Tianjin Massacre, (June 21, 1870), in Tianjin (Tientsin), China, violent outbreak of Chinese xenophobic sentiment that nearly precipitated international warfare and signaled the end of the “cooperative policy” between China and the Western treaty powers. Before the incident, rumours circulated in

China: The anti-foreign movement and the second Opium War (Arrow War): During June four Tianjin treaties were concluded that provided for, among other measures, the residence of foreign diplomats in Beijing and the freedom of Christian missionaries to evangelize their faith.

Derek Walcott: In 2000 Walcott published Tiepolo’s Hound, a poetic biography of West Indian-born French painter Camille Pissarro with autobiographical references and reproductions of Walcott’s paintings. (The latter are mostly watercolours of island scenes. Walcott’s father had been a visual artist, and the poet began painting early on.) The book-length poem…

Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo was a Venetian artist, son of the Rococo painter Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. He was a talented genre painter, especially of scenes from contemporary life and the popular theatre—as in the decorations of his villa at Zianigo, Italy (now in the Civico Museo Correr, Venice).

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo was a great Italian painter of the 18th century. His luminous, poetic frescoes, while extending the tradition of Baroque ceiling decoration, epitomize the lightness and elegance of the Rococo period. Tiepolo’s father, who had been engaged in the shipping business, died in

Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo was a Venetian artist, son of the Rococo painter Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. He was a talented genre painter, especially of scenes from contemporary life and the popular theatre—as in the decorations of his villa at Zianigo, Italy (now in the Civico Museo Correr, Venice).

falconry: Terms and equipment: …the female—is known as a tiercel. Indoor housing for hawks is called a mews. The falconer’s equipment is known as items of furniture. Examples include leather gloves, worn to protect the falconer from the hawk’s talons, and hoods, used to cover the eyes of the hawk. (Longwings are trained to…

tercet, a unit or group of three lines of verse, usually containing rhyme, as in William Shakespeare’s “The Phoenix and the

Tiergarten, area of Berlin, Germany, on the Spree River. Before World War II it was Berlin’s diplomatic quarter and the site of the War Ministry. It includes the famous 630-acre (255-hectare) Tiergarten Park, a deer preserve until the 18th century. The park was destroyed in World War II, but it has

Berlin: The city layout: …park near the city centre—the Tiergarten, just west of the Brandenburg Gate—Berlin has always been a surprisingly green city, with luxuriant trees softening the effect of the stone apartment blocks in many streets. Water is even more prevalent, with the Spree River running through the city’s centre, a broad belt…

zoo: …the Imperial Menagerie at the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna. This menagerie, which still flourishes, was opened to the general public in 1779. In 1775 a zoo was founded in a Royal Park in Madrid, and 18 years later the zoological collection of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, was begun. The…

Dermot Macmurrough: …he abducted the wife of Tiernan O’Ruark, king of Breifne (modern counties of Leitrim and Cavan).

Laura: …executive named Laura Hunt (Gene Tierney). McPherson examines all aspects of Laura’s life, including the two men who knew her best, her mentor—the older, snobbish newspaper columnist Waldo Lydecker (Clifton Webb)—and her sophisticated fiancé, Shelby Carpenter (Vincent Price). Through their stories, which are told in flashback, through Laura’s letters,…

ER: …2009), Noah Wyle (1994–2006, 2009), Maura Tierney (1999–2009), and Goran Visnjic (1999–2008).

Berlin Zoo, zoological park in Berlin, known for its extensive collection. It was opened in 1955 by the municipal government of East Berlin in response to public demand. What remained of the old Berlin zoo after the devastation of World War II was in West Berlin, inaccessible to those living in the

Hellabrunn Zoo, zoological garden in Munich. The spacious, wooded, 70-ha (173-ac) grounds resemble the animals’ natural habitats. Hellabrunn specializes in breeding species threatened with extinction, such as the Przewalski’s horse, and back breeding to species already extinct, such as the aurochs,

Tierra Blanca, city, southern Veracruz estado (state), south-central Mexico, near the border of Oaxaca state. It lies in the Gulf of Mexico lowland, in the Papaloapan River valley, at an elevation of 200 feet (60 metres) above sea level. Its climate is hot and humid. Tierra Blanca plays an

Mexico: Climate: …feet (900 metres) is the tierra caliente (“hot land”), with uniformly high temperatures. For example, Veracruz, located on the Gulf of Mexico, has an average daily temperature of approximately 77 °F (25 °C). The tierra templada (“temperate land”) extends to about 6,000 feet (1,800 metres) and includes the city of…

Villaviciosa, port town, Asturias provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northwestern Spain, in the Costa Verde resort area. The town is a fishing port northeast of Oviedo city, where the Villaviciosa Inlet enters the Bay of Biscay. Used by the ancient Romans as a

Villaviciosa, port town, Asturias provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northwestern Spain, in the Costa Verde resort area. The town is a fishing port northeast of Oviedo city, where the Villaviciosa Inlet enters the Bay of Biscay. Used by the ancient Romans as a

Juan Carlos Onetti: …novel Tierra de nadie (1942; No Man’s Land) Onetti again presents a nihilistic view of city life devoid of any spiritual meaning.

Antarctic Peninsula, peninsula claimed by the United Kingdom, Chile, and Argentina. It forms an 800-mile (1,300-km) northward extension of Antarctica toward the southern tip of South America. The peninsula is ice-covered and mountainous, the highest point being Mount Jackson at 10,446 feet (3,184

José Eustasio Rivera: …established his literary reputation with Tierra de promisión (1921; “The Promised Land”), a collection of sonnets portraying the untamed beauty of the Colombian tropics. In 1922 he was appointed to a government commission to settle a dispute over the boundary between Colombia and Venezuela. He traveled through the Amazon region…

Tierra del Fuego, archipelago, at the southern extremity of South America. In shape the main island, separated from the mainland by the Strait of Magellan, is a triangle with its base on Beagle Channel. The total area is 28,473 square miles (73,746 square km), about two-thirds of which is Chilean

Ona: …once inhabited the island of Tierra del Fuego. They were historically divided into two major sections: Shelknam and Haush. They spoke different dialects and had slightly different cultures. The Ona were hunters and gatherers who subsisted chiefly on guanaco, small herds of which were stalked by bowmen; on various small…

Tierra del Fuego, provincia (province), far southern Argentina. It consists of the eastern half of the triangular island of Tierra del Fuego (Spanish: “Land of Fire”)—the other half is part of Chile—lying between the Strait of Magellan (north) and Beagle Channel (south) at the southern extremity of

Spanish treasure fleet: …Honduras on the way; the galeones, or Tierra Firme fleet, left in August for Cartagena, in present Colombia, and Porto Bello (now Portobelo), on the Atlantic coast of Panama. After wintering in America, both fleets met at Havana the following spring and returned to Spain together, protected by warships.

Mexico: Climate: The tierra fría (“cold land”) extends as high as 11,000 feet (3,350 metres) and includes Pachuca, at just under 8,000 feet (2,440 metres), where the average annual temperature is 59 °F (15 °C). Above the tierra fría are the páramos, or alpine pastures, and the tierra…

Mexico: Climate: …or alpine pastures, and the tierra helada (“frozen land”), or permanent snow line, which is found at 13,000–14,000 feet (4,000–4,270 metres) in central Mexico.

Antarctic Peninsula, peninsula claimed by the United Kingdom, Chile, and Argentina. It forms an 800-mile (1,300-km) northward extension of Antarctica toward the southern tip of South America. The peninsula is ice-covered and mountainous, the highest point being Mount Jackson at 10,446 feet (3,184

Mexico: Climate: The tierra templada (“temperate land”) extends to about 6,000 feet (1,800 metres) and includes the city of Xalapa, at an elevation of more than 4,600 feet (1,400 metres), where the average daily temperature is 66 °F (19 °C). The tierra fría (“cold land”) extends as high…

Agustín Yáñez: Las tierras flacas (1962; The Lean Lands) shows the effect of industrialization on a peasant society. Tres cuentos (1964; “Three Stories”) and Los sentidos al aire (1964; “The Ways the Wind Blows”), short-story collections, deal with man’s attempt to come to grips with time and space. His Obras escogidas…

Third Estate, in French history, with the nobility and the clergy, one of the three orders into which members were divided in the pre-Revolutionary Estates-General. It represented the great majority of the people, and its deputies’ transformation of themselves into a National Assembly in June 1789

François Rabelais: Le tiers livre: …book of the Gargantua-Pantagruel series, Tiers livre des faits et dits héroïques du noble Pantagruel (1546; “Third Book of the Heroic Deeds and Words of the Noble Pantagruel”). Despite its royal privilège (i.e., license to print), the book was immediately condemned for heresy by the Sorbonne, and Rabelais fled to…

Ugo Foscolo: …the performance of his tragedy Tieste (“Thyestes”) made him famous.

Paavo Haavikko: …his first collection of poems, Tiet etäisyyksiin (1951; “The Roads That Lead Far Away”), Haavikko demonstrated a rare command of rhythm and image in his virtuoso handling of the language. In his next collection, Tuuliöinä (1953; “In Windy Nights”), he used the wind as the central metaphor for contemporary anxiety…

Jorge Amado: …Miracles), Tiêta do agreste (1977; Tieta, the Goat Girl), Tocaia grande (1984; Show Down), and O sumiço da santa (1993; The War of the Saints). Amado published his memoirs, Navegaçãu de cabotagem (“Coastal Navigation”), in 1992.

Jorge Amado: …Miracles), Tiêta do agreste (1977; Tieta, the Goat Girl), Tocaia grande (1984; Show Down), and O sumiço da santa (1993; The War of the Saints). Amado published his memoirs, Navegaçãu de cabotagem (“Coastal Navigation”), in 1992.

tietäjä, the principal religious specialist of the Baltic Finns, functioning in the tradition of the Finno-Ugric shaman. Operating in a more complex, agricultural society than his counterparts, such as the Sami noaidi, who worked in a hunting and fishing society, the tietäjä-type specialist was

Tietê River, São Paulo estado (state), southeastern Brazil, rising in the Serra do Mar, just east of São Paulo city, and flowing in a northwesterly direction for about 700 miles (1,130 km) before joining the Paraná River at Ilha Grande, just above Urubupungá Falls. Its major tributaries include the

Christopher Tietjens, fictional character, the idealistic protagonist of the tetralogy Parade’s End (1950) by Ford Madox

Eunice Tietjens was a poet, novelist, and editor, whose eclectic interest in the cultures of the Far East was the basis of a prolific writing career. At various times she lived in Japan, China, Italy, Tunisia, and on the South Pacific island of Moorea. Out of her experiences she wrote poetry,

Eunice Tietjens was a poet, novelist, and editor, whose eclectic interest in the cultures of the Far East was the basis of a prolific writing career. At various times she lived in Japan, China, Italy, Tunisia, and on the South Pacific island of Moorea. Out of her experiences she wrote poetry,

Johann Daniel Titius was a Prussian astronomer, physicist, and biologist whose law (1766) expressing the distances between the planets and the Sun was popularized by German astronomer Johann Elert Bode in 1772. Having received a degree from the University of Leipzig (1752), Titius joined the

Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF), film festival held annually in Toronto in September. It was founded in 1976 as the Festival of Festivals, with the aim of screening movies from other film festivals, and has since become one of the world’s largest annual showcases of film, attended by

Charles Lewis Tiffany: Establishment of Tiffany & Co. and achievements: …which was thereafter known as Tiffany & Co.

Charles Lewis Tiffany was an American jeweler who made a specialty of importing historic gems, jewelry, and artwork. He cofounded a stationery and fancy-goods store in 1837 that in 1853 became Tiffany & Co., which in the 21st century continues to be an iconic American luxury company known for its

Louis Comfort Tiffany was an American painter, craftsman, philanthropist, decorator, and designer, internationally recognized as one of the greatest forces of the Art Nouveau style, who made significant contributions to the art of glassmaking. Tiffany was the son of the famous jeweler Charles Lewis

Charles Lewis Tiffany: Establishment of Tiffany & Co. and achievements: …which was thereafter known as Tiffany & Co.

Tiffin, city, seat (1824) of Seneca county, north-central Ohio, U.S., located on the Sandusky River about 45 miles (70 km) southeast of Toledo. Fort Ball, a military depot of the War of 1812, occupied a site on the river’s north bank (marked by a bronze statue, The Indian Maiden), where the

Berber languages: An old consonantal alphabet (tifinagh) has survived among the Tuareg. It relates to the early Libyan inscriptions and the Phoenician quasi-alphabet.

Tbilisi, capital of the republic of Georgia, on the Mtkvari (Kura) River at its dissection of the Trialeti (Trialetsky) and Kartli (Kartliysky, or Kartalinian) ranges. Founded in 458 (in some sources, 455), when the capital of the Georgian kingdom was transferred there from Mtskheta, the city had a

tag, children’s game in which, in its simplest form, the player who is “it” chases the other players, trying to touch one of them, thereby making that person “it.” The game is known by many names, such as leapsa in Romania and kynigito in parts of modern Greece. In some variants the children

Riau: Geography: The Tigapuluh Mountains, with an average elevation of 2,369 feet (722 metres), thrust northward near the province’s south-central boundary. A belt of swamps, fed by the Rokan, Tapung, Siak, Kampar, and Indragiri rivers flowing eastward from the highlands, extends inward from the coast to a maximum…

MRSA: Treatment: These agents include linezolid, tigecycline, and daptomycin. In some cases, infection can be treated by draining abscesses rather than by administering antibiotics. Such treatment methods, in addition to encouraging appropriate antibiotic use and improving cleanliness and sterilization procedures in health care settings, have helped prevent and control the spread…

Ofonius Tigellinus was the Roman emperor Nero’s chief adviser from 62 to 68, notorious for the influence his cruelty and debauched behaviour had upon the emperor. A Sicilian by birth, Tigellinus lived in the family of the sisters of Caligula. In 39 he was exiled for adultery with them. When Nero

tiger, (Panthera tigris), largest member of the cat family (Felidae), rivaled only by the lion (Panthera leo) in strength and ferocity; it is a famous apex predator (meaning without a natural predator or enemy). The tiger is endangered throughout its range, which stretches from the Russian Far East

Ferdinand Porsche: …designed military vehicles, notably the Tiger tank. After the war the elder Porsche was imprisoned by the French for a time. In 1950 the Porsche sports car was introduced. The Porsche Museum opened in Zuffenhausen, a suburb of Stuttgart, in 2009.

Roberto Benigni: …tigre e la neve (2005; The Tiger and the Snow), which treats the Iraq War in much the same way as Life Is Beautiful treated the Holocaust, playing its absurdities for laughs and using it to frame a love story. This time, however, critics were less receptive to Benigni’s handling…

barb: Sumatra, or tiger, barb (B. tetrazona), about 5 cm long; silvery orange with four vertical black stripes on each side.

John Mills: …young man, Hobson’s Choice (1954), Tiger Bay (1959), in which his daughter Hayley made her debut, The Wrong Box (1966), Ryan’s Daughter (1970), for which he won a best supporting actor Academy Award, and Gandhi (1982). Mills married novelist and playwright

tiger beetle, (family Cicindelidae), family of more than 2,600 species of beetles named for the deft hunting skills and voracious eating habits of both larvae and adults. Although tiger beetles occur throughout the world, most species are subtropical or tropical and are usually seen on sunny paths

heron: …are the six species of tiger herons (formerly called tiger bitterns), shy, solitary birds with cryptic, often barred, plumage. The lined, or banded, tiger heron (Tigrisoma lineatum), 75 cm (30 inches) long, of central and northern South America, is a well-known example. Another is the Mexican, or bare-throated, tiger heron…

margay, (Leopardus wiedii), small cat (family Felidae) that ranges from South through Central America and, rarely, into the extreme southern United States. Little is known about the habits of the margay. It lives in forests and presumably is nocturnal, feeding on small prey such as birds, frogs,

native cat: The largest species, the spotted-tailed native cat (D. maculatus, also called the tiger cat), has a length of 75 to 130 cm, including its 35- to 55-cm tail. This species occurs in the dense, moist forests of Tasmania and eastern Australia.

heron: …are the six species of tiger herons (formerly called tiger bitterns), shy, solitary birds with cryptic, often barred, plumage. The lined, or banded, tiger heron (Tigrisoma lineatum), 75 cm (30 inches) long, of central and northern South America, is a well-known example. Another is the Mexican, or bare-throated, tiger heron…

Guyana: Resources and power: …Guyana is considerable, especially at Tiger Hill on the Demerara River and Tiboku Falls on the Mazaruni. Development is hampered, however, by the remoteness of the falls and the large amounts of capital needed for generation and transmission facilities.

Janette Turner Hospital: In Tiger in the Tiger Pit (1983) a reunion provides a setting for family members to examine their wounds. Borderline (1985) is a suspenseful novel that begins with a refugee’s attempt to cross the U.S.–Canadian border in a meat truck and evolves into a mystery on…

tiger moth, (family Arctiidae), any of about 11,000 species of moths (order Lepidoptera), the common name of which is derived from that of one of its most common genera, Grammia, which have dark wings with red or orange spots and white stripes, sometimes displayed in striking geometric patterns.

Yamashita Tomoyuki was a Japanese general known for his successful attacks on Malaya and Singapore during World War II. After graduating from the Army Academy (1905) and the Army War College (1916), Yamashita was an officer for the Army General Staff Office. He rose rapidly through the ranks of the

Tipu Sultan was the sultan (king) of the Kingdom of Mysore, who reigned from December 1782 until his death in 1799. He is known for the four Anglo-Mysore Wars of the late 18th century in which he fought against Britain and its allies. There are differing theories on why Tipu is called the “Tiger of

Tenzing Norgay: …Everest (1955; also published as Tiger of the Snows), written in collaboration with James Ramsey Ullman, is an autobiography. After Everest (1978), as told to Malcolm Barnes, tells of his travels after the Everest ascent and his directorship of the Field Training Himalayan Mountaineering Institute in Darjeeling, which the Indian…

the Mills Brothers: …on such numbers as “Tiger Rag,” “St. Louis Blues,” and “Bugle Call Rag.” Each brother specialized in an “instrument”: they imitated two trumpets, a trombone, and a tuba. They were also a hit on records and in live performances, and they appeared in several films, including The Big Broadcast…

Kate DiCamillo: In DiCamillo’s second novel, Tiger Rising (2001; film 2022), she again explored the life of a child beset by the loss of a parent. In it, two friends discover in the woods a caged tiger, and DiCamillo interspersed lines from William Blake’s “The Tyger” to help drive the narrative.…

Queen Latifah: …featured in the family film The Tiger Rising (2022). In addition, her voice was featured in several movies, including four installments (2006, 2009, 2012, 2016) of the animated Ice Age series.

Howard Hawks: Early life and work: Tiger Shark (1932) starred Edward G. Robinson as a good-hearted Portuguese fisherman who helplessly watches his young bride fall in love with another man. Although The Crowd Roars was viewed by most critics as the first landmark film of Hawks’s career, Scarface: The Shame of…

tiger shark, (Galeocerdo cuvier), large, potentially dangerous shark of the family Carcharhinidae. It is noted for its voracity and inveterate scavenging, as well as its reputation as a man-eater. The tiger shark is found worldwide in warm oceans, from the shoreline to the open sea. A maximum of

tiger snake, (genus Notechis), Australian member of the cobra family, Elapidae. The snake’s venom, which contains a blood-clotting agent as well as a nerve paralyzer, is potentially fatal to humans. Before striking, the tiger snake flattens its head and neck, cobra fashion. Tiger snakes occur in

Detroit Tigers: …Navin Field (later known as Tiger Stadium), which would be home to the team for 88 seasons and become one of the most venerated ballparks in the game. The new home stadium was no guarantee of success, however, and the Tigers finished no higher than second place in the AL…

tiger swallowtail, any of several North American species of black-and-yellow swallowtail butterflies. The eastern tiger swallowtail (Papilio glaucus) is a large, widely distributed species. The yellow male has black margins and black stripes on the wings. The female is similarly marked in the

Bharati Mukherjee: Her first novel, The Tiger’s Daughter (1972), tells of a sheltered Indian woman shocked by her immersion in American culture and, on her return to India, by a changed Calcutta. Wife (1975) details an Indian woman’s descent into madness as she is pulled apart by the demands of…

Hubert Ogunde: …earlier play produced in 1946, The Tiger’s Empire, also marked the first instance in Yoruban theatre that women were billed to appear in a play as professional artists in their own right.

John Boorman: Later career and honors: …apartheid in South Africa, and The Tiger’s Tail (2006), with Gleeson well cast as a driven Irish businessman whose ruthless real-estate dealings begin to take a toll on his sanity. The drama Queen & Country (2014) is a sequel to Hope and Glory. Boorman also cowrote the drama The Professor…

tigereye, semiprecious quartz gem displaying chatoyancy, a vertical luminescent band like that of a cat’s eye. Veins of parallel, blue asbestos (crocidolite) fibres are first altered to iron oxides and then replaced by silica. The gem has a rich yellow to yellow-brown or brown colour and, when

Dick Tiger was a Nigerian professional boxer, world middleweight (160 pounds) and light heavyweight (175 pounds) champion during the 1960s. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Tiger learned to box from British military officers stationed in Nigeria. He began his professional

Kurt Tucholsky was a German satirical essayist, poet, and critic, best-known for his cabaret songs. After studying law and serving in World War I, Tucholsky left Germany in 1924 and lived first in Paris and after 1929 in Sweden. He contributed to Rote Signale (1931; “Red Signals”), a collection of

tiger-flower, (genus Tigridia), genus of about 35 species of flowering plants of the iris family (Iridaceae) native from Mexico to Chile. One tiger-flower, also known as Mexican shell flower (Tigridia pavonia), is cultivated for its attractive flowers and was once prized by the Aztecs for the

military aircraft: Supersonic flight: Other aircraft included the Grumman F11F Tigercat, the first supersonic carrier-based fighter; the North American F-100 Super Sabre; the Dassault Mystère B-2; the Saab 35, with a unique double-delta configuration; and the MiG-19.

tigereye, semiprecious quartz gem displaying chatoyancy, a vertical luminescent band like that of a cat’s eye. Veins of parallel, blue asbestos (crocidolite) fibres are first altered to iron oxides and then replaced by silica. The gem has a rich yellow to yellow-brown or brown colour and, when

tigerfish, any of several fishes so named on the basis of their pugnacity when caught, their fiercely predaceous habits, or their appearance. In African freshwaters, tigerfishes of the genus Hydrocynus (sometimes Hydrocyon) are admired game fishes of the characin family, Characidae (order

Stanley Tigerman was a prominent American architect and activist best known for his work in Chicago. Tigerman studied architecture at a variety of schools, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1948–49) in Cambridge, the IIT Institute of Design (1949–50) in Chicago, and Yale

Fleur Adcock: In that and subsequent volumes—including Tigers (1967), High Tide in the Garden (1971), The Incident Book (1986), Time Zones (1991), and Looking Back (1997)—Adcock brought a measured, Classical detachment to bear upon the vagaries of emotional experience. The Inner Harbour (1979) is

Detroit Tigers, American professional baseball team based in Detroit that plays in the American League (AL). The Tigers have won four World Series titles (1935, 1945, 1968, 1984) and 11 AL pennants. The Tigers were founded in 1894 as a minor league franchise, playing alongside organizations that

Jean Rhys: Tigers Are Better-Looking, with a Selection from the Left Bank (1968) and Sleep It Off Lady (1976), both short-story collections, followed. Smile Please, an unfinished autobiography, was published in 1979.

Peter Matthiessen: …in search of cranes, and Tigers in the Snow (2002), which chronicles the plight of the Siberian tiger. The Peter Matthiessen Reader: Nonfiction 1959–1991 was published in 2000.

Željko Ražnatović: …nationalist who headed the paramilitary Serbian Volunteer Guard (known as the Tigers), which was accused of committing atrocities during the conflicts that accompanied the breakup of Yugoslavia in the first half of the 1990s.

Havergal Brian: …two cantatas and an opera, The Tigers (begun in 1916), considered a remarkably pointed satire on war.

renin: …was discovered in 1898 by Robert Tigerstedt and Per Bergman, researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. See also renin-angiotensin system.

tigerware, 16th- and 17th-century German stoneware having a brown, mottled glaze, and made in the Rhenish centres of Cologne and Frechen, Ger. Tigerware was imported to England and imitated there in the different medium of delft, or tin-glazed earthenware; the imitations were also called tigerware.

Ternifine, site of paleoanthropological excavations located about 20 km (12 miles) east of Mascara, Algeria, known for its remains of Homo erectus. Ternifine was quarried for sand in the 19th century, and numerous fossilized animal bones and stone artifacts were recovered. Realizing the potential