Thomas J. Watson, Sr.: …his life, and launched the Thomas J. Watson Fellowship, which offered college graduates a one-year grant for independent study and travel outside the United States.

Thomas J. Watson, Jr.: …the fellowship program of the Thomas J. Watson Foundation, which his mother had established in 1961 in honour of her late husband. The Watson Fellowship program awarded college graduates a one-year grant for independent study and travel outside the United States.

Library of Congress: The Thomas Jefferson Building (originally called the Congressional Library, or Main Building) houses the Main Reading Room. Designed in Italian Renaissance style, it was completed in 1897 and magnificently restored 100 years later. The John Adams Building, completed in 1939, received its current name in 1980…

Roosevelt University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning located in downtown Chicago, Illinois, U.S. The university, originally named Thomas Jefferson College but soon after renamed in honour of Franklin D. and Eleanor Roosevelt, was founded in 1945 to offer a diverse curriculum

Jefferson Memorial, monument to Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, situated in East Potomac Park on the south bank of the Tidal Basin in Washington, D.C. Authorized in 1934 as part of a beautification program for the nation’s capital, it was opposed by many modernist

Thomas Jefferson University, private, state-aided, coeducational institution of higher education in Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. It has one of the largest independent medical schools in the United States. The university comprises Jefferson Medical College, the College of Health Professions, the College

Christopher Hitchens: …include Why Orwell Matters (2002), Thomas Jefferson: Author of America (2005), and Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man: A Biography (2006). With God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything (2007) Hitchens issued a rallying cry to the atheist movement; he dubbed the quartet formed by him and fellow atheists Sam…

As an ideal, the Olympic Games are supposed to transcend politics, to allow athletes a chance to meet in the spirit of friendly competition. In practice, however, the Olympic Games have often reflected, and even fueled, political divisions of many kinds. A case in point is the career of Thomas

Jean Cocteau: Heritage and youth: …his novel Thomas l’imposteur (1923; Thomas the Imposter or The Imposter). He became a friend of the aviator Roland Garros and dedicated to him the early poems inspired by aviation, Le Cap de Bonne-Espérance (1919; The Cape of Good Hope). At intervals during the years 1916 and 1917, Cocteau entered…

Thomas Robert Malthus (1766–1834) demonstrated perfectly the propensity of each generation to overthrow the fondest schemes of the last when he published An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), in which he painted the gloomiest picture imaginable of the human prospect. He argued that

Henriëtte Goverdina Anna Roland Holst-van der Schalk: In her drama Thomas More (published 1912), dedicated to the German Marxist leader Karl Kautsky, she depicted the last days of the great Humanist, whom she regarded as having anticipated her own ideals for mankind.

Thomas Of Bayeux was the archbishop of York from 1070, who opposed the primacy of the archbishopric of Canterbury over that of York. Consecrated by Archbishop Lanfranc of Canterbury, Thomas professed obedience to Lanfranc personally rather than to the see of Canterbury. He attempted to administer

Gottfried von Strassburg: …on the Anglo-Norman version of Thomas of Brittany (1160–70).

Thomas of Lancaster was a grandson of King Henry III of England and the main figure in the baronial opposition to King Edward II. His opposition to royal power derived more from personal ambition than from a desire for reform. The son of Edmund Crouchback, 1st earl of Lancaster, he became involved

St. Thomas Becket ; canonized 1173; feast day December 29) was the chancellor of England (1155–62) and archbishop of Canterbury (1162–70) during the reign of King Henry II. His career was marked by a long quarrel with Henry that ended with Becket’s murder in Canterbury Cathedral. He is venerated as

Germany: The Hussite controversy: …such as Conrad of Waldhauser, Thomas of Štítný, John Milíč of Kroměříž (Kremsier), and Matthew of Janov. The teachings of Conrad and Milíč had a strongly puritanical tinge; in opposition to the wealthy sacramental church with its external means of grace, they held up the ideal of the primitive church…

Christopher Hitchens: …Author of America (2005), and Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man: A Biography (2006). With God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything (2007) Hitchens issued a rallying cry to the atheist movement; he dubbed the quartet formed by him and fellow atheists Sam Harris, Richard Dawkins, and Daniel C. Dennett…

Bessemer process: …what is now called the Thomas-Gilchrist converter, which was lined with a basic material such as burned limestone rather than an (acid) siliceous material, overcame this problem. Another drawback to Bessemer steel, its retention of a small percentage of nitrogen from the air blow, was not corrected until the 1950s.…

forgery: Instances of literary forgery: …the “Thomas Rowley” poems of Thomas Chatterton (1752–70), which the youthful author attempted to pass off as the work of a medieval cleric. These poems, which caused a scholarly feud for many years, were influential in the Gothic revival. Chatterton, however, enjoys a place in English letters as a creative…

Percy Gilchrist: …of low-phosphorus steel known as Thomas steel. In the Thomas-Gilchrist process the lining used in the converter is basic rather than acidic, and it captures the acidic phosphorus oxides formed upon blowing air through molten iron made from the high-phosphorus iron ore prevalent in Europe. Gilchrist, a graduate of the…

Jean Cocteau: Heritage and youth: …his novel Thomas l’imposteur (1923; Thomas the Imposter or The Imposter). He became a friend of the aviator Roland Garros and dedicated to him the early poems inspired by aviation, Le Cap de Bonne-Espérance (1919; The Cape of Good Hope). At intervals during the years 1916 and 1917, Cocteau entered…

Thomas The Rhymer was a Scottish poet and prophet who was likely the author of the metrical romance Sir Tristrem, a version of the widely diffused Tristan legend. The romance was first printed in 1804 by Sir Walter Scott from a manuscript of about 1300. Thomas is now probably best known through the

Thomas the Tank Engine, anthropomorphic locomotive engine who rides the rails of the fictional island of Sodor. Thomas the Tank Engine stars in the long-running television series Thomas & Friends. While Thomas is only a small locomotive, he has big aspirations. In his ongoing quest to be a “Really

St. Thomas ; Western feast day December 21, feast day in Roman and Syrian Catholic churches July 3, in the Greek church October 6) was one of the Twelve Apostles. His name in Aramaic (Teʾoma) and Greek (Didymos) means “twin”; John 11:16 identifies him as “Thomas, called the Twin.” He is called

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.: Majority opinion: …Supreme Court’s earlier decision in Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division [1981]), “our ‘narrow function…in this context is to determine’ whether the line drawn” by the plaintiffs—between what was consistent with their religion and what was not—“reflects ‘an honest conviction’…and there is no dispute that it…

mouse: Geographic distribution and habitat: …contains the most efficient burrowers: Thomas’s pygmy mouse (M. sorella) and its relatives have protruding upper incisors, longer claws than most species of Mus, and shorter tails relative to body length. They are rarely seen and are caught only by being dug out of their burrows.

rice rat: Others, such as Thomas’s rice rat (O. dimidiatus) from southeastern Nicaragua, are rare and are found only in one or two places, and most aspects of their natural histories are unknown.

squirrel: Natural history: Thomas’s rope squirrel (Funisciurus anerythrus) of Africa even submerges itself and swims underwater.

mystery religion: Theology: …the Soul,” preserved in the Acts of Thomas, an apocryphal account of the journeys and death of the apostle. The hero of the hymn, who represents the soul of man, is born in the Eastern (the yonder) Kingdom; immediately after his birth, he is sent by his parents on a…

Albert Thomas was a French statesman, political leader, and historian, who was the first director of the League of Nations’ International Labour Organisation (1919–21). Thomas graduated from the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where he won scholarships that enabled him to do research

Ambroise Thomas was a French composer best known for his operas, particularly Mignon, written in a light, melodious style. Thomas attended the Paris Conservatoire, concluding his studies by winning the Prix de Rome in 1832 for his cantata Hermann et Ketty. Upon his return from Rome in 1835 he

Angie Thomas is an American writer whose first young-adult (YA) novel, The Hate U Give (2017), debuted at number one on The New York Times bestseller list, launching her to international fame. In the novel, Thomas tackles such volatile and timely subjects as racism, privilege, and police brutality.

Angie Thomas is an American writer whose first young-adult (YA) novel, The Hate U Give (2017), debuted at number one on The New York Times bestseller list, launching her to international fame. In the novel, Thomas tackles such volatile and timely subjects as racism, privilege, and police brutality.

Ann Griffiths was a Welsh hymnist whose works are characterized by complex scriptural allusions, bold figures of speech, and deep spiritual fervour. They are written in a somewhat uneven metre that is troublesome to performers. Ann Griffiths recited her hymns to her maid, Ruth Evans, who kept them

Arsène Darmesteter: …French linguists Adolphe Hatzfeld and Antoine Thomas on the preparation of Dictionnaire général de la langue française . . . 2 vol. (1890–1900; “General Dictionary of the French Language . . .”). Arsène Darmesteter was the brother of the Orientalist James Darmesteter.

Audrey Thomas is an American-born Canadian author known for her autobiographical novels, short stories, and radio plays. Thomas graduated from Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, in 1957 and settled in Canada in 1959. After receiving an M.A. from the University of British Columbia in 1963,

Audrey Thomas is an American-born Canadian author known for her autobiographical novels, short stories, and radio plays. Thomas graduated from Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, in 1957 and settled in Canada in 1959. After receiving an M.A. from the University of British Columbia in 1963,

Augustus Thomas was a playwright important in the development of U.S. theatre for his consistent use of native material; he wrote or adapted nearly 70 plays. Primarily self-educated, Thomas worked in railway freight offices for several years and then was a newspaper writer and illustrator in Kansas

Hill Street Blues: Travanti, Betty Thomas, Robert Prosky, and Ed Marinaro and an innovative and edgy style, overseen by producer Steven Bochco (who later repeated his success with other series, most notably, L.A. Law [1986–94] and NYPD Blue [1993–2005]). The show employed handheld cameras that lent it a documentary-style…

Bigger Thomas, principal character in Richard Wright’s novel Native Son (1940), a 20-year-old African American living in a rat-infested Chicago slum who accidentally kills his white employer’s daughter and then kills his girlfriend to prevent her from telling the

Kevin McCarthy: Early life: …association with influential Republican Congressman Bill Thomas. McCarthy initially acted as an intern before becoming a longtime member of the staff of Thomas, who had a huge impact on his life.

Julia Caroline Ripley Dorr was an American novelist and poet, notable for her novels that portrayed young women lifting themselves from poverty through education and persistence. Julia Ripley married Seneca M. Dorr in 1847. She had enjoyed writing verse since childhood, but none had ever been

Ambroise Thomas was a French composer best known for his operas, particularly Mignon, written in a light, melodious style. Thomas attended the Paris Conservatoire, concluding his studies by winning the Prix de Rome in 1832 for his cantata Hermann et Ketty. Upon his return from Rome in 1835 he

Thomas Christians, indigenous Indian Christian groups who have traditionally lived in Kerala, a state on the Malabar Coast, in southwestern India. Claiming to have been evangelized by St. Thomas the Apostle, Thomas Christians ecclesiastically, liturgically, and linguistically represent one of the

Clarence Thomas is an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1991, the second African American to serve on the Court. Appointed to replace Thurgood Marshall (1908–93), the Court’s first African American member, Thomas gave the Court a decisive conservative cast. Thomas was

Native American: Prehistory: …dispelled until the 1890s, when Cyrus Thomas, a pioneering archaeologist employed by the Smithsonian Institution, demonstrated conclusively that the great effigy mounds, burial mounds, and temple mounds of the Northeast and Southeast culture areas had been built by Native Americans.

D.M. Thomas was an English poet and novelist best known for his novel The White Hotel (1981), in which fantasy and psychological insight are mingled. Thomas served in the British army and then studied at the University of Oxford (B.A., 1958; M.A., 1961). In his first poetry collection, Logan Stone

Michael Curtiz: Last films of Michael Curtiz: …songwriter Gus Kahn (played by Danny Thomas). The Story of Will Rogers followed in 1952.

Celtic literature: The 18th century: the first revival: Chief among Owen’s successors was David Thomas (Dafydd Ddu Eryri), who, however, like other eisteddfodic bards of this period, soon departed from classical strictness.

Richard Thompson: …Martyn, Elvis Costello, Henry Kaiser, David Thomas of Pere Ubu, and David Byrne. In 2006 Thompson was presented with the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards lifetime achievement award, and in 2011 he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). The memoir Beeswing: Losing My Way and…

David Alfred Thomas, 1st Viscount Rhondda , was a Welsh coal-mining entrepreneur, leading figure in industrial South Wales, and government official who introduced food rationing into Great Britain during World War I. After he entered his family’s coal business in 1879, Thomas promoted several

Katarina Witt: …her in five years, American Debi Thomas. Both women skated to music from Georges Bizet’s opera Carmen in the long program, but Witt’s masterly interpretation of the heroine brought a new style of sensual grace and theatre to the ice, and she retained the Olympic title.

Kool & the Gang: ) Dennis (“Dee Tee”) Thomas (born February 9, 1951, Orlando, Florida, U.S.—died August 7, 2021, Montclair, New Jersey) Robert (“Spike”) Mickens (born 1951, Jersey City—died November 2, 2010, Far Rockaway, New York, U.S.) Ricky West (original

D.M. Thomas was an English poet and novelist best known for his novel The White Hotel (1981), in which fantasy and psychological insight are mingled. Thomas served in the British army and then studied at the University of Oxford (B.A., 1958; M.A., 1961). In his first poetry collection, Logan Stone

Dylan Thomas was a Welsh poet and prose writer whose work is known for its comic exuberance, rhapsodic lilt, and pathos. His personal life, punctuated by reckless bouts of drinking, was notorious. Thomas spent his childhood in southwestern Wales. His father taught English at the Swansea grammar

Dylan Thomas was a Welsh poet and prose writer whose work is known for its comic exuberance, rhapsodic lilt, and pathos. His personal life, punctuated by reckless bouts of drinking, was notorious. Thomas spent his childhood in southwestern Wales. His father taught English at the Swansea grammar

E. Donnall Thomas was an American physician who in 1990 was corecipient (with Joseph E. Murray) of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work in transplanting bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells (which form blood cells) from one person to another—an achievement related to the

Eben Fardd was a Welsh-language poet, the last of the 19th-century bards to contribute works of genuine poetic distinction to the eisteddfods (poetic competitions). His best-known poems include Dinystr Jerusalem (“Destruction of Jerusalem”), an ode that won the prize at the Welshpool eisteddfod

Edward Thomas was an English writer who turned to poetry only after a long career spent producing nature studies and critical works on such 19th-century writers as Richard Jefferies, George Borrow, Algernon Charles Swinburne, and Walter Pater. Thomas was educated at St. Paul’s School and the

E. Donnall Thomas was an American physician who in 1990 was corecipient (with Joseph E. Murray) of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work in transplanting bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells (which form blood cells) from one person to another—an achievement related to the

economic system: Prehistoric and preliterate economic systems: The American writer Elizabeth Marshall Thomas described this distributive system in The Harmless People (rev. ed. 1989):

Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti was a Nigerian feminist and political leader who was the leading advocate of women’s rights in her country during the first half of the 20th century. Her parents were Christians of Yoruba descent. She was the first female student at the Abeokuta Grammar School (a secondary

Chicago White Sox: First baseman Frank Thomas played 16 years for the team and won back-to-back AL Most Valuable Player awards in 1993 and 1994.

Hansi: …independent kingdom carved out by George Thomas, a British adventurer, in the late 18th century. It was incorporated as a municipality in 1867.

George H. Thomas was a Union general in the American Civil War (1861–65), known as “the Rock of Chickamauga” after his unyielding defense in combat near that stream in northwestern Georgia in September 1863. A graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y., in 1840, Thomas served in the

George H. Thomas was a Union general in the American Civil War (1861–65), known as “the Rock of Chickamauga” after his unyielding defense in combat near that stream in northwestern Georgia in September 1863. A graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y., in 1840, Thomas served in the

Gospel of Thomas, apocryphal (noncanonical) gospel containing 114 sayings attributed to the resurrected Jesus, written in the mid-2nd century. Traditionally ascribed to St. Thomas the Apostle, the Gospel of Thomas does not include any extended mythic narrative and consists entirely of a series of

Gwyn Thomas was a Welsh novelist and playwright whose works, many on grim themes, were marked with gusto, much humour, and compassion. Thomas was educated at Oxford and the University of Madrid and began writing seriously in the 1930s. His first novel, The Dark Philosophers (1946), built on the

Helen Thomas was an American journalist, known especially for her coverage of U.S. presidents. She broke through a number of barriers for women reporters and won great respect in her field. Thomas was born to Lebanese immigrants, the seventh of nine children. When she was four years old, the family

archaeology: Classification and analysis: In the early 1920s, H.H. Thomas of the Geological Survey of Great Britain was able to show that stones used in the construction of Stonehenge (a prehistoric construction on Salisbury Plain in southern England) had come from the Prescelly Mountains of north Pembrokeshire; and he established as a fact…

Isaiah Thomas was a radical anti-British printer and journalist who published the Massachusetts Spy from 1770 to 1801. (The paper continued publication until 1904.) At an early age Thomas was apprenticed to a printer, and by the age of 17 he was regarded an excellent printer himself. With a partner

Isiah Thomas is an American basketball player and coach, considered one of the best point guards in the history of the game. He led the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association (NBA) to consecutive world championships in 1989 and 1990. He was named to the NBA’s 50th Anniversary

Isiah Thomas is an American basketball player and coach, considered one of the best point guards in the history of the game. He led the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association (NBA) to consecutive world championships in 1989 and 1990. He was named to the NBA’s 50th Anniversary

J.H. Thomas was a British trade-union leader and politician, a shrewd and successful industrial negotiator who lost his standing in the labour movement when he joined Ramsay MacDonald’s coalition government (August 1931). Later (May 1936) he was found responsible for the leakage of details of a

J.H. Thomas was a British trade-union leader and politician, a shrewd and successful industrial negotiator who lost his standing in the labour movement when he joined Ramsay MacDonald’s coalition government (August 1931). Later (May 1936) he was found responsible for the leakage of details of a

Little Rock Nine: Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Jefferson Thomas, Gloria Ray, and Thelma Mothershed—became the centre of the struggle to desegregate public schools in the United States, especially in the South. The events that followed their enrollment in Little Rock Central High School provoked intense national debate about racial segregation and civil…

Christadelphian: …group founded about 1848 by John Thomas, who, after studying medicine in London, emigrated to Brooklyn, New York. He at first joined the followers of Thomas and Alexander Campbell, founders of the Disciples of Christ (Christians), but eventually he began preaching independently, largely applying Hebrew prophecy and the book of…

Justin Thomas is an American golfer who, in 2017, won his first major tournament at the 99th PGA Championship at Quail Hollow Club in Charlotte, North Carolina, becoming just the fourth golfer before his 25th birthday to win a major and register five victories in one season. (The other golfers were

Justin Thomas is an American golfer who, in 2017, won his first major tournament at the 99th PGA Championship at Quail Hollow Club in Charlotte, North Carolina, becoming just the fourth golfer before his 25th birthday to win a major and register five victories in one season. (The other golfers were

Sydney Pollack: Last films: …a misfire, with Ford and Kristin Scott Thomas ill matched as a police officer and a congresswoman who find that their spouses, who have just been killed in an airplane crash, were having an affair. After a protracted absence from directing, Pollack helmed his final film, The Interpreter, in 2005.…

Lewis Thomas was an American physician, researcher, author, and teacher best known for his essays, which contain lucid meditations and reflections on a wide range of topics in biology. Lewis attended Princeton University, Princeton, N.J., and Harvard Medical School (M.D., 1937). He served in the

particle accelerator: Sector-focused cyclotrons: …was discovered in 1938 by Llewellyn H. Thomas, then at Ohio State University, but was not applied until the alternating-gradient synchrotron was invented in 1952. Several of these devices, sometimes called azimuthally varying field (AVF) cyclotrons, have been built for use in nuclear and medical research. The world’s largest cyclotron,…

Lowell Thomas was a preeminent American radio commentator and an explorer, lecturer, author, and journalist. He is especially remembered for his association with T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia). Thomas attended Valparaiso University (B.Sc., 1911), the University of Denver (B.A., M.A., 1912), and

Lowell Thomas was a preeminent American radio commentator and an explorer, lecturer, author, and journalist. He is especially remembered for his association with T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia). Thomas attended Valparaiso University (B.Sc., 1911), the University of Denver (B.A., M.A., 1912), and

M. Carey Thomas was an American educator and feminist and the second president (1894–1922) of Bryn Mawr College in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Carey Thomas, as she preferred to be known, was the daughter of a modestly prosperous Quaker family. She attended Quaker schools in her native Baltimore,

Margaret Murie was an American naturalist, conservationist, and writer who was a central contributor in efforts to establish the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska, which earned her the popular title “grandmother of the conservation movement.” When Murie was a young girl, her family moved

Marlo Thomas is an American actress, author, and philanthropist best known for her role in the sitcom That Girl (1965–71), and for creating the seminal children’s album (1972) and TV show (1974) Free to Be… You and Me. Thomas was born Margaret Julia Thomas, the eldest of three children of actor and

M. Carey Thomas was an American educator and feminist and the second president (1894–1922) of Bryn Mawr College in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Carey Thomas, as she preferred to be known, was the daughter of a modestly prosperous Quaker family. She attended Quaker schools in her native Baltimore,

Michael Tilson Thomas is an American conductor and composer of classical music, pianist, and educator who was noted as a champion of contemporary American composers and as the founder and music director of Miami’s New World Symphony and the music director of the San Francisco Symphony. Tilson

Michel Thomas was a Polish-born linguist, teacher, and member of the French Resistance during World War II, known for his eponymous method of foreign-language instruction. Kroskof was born into a Jewish family who owned a textile factory in Łódź. Because of increasing anti-Semitism in Poland, he

Michel Houellebecq is a French writer, satirist, and provocateur whose work exposes his sometimes darkly humorous, often offensive, and thoroughly misanthropic view of humanity and the world. He is one of the best-known, if not always best-loved, French novelists of the early 21st century.

Mickalene Thomas is an American mixed-media artist best known for portraits of Black women that are often made from nontraditional media, such as rhinestones, glitter, and yarn. She also works in collage, video, sculpture, and installations. Thelma Golden—the director and chief curator of the

Grace Slick: Jefferson Starship, Starship, and later years: …colead vocals with American singer Mickey Thomas.

Norman Thomas was an American socialist, social reformer, and frequent candidate for political office. Following his graduation from Union Theological Seminary, New York City, about 1911, Thomas accepted the pastorate of the East Harlem Church and the chairmanship of the American Parish, a

Edward Thomas was an English writer who turned to poetry only after a long career spent producing nature studies and critical works on such 19th-century writers as Richard Jefferies, George Borrow, Algernon Charles Swinburne, and Walter Pater. Thomas was educated at St. Paul’s School and the

Miami Vice: …and Ricardo (“Rico”) Tubbs (Philip Michael Thomas), as they work undercover to bust drug cartels, sex traffickers, arms dealers, and other criminal players in South Florida’s underbelly. Notoriously mythologized in TV history as a show about “MTV cops,” Miami Vice came to represent the excesses of the 1980s. Yet…

R.S. Thomas was a Welsh clergyman and poet whose lucid, austere verse expresses an undeviating affirmation of the values of the common man. Thomas was educated in Wales at University College at Bangor (1935) and ordained in the Church of Wales (1936), in which he held appointments in several

the Moody Blues: ), Ray Thomas (b. December 29, 1941, Stourport-on-Severn, Hereford and Worcester, England—d. January 4, 2018, Surrey), Graeme Edge (b. March 30, 1941, Rochester, Kent, England—d. November 11, 2021, Bradenton, Florida, U.S.), Denny Laine (original name Brian Hines; b. October 29, 1944, near Jersey, Channel Islands—d. December…

Carlos Santana: …notable collaborators as pop rocker Rob Thomas of Matchbox Twenty, hip-hop luminary Lauryn Hill, fellow guitar legend Eric Clapton, and former Arista Records head Clive Davis—helped Santana launch an important comeback. In 2000 he won three Latin Grammy and eight Grammy awards—including album of the year for Supernatural and

butyl rubber: …American chemists William Sparks and Robert Thomas at the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (now Exxon Corporation) in 1937. Earlier attempts to produce synthetic rubbers had involved the polymerization of dienes (hydrocarbon molecules containing two carbon-carbon double bonds) such as isoprene and butadiene. Sparks and Thomas defied convention by…