Buddhism: Contemporary revival: …through the activities of the Theosophical Society, one of whose leaders was the American Henry Olcott. The Sinhalese reformer Anagarika Dharmapala also exerted some influence, particularly through his work as one of the founders of the Mahabodhi Society, which focused its initial efforts on restoring Buddhist control of the pilgrimage…

theosophy, occult movement originating in the 19th century with roots that can be traced to ancient Gnosticism and Neoplatonism. The term theosophy, derived from the Greek theos (“god”) and sophia (“wisdom”), is generally understood to mean “divine wisdom.” Forms of this doctrine were held in

Detmold, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), northwestern Germany. It lies on the eastern slope of the Teutoburg Forest (Teutoburger Wald), on the Werre River. The capital, from the 12th century, of the former principality and Land of Lippe, Detmold was chartered about 1350. About 3 miles (5

Yórgos Theotokás was a Greek novelist known for his clarity of expression and civilized writing. Theotokás studied in Athens, Paris, and London, and his first literary venture was an essay, “Free Spirit” (1929). He published three novels before World War II, Argo (1936), a panorama of life in

Yórgos Theotokás was a Greek novelist known for his clarity of expression and civilized writing. Theotokás studied in Athens, Paris, and London, and his first literary venture was an essay, “Free Spirit” (1929). He published three novels before World War II, Argo (1936), a panorama of life in

troparion: …the middle of the church; theotokion, from Theotokos (Mother of God), is a type of hymn relating to the Virgin Mary; and staurotheotokion relates to the Virgin standing at the foot of the cross. There are also troparia for specific feasts and others that recur several times during the church…

Konstantínos Theotókis was a Greek novelist of the realist school, whose clear and pure Demotic Greek was flavoured by Corfiote idioms. Born into an aristocratic family of Corfu, Theotókis was given a sound education. At first much under the influence of Friedrich Nietzsche, he later, in Germany,

El Greco was a master of Spanish painting, whose highly individual dramatic and expressionistic style met with the puzzlement of his contemporaries but gained newfound appreciation in the 20th century. He also worked as a sculptor and as an architect. El Greco never forgot that he was of Greek

Theotokos, (Greek: “God-Bearer”), in Eastern Orthodoxy, the designation of the Virgin Mary as mother of God. The term has had great historical importance because the Nestorians, who stressed the independence of the divine and human natures in Christ, opposed its use, on the ground that it

Thera, island, southernmost island of the Cyclades (Modern Greek: Kykládes) group, southeastern Greece, in the Aegean Sea, sometimes included in the Southern Sporades group. It constitutes a dímos (municipality) within the South Aegean (Nótio Aigaío) periféreia (region). Geologically, Thera is the

eruption of Thera, devastating Bronze Age eruption of a long-dormant volcano on the Aegean island of Thera, about 70 miles (110 km) north of Crete. Earthquakes, perhaps contemporaneous with the eruption, shattered Knossos and damaged other settlements in northern Crete. The Thera eruption is

Ananda: …ascribed to him in the Theragatha. According to tradition, he lived to the age of 120.

Theragāthā/Therīgāthā, Buddhist lyrics, included in the Suttanipāta (one of the earliest books of the Pāli canon, appearing in the late Khuddaka Nikaya [“Short Collection”] of the Sutta Pitaka). In the works 264 monks speak of their inner experiences and of nature, and some 100 nuns tell of their

theralite, any member of a group of intrusive igneous rocks that contain labradorite (basic plagioclase feldspar), nepheline, and titaniferous augite. Theralites are classified in the nepheline-tephrite group in this series (see also nephelinite). Olivine, biotite, orthoclase feldspar, and an

Theramenes was an Athenian politician and general, active in the last years of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 bc) and controversial in his own lifetime and since. His father, Hagnon, a contemporary of Pericles, served repeatedly as one of the 10 annual generals of Athens. In 411 Theramenes emerged

Theranos, Inc., medical diagnostic company founded in 2003 by Stanford University dropout and entrepreneur Elizabeth Holmes that was later revealed to have falsified its data and inflated its claims. Holmes was charged with 11 counts of fraud, and the company shut down in 2018. Holmes founded

Therapeutae, Jewish sect of ascetics closely resembling the Essenes, believed to have settled on the shores of Lake Mareotis in the vicinity of Alexandria, Egypt, during the 1st century ad. The only original account of this community is given in De vita contemplativa (On the Contemplative Life),

Therapeutae, Jewish sect of ascetics closely resembling the Essenes, believed to have settled on the shores of Lake Mareotis in the vicinity of Alexandria, Egypt, during the 1st century ad. The only original account of this community is given in De vita contemplativa (On the Contemplative Life),

Therapeutae, Jewish sect of ascetics closely resembling the Essenes, believed to have settled on the shores of Lake Mareotis in the vicinity of Alexandria, Egypt, during the 1st century ad. The only original account of this community is given in De vita contemplativa (On the Contemplative Life),

pregnancy: Abortion: A therapeutic abortion is the interruption of a pregnancy before the 20th week of gestation because it endangers the mother’s life or health or because the baby presumably would not be normal. An elective abortion is the interruption of a pregnancy before the 20th week of…

cloning: Therapeutic cloning: Therapeutic cloning is intended to use cloned embryos for the purpose of extracting stem cells from them, without ever implanting the embryos in a womb. Therapeutic cloning enables the cultivation of stem cells that are genetically identical to a patient. The stem cells…

history of medicine: India: Dietetic treatment was important and preceded any medicinal treatment. Fats were much used, internally and externally. The most important methods of active treatment were referred to as the “five procedures”: the administration of emetics, purgatives, water enemas, oil enemas, and sneezing powders. Inhalations were frequently…

therapeutic index, margin of safety that exists between the dose of a drug that produces the desired effect and the dose that produces unwanted and possibly dangerous side effects. This relationship is defined as the ratio LD50:ED50, where LD50 is the dose at which a drug kills 50 percent of a test

mask: Therapeutic uses: …to prevent and to cure disease. In some cultures, the masked members of secret societies could drive disease demons from entire villages. Among the best known of these groups was the False Face Society of the Iroquois people. These professional healers performed violent pantomimes to exorcise the dreaded gahadogoka gogosa…

radiation therapy, the use of ionizing radiation (high-energy radiation that displaces electrons from atoms and molecules) to destroy cancer cells. Radiation has been present throughout the evolution of life on Earth. However, with the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by German physicist Wilhelm Conrad

recreation therapy, use of recreation by qualified professionals (recreation therapists) to promote independent functioning and to enhance the health and well-being of people with illnesses and disabling conditions. Recreation therapy often occurs in hospitals and other treatment facilities and is

therapeutics, treatment and care of a patient for the purpose of both preventing and combating disease or alleviating pain or injury. The term comes from the Greek therapeutikos, which means “inclined to serve.” In a broad sense, therapeutics means serving and caring for the patient in a

tarantula: Major genera and species: …and belong to the genus Theraphosa. The goliath birdeater (T. blondi) has a body length up to 7.5 cm (almost 3 inches) and in rare instances has been known to capture and eat small avian prey. Both the pinkfoot goliath (T. apophysis) and the goliath birdeater spider can attain leg…

tarantula: Major genera and species: Both the pinkfoot goliath (T. apophysis) and the goliath birdeater spider can attain leg spans of about 30 cm (12 inches). The pinkfoot is distinguished by its pale pink feet, which fade when the spider molts.

goliath birdeater, (Theraphosa blondi), South American tarantula that is widely considered to be the largest known arachnid by mass. The goliath birdeater is found in the Amazonian rainforests of northern South America, its range stretching from Venezuela to northern Brazil. Despite its common

goliath birdeater, (Theraphosa blondi), South American tarantula that is widely considered to be the largest known arachnid by mass. The goliath birdeater is found in the Amazonian rainforests of northern South America, its range stretching from Venezuela to northern Brazil. Despite its common

tarantula, (family Theraphosidae), any of more than 1,000 species and some 160 genera of hairy and generally large spiders, especially those found in the southwestern United States, Mexico, and tropical America. While the behavior of tarantulas can vary, many make burrows in soil and feed mainly at

tigerfish: The three-striped tigerfish (Therapon jarbua) is a common, vertically striped species about 30 cm (12 inches) long. It has sharp spines on its gill covers, which can wound a careless handler.

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Terapontidae (grunters, tigerfishes, or tigerperches) Typical percoids of small bass type; colours dull or silvery or with horizontal dark stripes; dorsal fin notched, spinous part longer than soft part; some species make grunting sounds. About 45 species, Indian and western Pacific oceans and in fresh…

therapsid, any member of the Therapsida, a major clade of tetrapods that lived during Permian and Triassic time (from 298.9 million to 201.4 million years ago). Therapsids were the stock that gave rise to mammals. As early as the preceding Carboniferous Period (from 358.9 million to 298.9 million

therapsid, any member of the Therapsida, a major clade of tetrapods that lived during Permian and Triassic time (from 298.9 million to 201.4 million years ago). Therapsids were the stock that gave rise to mammals. As early as the preceding Carboniferous Period (from 358.9 million to 298.9 million

therapeutics, treatment and care of a patient for the purpose of both preventing and combating disease or alleviating pain or injury. The term comes from the Greek therapeutikos, which means “inclined to serve.” In a broad sense, therapeutics means serving and caring for the patient in a

rehabilitation robot: …of rehabilitation robot is a therapy robot, which is sometimes called a rehabilitator. Research in neuroscience has shown that the brain and spinal cord retain a remarkable ability to adapt, even after injury, through the use of practiced movements. Therapy robots are machines or tools for rehabilitation therapists that allow…

Theravada, major form of Buddhism prevalent in Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos. Theravada, like all other Buddhist schools, claims to adhere most closely to the original doctrines and practices taught by the Buddha. Theravadins accept as authoritative the Pali

South Asian arts: Folk dance: The Therayattam festival in Kerala is held to propitiate the gods and demons recognized by the pantheon of the Malayalis. The dancers, arrayed in awe-inspiring costumes and frightening masks, enact colourful rituals before the village shrine. A devotee makes an offering of a cock. The dancer…

Norman Z. McLeod: Middle years: There Goes My Heart (1938) was just as bold about recycling Frank Capra’s It Happened One Night (1934); Virginia Bruce starred as a runaway heiress, and Fredric March was the reporter who falls in love with her. Topper Takes a Trip (1939) was the sequel…

Antony Flew: The 2007 book There Is a God: How the World’s Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind, cowritten by Flew and the Christian author Roy Abraham Varghese, further incensed atheist critics, particularly when it was revealed that Varghese and a ghostwriter did most of the writing.

novel: Proletarian: …the Top), Keith Waterhouse (There Is a Happy Land), Kingsley Amis (Lucky Jim), and Stan Barstow (A Kind of Loving), provided a solution to working-class frustration in a fluid system of class promotion: revolution is an inadmissible dream. Generally speaking, in the novel, which is preoccupied with individuals rather…

Leon Forrest: …excerpts from his first novel, There Iis a Tree More Ancient than Eden, which was issued in book form in 1973, the year he began teaching English and African-American studies at Northwestern University.

Jessie Redmon Fauset: Fauset’s other novels include There Is Confusion (1924), Plum Bun (1928), and The Chinaberry Tree (1931).

Dave Grohl: Foo Fighters: The group’s next album, There Is Nothing Left to Lose (1999), was even more successful, winning the Grammy Award for best rock album in 2000. Foo Fighters won a second Grammy that year for the music video for “Learning to Fly,” the top single from There Is Nothing Left…

Robert E. Sherwood: …Lincoln in Illinois (1939) and There Shall Be No Night (1941), in which his pacifist heroes decide to fight, Sherwood’s thesis is that only by losing his life for others can a man make his own life significant. In 1938 Sherwood formed, with Maxwell Anderson, Sidney Howard, Elmer Rice, and…

Chinua Achebe: …Child (2009), and the autobiographical There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra (2012). In 2007 he won the Man Booker International Prize.

Joseph L. Mankiewicz: Later films: There Was a Crooked Man… (1970) was a western in which Kirk Douglas played a robber who is caught and sent to prison, where his efforts to escape are thwarted by a reform-minded warden (Henry Fonda). Also in 1970 Mankiewicz codirected (with Sidney Lumet) the…

There Will Be Blood, American period drama film released in 2007 that was written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson and is loosely based on the first 150 pages of Upton Sinclair’s 1927 novel Oil! The film stars Daniel Day-Lewis as silver prospector-turned-oilman Daniel Plainview, who

Mary Gordon: …Love of My Youth (2011), There Your Heart Lies (2017), and Payback (2020). The Rest of Life (1993) and The Liar’s Wife (2014) are collections of novellas. Among Gordon’s works of nonfiction are Spiritual Quests: The Art and Craft of Religious Writing (1988) and Good Boys and Dead Girls and…

Goldie Hawn: …similar parts in the comedy There’s a Girl in My Soup (1970, opposite Peter Sellers) and the caper movie $ (1971, opposite Warren Beatty), and she costarred with Edward Albert in the 1972 film adaptation of the play Butterflies Are Free.

Sly and the Family Stone: …and rhythm-and-blues charts) and album There’s a Riot Goin’ On in 1971, which surprised critics with its brooding, introspective tone.

Yo La Tengo: The contemplative There’s a Riot Going On (2018) was the band’s first digitally recorded and self-produced album. We Have Amnesia Sometimes (2020) featured extended instrumental improvisation of ambient music recorded on a single microphone.

Alexander Hall: The Columbia years: His first film there was There’s Always a Woman (1938), which was inspired by the popular Thin Man series. The comedy featured Melvyn Douglas and Joan Blondell as a husband-and-wife crime-fighting team who spar in the best William Powell–Myrna Loy tradition. I Am the Law (1938) cast Edward G. Robinson…

Douglas Sirk: From All That Heaven Allows to Imitation of Life: …the Wind (1956), which followed There’s Always Tomorrow (1955). A sweeping melodrama with a stellar cast (Hudson, Robert Stack, Lauren Bacall, and Dorothy Malone), Written on the Wind is arguably Sirk’s masterpiece. Malone won a best supporting actress Academy Award for her performance as a sexually uninhibited woman who hates…

Ethel Merman: …Dolly! Her later movies include There’s No Business Like Show Business (1954) and It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963). The apparently ageless first lady of the American musical comedy stage, Merman was noted for her unflagging humour only slightly less than for her brassy and powerful vocal style.…

the Crystals: …while rehearsing the single “There’s No Other (Like My Baby),” that the group met producer Phil Spector. In the recording studio, Spector gave the song a rhythm-and-blues feel and added the layered instrumentation that would later characterize his “wall of sound” production style. Released on Spector’s Philles label in…

Stanley Fish: Fish’s subsequent works included There’s No Such Thing As Free Speech, and It’s a Good Thing, Too (1994), Professional Correctness: Literary Studies and Political Change (1995), The Trouble with Principle (1999), and How Milton Works (2001). How to Write a Sentence: And How to Read One and Winning Arguments:…

Cameron Diaz: Stardom: The Mask and There’s Something About Mary: …cemented with the blockbuster comedy There’s Something About Mary (1998). The film, noted for its vulgar humor, features two men (played by Matt Dillon and Ben Stiller) who vie for the affection of Diaz’s character, Mary.

theremin, electronic musical instrument invented in 1920 in the Soviet Union by Leon Theremin (also called Lev Termen). It consists of a box with radio tubes producing oscillations at two sound-wave frequencies above the range of hearing; together, they produce a lower audible frequency equal to

theremin, electronic musical instrument invented in 1920 in the Soviet Union by Leon Theremin (also called Lev Termen). It consists of a box with radio tubes producing oscillations at two sound-wave frequencies above the range of hearing; together, they produce a lower audible frequency equal to

theremin, electronic musical instrument invented in 1920 in the Soviet Union by Leon Theremin (also called Lev Termen). It consists of a box with radio tubes producing oscillations at two sound-wave frequencies above the range of hearing; together, they produce a lower audible frequency equal to

Maria Theresa was the archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740–80), wife and empress of the Holy Roman emperor Francis I (reigned 1745–65), and mother of the Holy Roman emperor Joseph II (reigned 1765–90). Upon her accession, the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48)

French literature: Politics subordinate to other concerns: Mauriac, Bernanos, and others: Thérèse Desqueyroux) and Noeud de vipères (1932; The Knot of Vipers), blind to the romance and thrill of the modern, deployed the traditional form of the French psychological novel to evoke the banal desolation of characters deprived of God’s grace and stranded in a desert…

St. Thérèse of Lisieux ; canonized May 17, 1925; feast day October 1) was a Carmelite nun whose service to her Roman Catholic order, although outwardly unremarkable, was later recognized for its exemplary spiritual accomplishments. She was named a doctor of the church by Pope John Paul II in 1997.

Thérèse Raquin, novel by Émile Zola, first published serially as Un Mariage d’amour in 1867 and published in book form with the present title in the same year. Believing that an author must simply establish his characters in their particular environment and then observe and record their actions as

Theresienstadt, town in northern Bohemia (now in the Czech Republic), founded in 1780 and used from 1941 to 1945 by Nazi Germany as a walled ghetto, or concentration camp, and as a transit camp for western Jews en route to Auschwitz and other extermination camps. Reinhard Heydrich, the head of the

stiletto fly, (family Therevidae), any of about 1,600 species of insects in the fly order, Diptera. Adults are hairy or bristly, with slender bodies. They are usually found in open areas, such as pastures. The larvae occur in soil and decaying matter, and both adults and larvae are predatory. The

Teresina, city, capital of Piauí estado (state), northeastern Brazil. The city lies along the Parnaíba River (there bridged to Timon in Maranhão state), 220 miles (354 km) upstream from the Atlantic port of Parnaíba. Founded in 1852 as the new capital of Piauí, it was originally named Therezina for

Teresópolis, city, central Rio de Janeiro estado (state), southwestern Brazil. It lies in the Órgãos Mountains at 2,959 feet (902 metres) above sea level, about 35 miles (56 km) north-northeast of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Named for the Brazilian empress Teresa Cristina in 1890 and originally

mammal: Classification: Subclass Theria (live-bearing mammals) Metatheria (marsupials) More than 330 species in 7 orders. Order Diprotodontia (kangaroos, koalas, wombats, possums, and kin)

rock art: Rock art in Asia: The latter depicts several therianthropes, composite human-animal figures, that appear to be pursuing wild pigs and some kind of dwarf bovid. The site also contains hand stencils, which the artist made by pressing a clean hand against a rock surface and blowing pigment around it through a pipe.

classification of religions: Morphological: …stage of nature religions is therianthropic polytheism, in which the deities are normally of mixed animal and human composition. The highest stage of nature religion is anthropomorphic polytheism, in which the deities appear in human form but have superhuman powers. These religions have some ethical elements, but their mythology portrays…

Yves Thériault was one of the most prolific writers in Canada, with some 1,300 radio and television scripts and some 50 books to his credit. He was hailed as a literary genius after the publication of Agaguk (1958), a poignant tale about an Inuit (Eskimo) family faced with the white man’s code of

comb-footed spider, (family Theridiidae), any of more than 2,500 species and around 130 genera of spiders distributed around the world. The webs of comb-footed spiders consist of an irregular network of threads from which the spider often hangs. The common name of the group is derived from a row of

ray spider, any spider of the family Theridiosomatidae (order Araneida), known for their conelike webs. Most ray spiders are less than 3 mm (0.125 inch) in body length and are usually found near streams or in damp areas. The strands of the ray spider’s web extend outward in raylike groups of three

myth: The alter ego, or life index: …of the latter relationship is nagualism, a phenomenon found among the aboriginals of Guatemala and Honduras in Central America. Nagualism is the belief that there exists a nagual—an object or, more often, an animal—that stands in a parallel relationship to a person. If the nagual suffers harm or death, the…

mask: General characteristics: …those with animal characteristics as theriomorphic. In some instances the mask form is a replication of natural features or is quite realistic, and in other instances it is an abstraction. Masks usually represent supernatural beings, ancestors, and fanciful or imagined figures, and they can also be portraits. The localization of…

religious symbolism and iconography: Theriomorphic, or zoomorphic, motifs: …representation of the divine (theriomorphism, or zoomorphism) is characteristic of polytheism. It has been maintained in Hinduism, to some extent in Buddhism, and occasionally in Christianity. Besides the theriomorphic (animal-form) representations of the holy (e.g., the ancient Egyptian gods and animals that are symbols of the divine or the…

therizinosaur, group of theropod dinosaurs that lived during the Late Cretaceous (roughly 100 million to 66 million years ago) in Asia and North America and were characterized by their relatively small skulls, leaf-shaped teeth, and extended fingers with extremely long and robust claws.

British thermal unit: …use a larger unit, the therm, defined as 100,000 BTU, as a measure of gas consumption.

Diocletian window, semicircular window or opening divided into three compartments by two vertical mullions. Diocletian windows were named for those windows found in the Thermae, or Baths, of Diocletian (now the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli) in Rome. The variant name, thermal window, also

thermae, complex of rooms designed for public bathing, relaxation, and social activity that was developed to a high degree of sophistication by the ancient Romans. Although public baths are known to have existed in early Egyptian palaces, remains are too fragmentary to permit complete analysis of

Baths of Caracalla, public baths in ancient Rome begun by the emperor Septimius Severus in ad 206 and completed by his son the emperor Caracalla in 216. Among Rome’s most beautiful and luxurious baths, designed to accommodate about 1,600 bathers, the Baths of Caracalla continued in use until the

Termini Imerese, town, northern Sicily, Italy, on the Golfo (gulf) di Termini Imerese (an inlet of the Tyrrhenian Sea), southeast of Palermo city. It was possibly a Phoenician seaport or trading station, and its well-known thermal saline springs were praised by the 6th–5th-century bce Greek poet

Gulf of Thérmai, large gulf of the Aegean Sea in northeastern Greece between Thessaly (Modern Greek: Thessalía), Macedonia (Makedonía), and the Chalcidice (Chalkidikí) peninsula. It is up to 60 miles (100 km) long northwest-southeast and about 40 miles (65 km) wide at its broadest point, at the

Gulf of Thérmai, large gulf of the Aegean Sea in northeastern Greece between Thessaly (Modern Greek: Thessalía), Macedonia (Makedonía), and the Chalcidice (Chalkidikí) peninsula. It is up to 60 miles (100 km) long northwest-southeast and about 40 miles (65 km) wide at its broadest point, at the

Gulf of Thérmai, large gulf of the Aegean Sea in northeastern Greece between Thessaly (Modern Greek: Thessalía), Macedonia (Makedonía), and the Chalcidice (Chalkidikí) peninsula. It is up to 60 miles (100 km) long northwest-southeast and about 40 miles (65 km) wide at its broadest point, at the

thermal, current of air rising from a locally hot patch of ground. See updraft and

chemical analysis: Thermal analysis: During thermal analysis heat is added to an analyte while some property of the analyte is measured. Often the temperature of the sample is monitored during the addition of heat. The manner in which the temperature changes is compared to the way in…

ammeter: In the thermal (or hot-wire) ammeter, used primarily to measure AC with accuracies of 0.5 to 3 percent, the measured current heats a piece of wire, and the current is indicated by how much the wire expands. Digital ammeters, with no moving parts, use a circuit such…

chemical analysis: Thermal analysis: During thermal analysis heat is added to an analyte while some property of the analyte is measured. Often the temperature of the sample is monitored during the addition of heat. The manner in which the temperature changes is compared to the way in…

atmosphere: Distribution of heat from the Sun: The primary driving force for the horizontal structure of Earth’s atmosphere is the amount and distribution of solar radiation that comes in contact with the planet. Earth’s orbit around the Sun is an ellipse, with a perihelion (closest approach)…

breeder reactor: Thermal breeder reactors: Another type of breeder, the thermal breeder reactor, employs thorium-232 as its basic fuel, or fertile material. It converts this isotope into fissionable uranium-233, which is capable of creating a chain reaction. In the thermal breeder, whose technology is much simpler than…

heat capacity, ratio of heat absorbed by a material to the temperature change. It is usually expressed as calories per degree in terms of the actual amount of material being considered, most commonly a mole (the molecular weight in grams). The heat capacity in calories per gram is called specific

thermal conduction, transfer of energy (heat) arising from temperature differences between adjacent parts of a body. Thermal conductivity is attributed to the exchange of energy between adjacent molecules and electrons in the conducting medium. The rate of heat flow in a rod of material is

thermal conductivity, the ability of a substance to conduct heat or move heat from one location to another without the movement of the material conducting the heat. Thermal conductivity is measured in watts per meter kelvin (W/mK). For example, solid aluminum has a thermal conductivity of 237 W/mK

mountain: Tectonic processes that destroy elevated terrains: Similarly, the cooling and associated thermal contraction of the outer part of the Earth leads to a reduction of the average height of a mountain belt.

cracking: The first thermal cracking process for breaking up large nonvolatile hydrocarbons into gasoline came into use in 1913; it was invented by William Merriam Burton, a chemist who worked for the Standard Oil Company (Indiana), which later became the Amoco Corporation. Various improvements to thermal cracking were…