Wilhelm Leibl: , Three Women in Church, 1878–82). Later he abandoned the hard brilliance of his former works and drew softer outlines. He followed his own strong instinct for colour, reproducing what he saw with a bold, sure touch (e.g., In the Kitchen, 1898). His superb technique enabled…

Three Worlds According to King Ruang, 14th-century cosmology that is the oldest known full-length text written in Thai. See

Colin MacInnes: Later life and work: …Novel of Adventure (1969) and Three Years to Play (1970); the book-length essay Loving Them Both: A Study of Bisexuality and Bisexuals (1973); and Out of the Garden: A Novel (1974), his final novel. In the mid-1960s he acted for a time as the press officer of a Black organization…

biblical literature: The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men: The first addition to Daniel (in Greek and Latin translations Dan. 3:24–68) contains the Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men. These are the prayers of Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, the three young men who…

American Broadcasting Company: Focus on television: …Laverne and Shirley [1976–83], and Three’s Company [1977–84]) and sexually charged dramatic series (Charlie’s Angels [1976–81], The Love Boat [1977– 86], and Fantasy Island [1978–84]), Silverman rapidly elevated ABC to the coveted number one slot. Perhaps to counteract criticism of its lowbrow entertainment fare, the network offered a number of…

hand tool: Geological and archaeological aspects: Thomsen used three categories of materials—stone, bronze, and iron—to represent what he felt had been the ordered succession of technological development. The idea has since been formalized in the designation of a Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.

China: Reconstruction and consolidation, 1949–52: The Three-Antis campaign targeted communist cadres who had become too close to China’s capitalists. The Five-Antis campaign was aimed at the capitalists themselves and brought them into line on charges of bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property and economic information, and cheating on government contracts.…

Ismail Kadare: …Ura me tri harqe (1978; The Three-Arched Bridge), set in medieval Albania, received wide critical acclaim. Muzgu i perëndive të stepës (1978; Twilight of the Eastern Gods) is a roman à clef about Kadare’s time at the Gorky Institute. His subsequent works of fiction included Nëpunësi i pallatit të ëndrrave…

protractor: This instrument, called a three-arm protractor, or station pointer, is composed of a circular scale connected to three arms. The centre arm is fixed, while the outer two are rotatable, capable of being set at any angle relative to the centre one.

armadillo: The three-, six-, and nine-banded armadillos are named for the number of movable bands in their armour. Only one species, the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), is found in the United States. Its range has expanded into several southern states since it was first observed in Texas…

three-body problem, in astronomy, the problem of determining the motion of three celestial bodies moving under no influence other than that of their mutual gravitation. No general solution of this problem (or the more general problem involving more than three bodies) is possible, as the motion of

Liu Cixin: …first novel of the trilogy, The Three-Body Problem (2006), won the 2015 Hugo Award for best novel in its English translation and has sold more than 3 million copies in English and 30 million copies worldwide. Liu stated to The Guardian in 2024 that the novel’s English-language sales alone have…

bacteria: Autotrophic metabolism: …the reductive pentose phosphate (Calvin) cycle, the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the acetyl-CoA pathway. The Calvin cycle, elucidated by American biochemist Melvin Calvin, is the most widely distributed of these pathways, operating in plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria, and most aerobic lithoautotrophic bacteria. The key step in the Calvin

poker: Three-card poker: Three-card poker is a house-banked stud game in which three cards are dealt facedown to each player and the dealer. Each player makes two initial bets, one bet placed on a centre circle and the other placed on an ante square. The centre…

borane: Structure and bonding of boranes: This structure involves three-centre bridge bonding, in which one electron pair is shared between three (rather than two) atoms—two boron atoms and one hydrogen atom. (See chemical bonding: Advanced aspects of chemical bonding: Boranes for a discussion of the three-centre bond.) The ability of boron to form such…

chemical bonding: Boranes: …as an example of a three-centre, two-electron bond (a 3c,2e bond, as shown in Figure 19). They regard diborane as three atoms held together by a pair of electrons delocalized over three atoms but are aware that this semilocalized picture is only a part of the true picture.

photoengraving: Colourplate production: …colour printing, done with either three or four plates, each using a different colour of ink and overprinting the others, is based on a subtractive system of colours in which intermediate hues are obtained by some combination of two or more of the subtractive, or secondary, colours. The best colour…

Louis Ducos du Hauron: …in 1869 developed the so-called trichrome process of colour photography, a key 19th-century contribution to photography.

pottery: Provincial and export wares: …tile kilns also manufactured “three-coloured” (sancai) wares, perhaps originally a product of the Cizhou kilns. These were decorated with coloured glazes that were often kept from intermingling by threads of clay (cloisonné technique) or were used in conjunction with the pierced technique (fahua). Others have engraved designs under the…

Pedro Antonio de Alarcón y Ariza: …sombrero de tres picos (1874; The Three-Cornered Hat).

theatre music: Music for ballet: …as a “poème choréographique,” and The Three-cornered Hat (1919) by the Spanish composer Manuel de Falla. Distinctive original scores for ballet continued usually to be the outcome of specific commissions. Composers do not yet normally think in terms of dance (as they do in terms of song), although in Great…

Elliott Nugent: His first solo directorial effort, Three-Cornered Moon (1933), is considered by some to be the first screwball comedy. It was set during the Depression and centres on spoiled siblings who must find jobs after their mother loses the family fortune; it starred Claudette Colbert and Mary Boland. Nugent’s other early…

billiards: Carom, or French, billiards: …variety of the game called three-cushion billiards, the cue ball must also touch a cushion or cushions three or more times to complete a carom. Scoring a carom also entitles the player to another shot, and his turn, or inning, continues until he misses, when it becomes his opponent’s turn.

billiards: Carom, or French, billiards: …variety of the game called three-cushion billiards, the cue ball must also touch a cushion or cushions three or more times to complete a carom. Scoring a carom also entitles the player to another shot, and his turn, or inning, continues until he misses, when it becomes his opponent’s turn.

three-day event, equestrian competition, testing the overall abilities of horse and rider in competition at dressage, cross-country and endurance riding, and stadium show jumping. The first day’s event, the dressage competition, tests the horse’s obedience and the rider’s ability. It consists of a

pappataci fever, acute infectious febrile disease caused by a phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae) and producing temporary incapacitation, marked initially by abdominal symptoms, severe frontal headache, chills, fever, and joint and muscle pain. It is transmitted to humans by the bloodsucking female

cosmic microwave background (CMB), electromagnetic radiation filling the universe that is a residual effect of the big bang 13.8 billion years ago. Because the expanding universe has cooled since this primordial explosion, the background radiation is in the microwave region of the electromagnetic

3-D, motion-picture process that gives a three-dimensional quality to film images. It is based on the fact that humans perceive depth by viewing with both eyes. In the 3-D process, two cameras or a twin-lensed camera are used for filming, one representing the left eye and the other the right. The

3D printing, in manufacturing, any of several processes for fabricating three-dimensional objects by layering two-dimensional cross sections sequentially, one on top of another. The process is analogous to the fusing of ink or toner onto paper in a printer (hence the term printing) but is actually

amorphous solid: Models of atomic scale structures: …a mathematical trajectory called a three-dimensional random walk.

mathematics: Linear algebra: …familiar example is that of three-dimensional space. If one picks an origin, then every point in space can be labeled by the line segment (called a vector) joining it to the origin. Matrices appear as ways of representing linear transformations of a vector space—i.e., transformations that preserve sums and multiplication…

theatre: Development of stage equipment: …culmination of the search for three-dimensionality that had passed through five essential stages since the 18th century. At first, an illusion of depth was achieved by painting perspective scenery on canvas; then the ground plan of the set was rearranged to envelop the actor with the set. The third phase…

Audion, elementary form of radio tube developed in 1906 (patented 1907) by Lee De Forest of the United States. It was the first vacuum tube in which a control grid (in the form of a bent wire) was added between the anode plate and the cathode filament. The control grid enabled De Forest to modulate

three-field system, method of agricultural organization introduced in Europe in the Middle Ages and representing a decisive advance in production techniques. In the old two-field system half the land was sown to crop and half left fallow each season; in the three-field system, however, only a third

Three-fifths compromise, compromise agreement between delegates from the Northern and the Southern states at the United States Constitutional Convention (1787) that three-fifths of the enslaved population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of

maple: The three-flowered maple (A. triflorum) and the paperbark maple (A. griseum) have tripartite leaves and attractive peeling bark, in the former tannish and in the latter copper brown.

construction: Steel long-span construction: …hinged at each end) and three-hinge (made of two members hinged at each end and at the meeting point at the crown) trussed arches were widely used, the largest examples being two great airship hangars for the U.S. Navy in New Jersey—the first built in 1922 with a span of…

Akebia: …the fingers on a hand; three-leaf akebia (A. trifoliata) has three leaflets to a leaf. The purplish flowers are unisexual and occur in small clusters, and the oblong purple fruits are edible, though insipid. Both species are twining vines often used for shading and screening on arbors and fences and…

laser: Energy levels and stimulated emissions: In a three-level laser, the material is first excited to a short-lived high-energy state that spontaneously drops to a somewhat lower-energy state with an unusually long lifetime, called a metastable state. The metastable state is important because it traps and holds the excitation energy, building up a…

checkers: The three-move, or American, restriction is an extension of the two-move to black’s second move, with about 300 prescribed openings. Eleven-man ballot is a less popular method, in which one piece is removed by lot from each side before the start of a game. The original…

three-parent baby, human offspring produced from the genetic material of one man and two women through the use of assisted reproductive technologies, specifically mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) and three-person in vitro fertilization (IVF). In general, the reproductive technologies used to

ternary form, in music, a form consisting of three sections, the third section normally either a literal or a varied repeat of the first. The symmetrical construction of this scheme (aba) provides one of the familiar shapes in Western music; ternary form can be found in music from the Middle Ages

invention: …15 three-part sinfonias (often called Three-Part Inventions) for harpsichord (c. 1720) by J.S. Bach, each of which is characterized by the contrapuntal elaboration of a single melodic idea and for which Francesco Bonporti’s Invenzioni for violin and bass (1712) may have served as a model.

Pat Riley: …a trademark on the term three-peat when he was head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers in 1988, even though the team had only two consecutive titles under its belt. That confidence sums up the career and legacy of Riley, one of the most brash, charismatic, and successful figures in…

electric motor: Induction motors: …windings are connected to a three-phase electric supply and that a set of three sinusoidal currents of the form shown in the figure flow in the stator windings. This figure shows the effect of these currents in producing a magnetic field across the air gap of the machine for six…

electric motor: Synchronous motors: Three-phase synchronous motors find their major application in industrial situations where there is a large, reasonably steady mechanical load, usually in excess of 300 kilowatts, and where the ability to operate at leading power factor is of value. Below this power level, synchronous machines are…

electric motor: Induction motors: …windings are connected to a three-phase electric supply and that a set of three sinusoidal currents of the form shown in the figure flow in the stator windings. This figure shows the effect of these currents in producing a magnetic field across the air gap of the machine for six…

electric generator: Phases: This is known as a three-phase system of windings. The waveforms for the three windings, or phases, are shown in Figure 4.

armadillo: The three-, six-, and nine-banded armadillos are named for the number of movable bands in their armour. Only one species, the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), is found in the United States. Its range has expanded into several southern states since it was first observed in Texas…

gasoline engine: Engine construction and operation: Three-point suspension is used in such engines; that is to say, projections on each side of the bell housing fit into the vehicle side-frame members, and a central tubular extension at the centre of the front end of the cylinder block attaches to the front…

basketball: U.S. high school and college basketball: …more than three seconds; the three-second rule later applied to any attacking player in the foul lane. In 1937–38 a new rule forbade any player from touching the ball when it was in the basket or on its rim (basket interference), and in 1944–45 it became illegal for any defending…

soapfish: The greater soapfish (Rypticus saponaceus), the best known member of the group, is found in the Atlantic from the southern United States and northern South America to West Africa. The species is characterized by three distinct dorsal spines and is sometimes called the three-spined soapfish.

stickleback: The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere in fresh and salt water. It is 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) long and has three dorsal spines. The nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius), a species that is similar in size to G.…

gourami: …red and blue; and the three-spot, or blue, gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus or Trichogaster trichopterus), a dark-spotted, silvery or blue species. The kissing gourami, or kissing fish (Helostoma temmincki), a greenish or pinkish white fish noted for its “kissing” activities, is a popular food fish and common in home aquariums.

ground squirrel: Tropical ground squirrels: The three-striped ground squirrel (L. insignis), also of the Sunda Islands, is reported to eat fruit, roots, and insects; plain long-nosed ground squirrels (genus Dremomys) eat fruit, insects, and earthworms. The two species of Sulawesi ground squirrel (genus Hyosciurus) have elongated snouts and use their long,…

tigerfish: The three-striped tigerfish (Therapon jarbua) is a common, vertically striped species about 30 cm (12 inches) long. It has sharp spines on its gill covers, which can wound a careless handler.

sloth: Three-toed sloths: The three-toed sloth (family Bradypodidae) is also called the ai in Latin America because of the high-pitched cry it produces when agitated. All four species belong to the same genus, Bradypus, and the coloration of their short facial hair bestows them with a…

formal logic: Nonstandard versions of PC: …but they all suggest a threefold rather than a twofold division of propositions and hence the possibility of a logic in which the variables may take any of three values (say 1, 1 2 , and 0), with a consequent revision of the standard PC account of validity. Several such…

handball: …three versions of handball: four-wall, three-wall, and one-wall. Each may be played by two (singles) or four (doubles).

bellbird: The three-wattled bellbird (P. tricarunculata), confined to Central America, has three bill wattles. One hangs from each corner of the mouth, and another dangles from the bill’s upper base, each wattle measuring about one-third the length of the entire 30-cm (12-inch) bird. The naked-throated bellbird (P.…

Ronald L. Rivest: …system that he called the ThreeBallot, which he placed in the public domain. ThreeBallot is a paper system that allows voters to verify that their votes are properly recorded and produces an end-to-end audit trail.

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Tripterygiidae (threefin blennies) Pliocene to present. Much like clinids but dorsal fin divided into 3 distinct parts, the first 2 of spines only; small bottom fishes of reef and rocks. About 150 species mostly in warm seas. Family Dactyloscopidae (sand stargazers) Body elongated. Shape of pelvic…

Triratna, in Buddhism the Triratna comprises the Buddha, the dharma (doctrine, or teaching), and the sangha (the monastic order, or community). One becomes a Buddhist by saying the words “I go to the Buddha for refuge, I go to the Doctrine for refuge, I go to the Order for refuge.” In Jainism the

chess: Object of the game: …when an identical position occurs three times with the same player having the right to move, and (6) when no piece has been captured and no pawn has been moved within a period of 50 moves.

quasicrystal: Microscopic images of quasicrystalline structures: …the edges and axes of threefold rotational symmetry passing through the vertices. This is also known as icosahedral symmetry because the icosahedron is the geometric dual of the pentagonal dodecahedron. At the centre of each face on an icosahedron, the dodecahedron places a vertex, and vice versa. The symmetry of…

Buddhism: Tiantai/Tendai: …to Tiantai/Tendai doctrine is the threefold truth principle (following Nagarjuna’s [?] commentary on the Mahaprajnaparamita), according to which all things are void, without substantial reality; all things have temporary existence; and all things are in the mean or middle state, synthesizing voidness and temporary existence, being both at once. The…

The Threepenny Opera, musical drama in three acts written by Bertolt Brecht in collaboration with composer Kurt Weill, produced in German as Die Dreigroschenoper in 1928 and published the following year. The play was adapted by Elisabeth Hauptmann from John Gay’s The Beggar’s Opera (1728). Antihero

tetraodontiform: Annotated classification: Family Triodontidae (threetooth puffers) Most primitive member of the superfamily, the only species to retain even the pelvic bone of the pelvic fin apparatus (completely lost by all other members of suborder). Body somewhat elongate; 3 fused teeth in jaws. 1 living species (Triodon bursarius); deep…

choral music: Motets: Stravinsky’s Threni (on the Lamentations of Jeremiah), for instance, is more frequently heard in the concert hall than in church, as are also Poulenc’s Stabat Mater (1951) and other liturgical motets of his.

Krzysztof Penderecki: …of both Anaklasis and the Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima for 52 strings. The Threnody illustrates Penderecki’s skilled and refined treatment of instruments, making use of quarter-tone clusters (close groupings of notes a quarter step apart), glissandi (slides), whistling harmonics (faint, eerie tones produced by partial string vibrations), and…

threonine, an amino acid obtainable from many proteins. One of the last amino acids to be isolated (1935), threonine is one of several so-called essential amino acids; i.e., animals cannot synthesize it and require dietary sources. It is synthesized in microorganisms from the amino acid aspartic

Thresher, first of a class of U.S. nuclear-powered attack submarines, launched in 1960. On April 10, 1963, during sea trials after commissioning, it sank with 129 persons on board about 200 miles (300 km) off the New England coast. The sinking, considered to be the worst disaster in submarine

thresher, farm machine for separating wheat, peas, soybeans, and other small grain and seed crops from their chaff and straw. Primitive threshing methods involved beating by hand with a flail or trampling by animal hooves. An early threshing machine, patented in 1837 by Hiram A. and John A. Pitts

thresher shark, (genus Alopias), any of three species of sharks of the family Alopiidae noted for their long, scythelike tails that may constitute almost one-half their total length. Thresher sharks are found in tropical and temperate seas throughout the world. They feed on squid and schooling

farmer’s lung, a pulmonary disorder that results from the development of hypersensitivity to inhaled dust from moldy hay or other fodder. In the acute form, symptoms include a sudden onset of breathlessness, fever, a rapid heartbeat, cough (especially in the morning), copious production of phlegm,

central-place theory: …any central place is the threshold, which comprises the smallest market area necessary for the goods and services to be economically viable. Once a threshold has been established, the central place will seek to expand its market area until the range—i.e., the maximum distance consumers will travel to purchase goods…

Donald Sutherland: …credits included the Canadian film Threshold (1981), for which he won a Genie Award, and the adventure thriller Space Cowboys (2000). He portrayed the president of a dystopian society in the film adaptations (2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015) of the Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins. Sutherland later had a…

attention: Selective attention: …idea of the establishment of thresholds. Thus threshold sensitivity might be set quite low for certain priority classes of stimuli, which, even when basically unattended and hence attenuated, may nevertheless be capable of activating the perceptual systems. Examples would be the sensitivity displayed to hearing one’s own name spoken or…

nanotechnology: Communications: …lasing to start (called the threshold current). Because of improving performance and their compatibility with planar manufacturing technology, VCSELs are fast becoming a preferred laser source in a variety of communications applications.

pain: Psychology of pain: …painful is the pain perception threshold; most studies have found that point to be relatively similar among disparate groups of people. However, the pain tolerance threshold, the point at which pain becomes unbearable, varies significantly among those groups. A stoical, nonemotional response to an injury may be a sign of…

sound: Dynamic range of the ear: …audible pressure amplitude, at the threshold of hearing, is about 10-5 pascal, or about 10-10 standard atmosphere, corresponding to a minimum intensity of about 10-12 watt per square metre. The pressure fluctuation associated with the threshold of pain, meanwhile, is over 10 pascals—one million times the pressure or one trillion…

pain: Psychology of pain: …painful is the pain perception threshold; most studies have found that point to be relatively similar among disparate groups of people. However, the pain tolerance threshold, the point at which pain becomes unbearable, varies significantly among those groups. A stoical, nonemotional response to an injury may be a sign of…

nervous system: Localized potential: …reaches what is called the threshold potential, it triggers the nerve impulse, or action potential see below. If it does not reach that amplitude, then the neuron remains at rest, and the local potential, through a process called passive spread, diffuses along the nerve fibre and back out through the…

ibis: The sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopica), of southern Arabia and Africa south of the Sahara and formerly of Egypt, was sacred to the ancient Egyptians. It is about 75 cm (30 inches) long, white with black in its wings, and has dark plumes on the lower back…

ciconiiform: Annotated classification: Family Threskiornithidae (ibis and spoonbills) Medium to large wading or walking birds with long neck and short tail; bill long, slender, curved downward (ibis), or straight and spatulate at the tip (spoonbills). Legs long; front toes slightly webbed at base, hind toe small and elevated. Many…

ibis, any of about 26 species of medium-sized wading birds constituting the subfamily Threskiornithinae of the family Threskiornithidae (order Ciconiiformes), which also includes the spoonbills. Ibises range in length from about 55 to 75 cm (22 to 30 inches). They occur in all warm regions except

American spiny rat: General characteristics: At one extreme is the plain punare (Thrichomys apereoides), with dull brown upperparts and grayish white underparts. At the other extreme is the painted tree rat (Callistomys pictus), whose whitish body has a wide, glossy black stripe on the neck and head and a saddle pattern extending from the shoulders…

Greece: The islands of Greece: …the far eastern Tryptí (Thriptís) Mountains. Another range, the Asteroúsia (Kófinas) Mountains, runs along the south-central coast between the Mesarás Plain and the Libyan Sea. Of Crete’s 650 miles (1,050 km) of rocky coastline, it is the more gradual slope on the northern side of the island that provides…

diagnosis: Palpation: …can be suspected if a thrill is felt from light palpation over the chest wall. A thrill is a vibratory sensation felt on the skin overlying an area of turbulence and indicates a loud heart murmur usually caused by an incompetent heart valve.

B.B. King: …and his 1969 recording “The Thrill Is Gone” won him the first of 15 Grammy Awards. By the late 1960s rock guitarists were acknowledging his influence and priority; they introduced King and his guitar, Lucille, to a broader white public, who until then had heard blues chiefly in derivative…

Witi Ihimaera: …Kathleen Mansfield Beauchamp (1989), and The Thrill of Falling (2012). One of the novellas from the collection Ask the Posts of the House (2007) was rewritten and filmed as White Lies (2013). The play Woman Far Walking (2000) tells the story of the Māori people from the perspective of an…

Sam Smith: The Thrill of It All, Love Goes, and Gloria: Smith’s second studio album, The Thrill of It All, was released in late 2017 and won both popular and critical praise. It was the first of Smith’s albums to top the Billboard 200 chart. The song “Him,” a plea for acceptance of Smith’s love for a man, was especially…

Norman Jewison: …pair of Doris Day comedies, The Thrill of It All (1963) and Send Me No Flowers (1964). After finagling out of the Universal deal, Jewison assumed control of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer’s (MGM’s) The Cincinnati Kid (1965), a poker film starring Steve McQueen.

boxing: Asia: …referred to as the “Thrilla in Manila,” Muhammad Ali defeated Joe Frazier in Quezon City. The Philippines became the centre of the boxing universe during the first 10 years of the 21st century when native son Manny Pacquiao set a record by winning world championships in eight different weight…

comic strip: The origins of the comic strip: The crime strip eventually developed into the more or less exaggerated and romanticized life of the famous brigand, which is the precursor of the early 20th-century detective strip.

Thriller: Thriller’s guest artists: …the horror-themed lyrics for “Thriller,” while horror-movie actor Vincent Price performed the song’s ghoulish voice-over, lending the single its foreboding mood. Peaking at number four on the Hot 100 in 1984, “Thriller” became a Halloween classic, ensuring that it would return to the charts around that holiday in the…

Thriller, studio album by American singer and songwriter Michael Jackson, released on November 30, 1982. The album had a monumental impact on popular music and became the top-selling album of all time, a title it continues to hold more than 40 years after its release. Produced by Jackson and Quincy

palm: Ecology: …while some (the thatch palm, Thrinax) are indeed anemophilous, wind is only one of a diversity of mechanisms of pollination. Some genera, such as the coconut and babassu palms, are pollinated by both insects and wind. Beetles are implicated in Astrocaryum mexicanum, Bactris, Cryosophila albida, Rhapidophyllum hystrix, and Socratea exorrhiza

Thrinaxodon, extinct genus of cynodont, a close mammal relative, found as fossils in continental deposits formed during the Early Triassic Period in southern Africa (the Triassic Period lasted from 251 million to 200 million years ago). Thrinaxodon was a lightly built animal about 12 metre (1 12