the street in Two Women at a Window (c. 1655/1660). Murillo’s late style is exemplified by his unfinished works for the Capuchin church at Cádiz and The Heavenly and Earthly Trinities (c. 1675–82; popularly called the “Holy Family”). The often mystical significance of his subjects is countered by…

Anne Salmond: In Two Worlds: First Meetings Between Maori and Europeans, 1642–1772 (1991), she detailed the first encounters between Polynesians and Europeans. Going against the grain of a common historical narrative, which cast indigenous peoples as the passive subjects of colonialism, Two Worlds depicted the Maori as equally…

Richard Henry Dana: …to the bar, he published Two Years Before the Mast, a personal narrative presenting “the life of a common sailor at sea as it really is” and showing the abuses endured by his fellow sailors. The book was immediately popular, and its realistic descriptions made it an American classic. In…

John Farrow: Films of the 1940s: …pair of period action films: Two Years Before the Mast (1946) cast Ladd as the son of a shipping magnate who is forced to work on one of his father’s vessels, and California (1947) starred Ray Milland as an unlikely wagon master, with Barbara Stanwyck at his side. In Easy…

Salman Rushdie: Post-fatwa writings: Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights (2015) depicts the chaos ensuing from a rent in the fabric separating the world of humans from that of the Arabic mythological figures known as jinn. Reveling in folkloric allusion—the title references The Thousand and One Nights—the novel…

Stanley Middleton: …A Serious Woman (1961) and Two’s Company (1963), both of which explore compelling sexual attraction as the sole basis for a relationship; and Holiday (1974; cowinner of a Booker Prize), which concerns remembered childhood summer vacations and a hiatus taken from a marriage. Middleton’s other novels include The Other Side…

crossbill: The spruce-loving white-winged crossbill (L. leucoptera) occurs throughout the colder regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It wanders widely, but when it finds a good crop of cones, it may nest there, even in midwinter. An isolated variety of the species lives in the pine forests of Hispaniola.…

operations research: Inventory control: The two-bin system (sometimes called the min-max system) involves the use of two bins, either physically or on paper. The first bin is intended for supplying current demand and the second for satisfying demand during the replenishment period. When the stock in the first bin is…

election: Plurality and majority systems: …some analysts have called a “two-bloc” system, in which the main parties of the left and the main parties of the right compete against each other in the first round of an election to be the representative of their respective ideological group and then ally with one another to maximize…

celestial mechanics: The approximate nature of Kepler’s laws: Hence, this “gravitational two-body problem” has an exact solution that reproduces Kepler’s laws. If one or more additional bodies also interact with the original pair through their mutual gravitational interactions, no exact solution for the differential equations of motion of any of the bodies involved can be obtained.…

metalogic: Satisfaction of a theory by a structure: finite and infinite models: …another direction, there are “two-cardinal” problems that arise from the possibilities of changing, from one model to another, not only the cardinality of the domain of the first model but also the cardinality of some chosen property (such as being a prime number). Various answers to these questions have…

electron tube: Klystrons: …explained in terms of a two-cavity klystron amplifier.

nuclear fission: Nuclear models and nuclear fission: A two-centre potential may also be used to represent the nature of the forces at work in a fissioning nucleus. In such a model, the potential energy surfaces are represented by two overlapping spheres or spheroids. It is equivalent to a one-centre potential when there is…

sac spider, (family Clubionidae), any member of a relatively common, widespread family of spiders (order Araneida) that range in body length from 3 to 15 mm (about 0.12 to 0.6 inch) and build silken tubes under stones, in leaves, or in grass. Chiracanthium inclusum, found throughout the United

ship: Damage buoyancy and stability: A two-compartment standard is common for larger passenger-carrying ships—a measure that presumably protects the ship against a collision at the boundary between two compartments. The Titanic, the victim of the most famous sinking in the North Atlantic, was built to the two-compartment standard, but its collision…

human cardiovascular system: Noninvasive techniques: Real-time (cross-sectional or two-dimensional) echocardiography depicts cardiac shape and lateral movement not available in M-mode echocardiography by moving the ultrasonic beam very rapidly, and such recording may be displayed on film or videotape. New techniques allow measurement by ultrasonography of rates of flow and pressures,…

separation and purification: Field separations: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is one of the most powerful resolving methods now available.

chromatography: Development chromatography: This is termed two-dimensional planar chromatography.

partridgeberry, (Mitchella repens), North American plant of the madder family (Rubiaceae), growing in dry woods from southwestern Newfoundland westward to Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas. Partridgeberry is a good wild-garden plant for shady places and is popular in winter terrariums

Greta Garbo: …would bomb, the comic misfire Two-Faced Woman (1941). Contrary to popular perception, Garbo did not leave Hollywood in disgust after this film. She was nearly lured back to the screen twice—once to portray George Sand, the other time to star in Alfred Hitchcock’s The Paradine Case (1947)—but instead chose permanent…

two-factor theory, theory of worker motivation, formulated by Frederick Herzberg, which holds that employee job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are influenced by separate factors. For example, bad working conditions are likely to be a source of dissatisfaction, but excellent working conditions

two-field system, basis of agricultural organization in Europe and the Middle East in early times. Arable land was divided into two fields or groups of fields; one group was planted to wheat, barley, or rye, while the other was allowed to lie fallow until the next planting season to recover its

powerlifting: The two-handed dead lift, in which the lifter raises the weight from the floor to hip level in one movement, displays overall back and gripping power. Lifters are allowed three attempts in each lift at weights of their own choosing, and the highest poundage in each…

construction: Steel long-span construction: Two-hinge (made of a single member hinged at each end) and three-hinge (made of two members hinged at each end and at the meeting point at the crown) trussed arches were widely used, the largest examples being two great airship hangars for the U.S. Navy…

two-horned sculpin, any fish of the family Icelidae (order Scorpaeniformes). See

Sumatran rhinoceros, (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), one of three Asian species of rhinoceroses and the smallest living rhinoceros. Both females and males typically weigh less than 850 kg (1,870 pounds); they are 2.5 metres (8 feet) long and 1.5 metres (5 feet) high at the shoulder. Sumatran

two-horned sculpin, any fish of the family Icelidae (order Scorpaeniformes). See

public-key cryptography, asymmetric form of cryptography in which the transmitter of a message and its recipient use different keys (codes), thereby eliminating the need for the sender to transmit the code and risk its interception. It is commonly used in cryptocurrency transactions. In 1976, in

lizard: Annotated classification: Amphisbaenia Family Bipedidae (two-legged worm lizards) Worm lizards with front limbs that are molelike. 1 genus, Bipes, is known and contains 3 species. Restricted to western Mexico and Baja California. Family Amphisbaenidae (worm lizards) Limbless, wormlike lizards that are found through much of the tropical world but are…

froghopper: The two-lined spittlebug (Prosapia bicincta) is one of the most common species in eastern North America. Adults are dark brown with two red-orange stripes and feed on grasses, weeds, and holly. Nymphs are yellow and are often found on grasses in late spring.

two-theatre war, a defense-planning model used to estimate the size and composition of U.S. forces necessary for optimal military readiness at any given time. The two-theatre war model held that the United States should be capable of simultaneously fighting two major conflicts in different parts of

two-theatre war, a defense-planning model used to estimate the size and composition of U.S. forces necessary for optimal military readiness at any given time. The two-theatre war model held that the United States should be capable of simultaneously fighting two major conflicts in different parts of

ship: Types of sails: …ship in the Mediterranean was two-masted, with the foremast larger and hung with a sail new to ordinary navigation at sea. This was the lateen sail, earlier known to the Egyptians and sailors of the eastern Mediterranean. The lateen sail (as shown in the figure) is triangular in shape and…

subatomic particle: The nuclear binding force: The two-meson theory proposed that Yukawa’s nuclear meson decays into the penetrating meson observed in the cosmic rays.

checkers: In the two-move restriction, the first move of each side is chosen by lot from 47 playable combinations. The three-move, or American, restriction is an extension of the two-move to black’s second move, with about 300 prescribed openings. Eleven-man ballot is a less popular method, in which…

nuclear family, in sociology and anthropology, a group of people who are united by ties of partnership and parenthood and consisting of a pair of adults and their socially recognized children. Typically, but not always, the adults in a nuclear family are married. Although such couples are most

binary form, in music, the structural pattern of many songs and instrumental pieces, primarily from the 17th to the 19th century, characterized by two complementary, related sections of more or less equal duration that may be represented schematically as ab. In 18th-century compositions, including

Richard Howard: …other volumes of poetry included Two-Part Inventions (1974), Misgivings (1979), Lining Up (1984), No Traveller (1989), Selected Poems (1991), Without Saying (2008), and A Progressive Education (2014).

two-party system, political system in which the electorate gives its votes largely to only two major parties and in which one or the other party can win a majority in the legislature. The United States is the classic example of a nation with a two-party system. The contrasts between two-party and

spectroscopy: Basic energy considerations: With certain pulsed lasers, the two-photon RIS process can be saturated so that one electron is removed from each atom of the selected type. Furthermore, ionization detectors can be used to sense a single electron or positive ion. Therefore, individual atoms can be counted. By taking advantage of tunable laser…

spectroscopy: Techniques for obtaining Doppler-free spectra: An important example is two-photon spectroscopy, another form of spectroscopy that was made possible by the high intensities available with lasers. All these techniques rely on the relative Doppler shift of counterpropagating beams to identify the correct resonance frequency and have been used to measure spectra with extremely high…

formal logic: The predicate calculus: …“John”) and a dyadic or two-place predicate (“is a son of”), of which they are the arguments; and the proposition is thus of the form ϕxy. Analogously, “… is between … and …” is a three-place predicate, requiring three arguments, and so on. In general, a predicate variable followed by…

20th-century international relations: From skepticism to reality: These “two plus four” talks were expected to be a slow, deliberative process.

arbitrage: …or more exchange centres (two-point arbitrage or multiple-point arbitrage). For example, assume that Country A’s sovereign is exchanging at two to the dollar in New York City, while Country B’s franc is valued at five to the dollar. Logically, Country A’s sovereign should exchange at two sovereigns to five…

strategy: Medieval strategy: …both types of strategy—overthrow and exhaustion. The Crusader states of the Middle East were gradually exhausted and overwhelmed by constant raiding warfare and the weight of numbers. On the other hand, one or two decisive battles, most notably the ruinous disaster at the Battle of Ḥaṭṭīn (1187), doomed the Crusader…