chess: Origin of time controls: The rise of competitive chess with the Bourdonnais-McDonnell match of 1834 and the London tournament of 1851 posed a question of fairness: should a player be allowed to take enormous amounts of time? Previously, chess was governed by an unwritten amateur privilege that…

lock: Development of modern types.: …opened only at a preset time.

The Time Machine, American science-fiction film, released in 1960, that was based on H.G. Wells’s classic story that explores both the theoretical possibilities and the perils of time travel. A Victorian-era scientist (played by Rod Taylor) invents a machine that transports him through time. He

The Time Machine, first novel by H. G. Wells, published in book form in 1895. The novel is considered one of the earliest works of science fiction and the progenitor of the “time travel” subgenre. SUMMARY: Wells advanced his social and political ideas in this narrative of a nameless Time Traveller

time management, self-management with an explicit focus on time in deciding what to do; on how much time to allocate to activities; on how activities can be done more efficiently; and on when the time is right for particular activities. The term time management became familiar in the 1950s and

Mona Van Duyn: Her other works include A Time of Bees (1964), Merciful Disguises (1973), and Near Changes (1990), for which she was awarded the 1991 Pulitzer Prize for poetry. Firefall and If It Be Not I: Collected Poems 1959–1982 were published in 1993. From 1992 to 1993 Van Duyn served as…

Timothy Hutton: Hutton appeared in the melodrama A Time of Destiny (1988); the sports drama Everybody’s All-American (1988); Lumet’s police thriller Q & A (1990); George A. Romero’s The Dark Half (1993), based on a Stephen King novel; the TV movie Zelda (1993), in which he played F. Scott Fitzgerald;

Alberto Moravia: His first novel, Gli indifferenti (1929; Time of Indifference), is a scathingly realistic study of the moral corruption of a middle-class mother and two of her children. It became a sensation. Some of his more important novels are Agostino (1944; Two Adolescents); La Romana (1947; The Woman of…

Elizabeth Madox Roberts: Her first novel, The Time of Man (1926), concerns a poor white woman living in Kentucky. Its rich texture, contrasting inner growth with outward hardship, and its account of life in Kentucky won for her international acclaim. The Great Meadow (1930), her best known novel, describes a woman’s…

Tom Brokaw: …Voices of the Sixties (2007), The Time of Our Lives: A Conversation About America (2011), and The Fall of Richard Nixon: A Reporter Remembers Watergate (2019). A Long Way from Home: Growing Up in the American Heartland (2002) and A Lucky Life Interrupted: A Memoir of Hope (2015) documented, respectively,…

celestial mechanics: Perturbations of elliptical motion: A sixth constant T, the time of perihelion passage (i.e., any date at which the object in orbit was known to be at perihelion), may be used to replace f, u, or l, and the position of the planet in its fixed elliptic orbit can be determined uniquely at subsequent…

Luis Martín-Santos: …1962 he published his novel Tiempo de silencio (“Time of Silence”), the first of a projected trilogy. The novel is about a medical student, Pedro, thrust among inhabitants of the Madrid slums and confronted with their often violent adaptation to severe conditions. Events force him to confess to a crime…

Emir Kusturica: Films of the 1980s: …film Dom za vešanje (1989; Time of the Gypsies) marks a further plunge into the surreal with its portrayal of the almost grotesque atmosphere surrounding a group of Roma (Gypsies). Rich in vivid folk iconography, the movie was influenced by the Serbian film genre of crni talas (“black wave”) from…

The Time of the Hero, novel by Mario Vargas Llosa, published in 1963 as La ciudad y los perros (“The City and the Dogs”). The novel describes adolescents in a Peruvian military school striving to survive in a hostile and violent environment. The corruption of the military school suggests a larger

William Saroyan: …Pulitzer Prize for his play The Time of Your Life (performed 1939) on the grounds that it was “no more great or good” than anything else he had written.

cliometrics: In Time on the Cross (1974), Fogel used statistical analysis to examine the relationship between the politics of American slavery and its profitability. North studied the link between a market economy and legal and social institutions such as property rights in such works as Structure and…

Philip K. Dick: In such novels as Time out of Joint (1959), The Man in the High Castle (1962; Hugo Award winner; television series 2015–19), and The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (1965), the protagonists must determine their own orientation in an “alternate world.” Beginning with The Simulacra (1964) and culminating in…

Bob Dylan: Elder statesman of folk and rock: …Awards—including album of the year—for Time Out of Mind (1997). In 2000 he was honored with a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for best original song for “Things Have Changed,” from the film Wonder Boys. Another Grammy (for best contemporary folk album) came Dylan’s way in 2002, for Love…

time perception, experience or awareness of the passage of time. The human experience of change is complex. One primary element clearly is that of a succession of events, but distinguishable events are separated by more or less lengthy intervals that are called durations. Thus, sequence and

Time: …annual issues, including the Time Person of the Year and the Time 100 issues, designating the most influential persons of the year. It also publishes Time for Kids, a weekly children’s magazine.

John Banville: Other works and honors: …wrote such nonfiction works as Time Pieces: A Dublin Memoir (2016). In an interview with The Guardian in 2022, he distinguished between writers of his generation and younger Irish novelists by noting that the newer crop of writers focus more on their own lives and the lives of their friends,…

interest: …the better known are the time-preference theory of the Austrian, or Marginalist, school of economists, according to which interest is the inducement to engage in time-consuming but more productive activities, and the liquidity-preference theory developed by J.M. Keynes, according to which interest is the inducement to sacrifice a desired degree…

Turkish literature: Modern Turkish literature: …published in book form 1961; The Time Regulation Institute), the most complex novel written in Turkish until the 1980s and ’90s, is his most important. It is the autobiography of Hayri Irdal, a poorly educated petit bourgeois born in Istanbul in the 1890s. He follows charlatans of various types until…

time reversal, in physics, mathematical operation of replacing the expression for time with its negative in formulas or equations so that they describe an event in which time runs backward or all the motions are reversed. A resultant formula or equation that remains unchanged by this operation is

Robert Wilson: The final installment, Time Rocker (1996), had more to do with Wilson’s minimalist decor and lighting and less with music (by Lou Reed) and dialogue (by Darryl Pinckney). Dubbed “art musicals,” the works offered an alternative experience to the typical Broadway production—which Wilson believed was becoming more and…

statistics: Time series and forecasting: A time series is a set of data collected at successive points in time or over successive periods of time. A sequence of monthly data on new housing starts and a sequence of weekly data on product sales are examples of…

time signature, in musical notation, sign that indicates the metre of a composition. Most time signatures consist of two vertically aligned numbers, such as , , and . In simple time, the top figure reflects the number of beats in each measure, or metrical unit; the bottom figure indicates the n

Ermanno Olmi: …tempo si è fermato (1959; Time Stood Still), an analysis of the relationship between two guards forced to spend the winter together in inactivity. The success of this film led to the formation of 22 December S.p.A., a production company cofounded by Olmi that distributed his first commercial feature film,…

time-and-motion study, in the evaluation of industrial performance, analysis of the time spent in going through the different motions of a job or series of jobs. Time-and-motion studies were first instituted in offices and factories in the United States in the early 20th century. These studies came

Jackson Browne: …a collection of new songs, Time the Conqueror. The live recording Love Is Strange (2010) documents Browne’s acoustic tour of Spain with Lindley in 2006. The later studio album Standing in the Breach (2014) is a well-reviewed mix of personal and political songs. Downhill from Everywhere appeared in 2021.

Finn E. Kydland: In “Time to Build and Aggregate Fluctuations” (1982), the pair demonstrated that technology changes or supply shocks, such as oil price hikes, could be reflected in investment and relative price movements and thereby create short-term fluctuations around the long-term economic growth path.

Sandra Bullock: Rise to stardom: …the thriller The Net (1995); A Time to Kill (1996), based on the legal novel of the same name by best-selling author John Grisham; and In Love and War (1996), a drama about Ernest Hemingway’s wartime romance that inspired his novel A Farewell to Arms (1929).

John Grisham: Legal career, A Time to Kill, and The Firm: …to write his first novel, A Time to Kill (1989; film 1996), which deals with the legal, social, and moral repercussions when a Mississippi Black man is tried for the murder of two white men who raped his 10-year-old daughter. Despite good reviews for its skillfully crafted dialogue and sense…

Hou Hsiao-hsien: …semiautobiographical film Tongnian wangshi (1985; A Time to Live, a Time to Die) is the coming-of-age story of a young man raised in Taiwan under circumstances similar to Hou’s own. Hou also found his true voice in making films set against the backdrop of Taiwanese history, such as Lianlian fengchen…

Douglas Sirk: From All That Heaven Allows to Imitation of Life: A Time to Love and a Time to Die (1958), a World War II love story based on Erich Maria Remarque’s novel of the same name, followed but caused nowhere near the stir brought about by Imitation of Life (1959), the last of Sirk’s expressionist…

René Magritte: In Time Transfixed (1938), for example, a steaming locomotive is suspended from the centre of a mantelpiece in a middle-class sitting room, looking as if it had just emerged from a tunnel. In Golconda (1953) bourgeois, bowler-hatted men fall like rain toward a street lined with…

science fiction: Time travel: A complement to travel through space is travel through time. A prototype of the time travel story is Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol (1843). The story features the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, who is magically able to immerse the hapless Scrooge…

Rachel McAdams: …appeared opposite Eric Bana in The Time Traveler’s Wife, a love story based on Audrey Niffenegger’s novel of the same name. She also featured in Sherlock Holmes (2009) and its sequel (2011) as Irene Adler, a loosely interpreted version of one of the few love interests to cross Holmes’s path…

time trial, (“race against the watch”), in bicycle racing, a form of competition in which individual cyclists or teams are sent out at intervals to cover a specified distance on a road course. The contestant with the fastest time for the distance wins. The individual time trial is distinctive in

In options trading, extrinsic value—also called time value—is the current market value of uncertainty in the option between now and the option’s expiration. If an option is in the money, the extrinsic value is the amount of the premium over and above its intrinsic value. If an option is currently

WarnerMedia, one of the largest media and entertainment conglomerates in the world. It was founded as Time Warner following the merger of Warner Communications and Time Inc. in 1990, and after becoming a subsidiary of AT&T in 2018, it was renamed WarnerMedia. It consists of three major divisions:

William Maxwell: In Time Will Darken It (1948) a long visit from relatives disrupts a family; in The Château (1961) American travelers encounter postwar French culture.

time zone, a zone on the terrestrial globe that is approximately 15° longitude wide and extends from pole to pole and within which a uniform clock time is used. Time zones are the functional basis of standard time and were introduced in the late 19th century as railways connected places that had

Fleur Adcock: … (1971), The Incident Book (1986), Time Zones (1991), and Looking Back (1997)—Adcock brought a measured, Classical detachment to bear upon the vagaries of emotional experience. The Inner Harbour (1979) is generally cited as her most artistically successful work. Her later collections included Poems, 1960–2000 (2000), Dragon Talk (2010),

Martin Amis: …work of this period is Time’s Arrow (1991), which inverts traditional narrative order to describe the life of a Nazi war criminal from death to birth. In Amis’s works, according to one critic, “morality is nudged toward bankruptcy by ‘market forces.’ ” Other novels of the first decades of his…

Stephen Jay Gould: …The Mismeasure of Man (1981), Time’s Arrow, Time’s Cycle (1987), and Wonderful Life (1989), he traced the course and significance of various controversies in the history of evolutionary biology, intelligence testing, geology, and paleontology. From 1974 Gould regularly contributed essays to the periodical Natural History, and these were collected in…

solar time: …time is known as the equation of time. This is usually expressed as a correction, never exceeding 16 minutes, that is added to or subtracted from apparent solar time to determine mean solar time. The real Sun and the imaginary “mean Sun,” from which mean solar time is measured, may…

Valentin Katayev: Katayev’s Vremya, vperyod! (1932; Time, Forward!), concerning workers’ attempts to build a huge steel plant in record time, is considered among the most readable of Soviet five-year-plan novels. Some critics have noted the influence of John Dos Passos in this work. Katayev’s children’s book Syn polka (1945; “Son of…

Michael Bolton: He continued the momentum with Time, Love & Tenderness (1991), a compilation of romantic ballads that soared to the top of music charts three weeks after its release, eventually sold more than nine million copies, and brought Bolton his second Grammy, for his version of the 1966 Percy Sledge classic…

church year: The major church calendars: …two concurrent cycles: (1) the Proper of Time (Temporale), or seasons and Sundays that revolve around the movable date of Easter and the fixed date of Christmas, and (2) the Proper of Saints (Sanctorale), other commemorations on fixed dates of the year. Every season and holy day is a celebration,…

sacred: Manifestations of the sacred: …festivals are a return to sacred time, that time prior to the structured existence that most people commonly experience (profane time). Sacred calendars provide the opportunity for the profane time to be rejuvenated periodically in the festivals. These occasions symbolically repeat the primordial chaos before the beginning of the world;…

time-and-motion study, in the evaluation of industrial performance, analysis of the time spent in going through the different motions of a job or series of jobs. Time-and-motion studies were first instituted in offices and factories in the United States in the early 20th century. These studies came

motion-picture technology: Principal parts: For each take the time code generator is set to zero; when the camera and film are running, the generator starts to emit numbers that represent “real-time” in hours, minutes, seconds, and frames. In one system, a light-emitting diode next to the camera aperture records the information as ordinary…

mobile telephone: Development of cellular systems: …compression in conjunction with a time-division multiple access (TDMA) method; this also permitted three new voice channels in place of one AMPS channel. Finally, in 1994 there surfaced a third approach, developed originally by Qualcomm, Inc., but also adopted as a standard by the TIA. This third approach used a…

telecommunication: Time-division multiplexing: Multiplexing also may be conducted through the interleaving of time segments from different signals onto a single transmission path—a process known as time-division multiplexing (TDM). Time-division multiplexing of multiple signals is possible only when the available data rate of the channel exceeds the…

telephone: Digital switching: …first digital systems, known as time-division switching, the digitized speech information is sliced into a sequence of time intervals, or slots. Additional voice circuit slots, corresponding to other users, are inserted into this bit stream of data, in effect achieving a “time multiplexing” of several voice circuits. Switching essentially consists…

time-lapse cinematography, motion-picture technique by which a naturally slow process, such as the blossoming of a flower or cloud-pattern development, can be seen at a greatly accelerated rate. Normal sound cinematography reproduces movement by recording and projecting it at 24 frames per second.

WarnerMedia: Time: started a book division, Time-Life Books, and acquired Little, Brown & Company, one of the nation’s oldest publishers. In 1974 the company started People, a weekly focused on personalities that was an outgrowth of the People section in Time.

African music: Time-line patterns: In certain areas there is yet another principle of timing, known as time-line patterns. These are struck motional patterns that make up a rhythmic ostinato with an asymmetrical inner structure (such as 5 + 7 or 7 + 9), against which the melodic…

mass spectrometry: Ion-velocity spectrometers: …allowed the construction of the time-of-flight mass spectrometer, in which a short emission of ions is released from the source and their arrival times recorded after having traversed a distance sufficiently long to sort out the different speeds.

time reversal: …operation is said to be time-reversal invariant, which implies that the same laws of physics apply equally well in both situations, that the second event is indistinguishable from the original, and that the flow of time does not have any naturally preferred direction in the case of fundamental interactions. A…

time-sharing, in data processing, method of operation in which multiple users with different programs interact nearly simultaneously with the central processing unit (CPU) of a large-scale digital computer. Because the CPU operates substantially faster than most peripheral equipment (e.g., video

industrial glass: Kinetic arguments: …factors, the glassmaker generates a time-temperature-transformation (T-T-T) diagram. In this diagram a curve is plotted showing the heat-treatment times that would be required at various temperatures in order for detectable crystallization to occur. In order for glass formation to take place, the glassmaker would ensure that the cooling rate of…

science fiction: Alternate histories and parallel universes: Stories centred on time-travel paradoxes developed as a separate school of science fiction. If a human being broke free from the conventional chains of causality, intriguing metaphysical puzzles ensued. The classic SF version of these puzzles is the challenge posed by a man who travels back in time…

cricket: Methods of dismissal: Regardless of the means of dismissal, a batsman is not given out until the fielding side has appealed to an umpire and that umpire has declared the player out. Thus, when a…

automobile: Emission controls: In several timed-injection systems, individual pumps at each intake valve are regulated (timed) by a microprocessor that monitors intake vacuum, engine temperature, ambient-air temperature, and throttle position and adjusts the time and duration of injection accordingly.

Guyana: Transportation: The country’s main airport is located about 25 miles (40 km) from Georgetown and is served by several international airlines. Domestic commercial and private aircraft use landing strips and the quieter stretches of rivers.

Michael W. Young: …discovered a second key gene, timeless, RNA levels of which oscillate on a 24-hour cycle, and found that the timeless protein, TIM, could bind to PER, the protein produced by period, enabling PER to enter the cell nucleus to inhibit its own transcription (synthesis of RNA from DNA). Young’s discoveries…

Michael Bolton: In 1992 Bolton released Timeless, a collection of songs made famous by such artists as Sam Cooke, the Bee Gees, Sam & Dave, and the Beatles. His recording of “You Are My Sunshine” was included on the compilation album For Our Children: The Concert (1993). Bolton cowrote all but…

eternity, timelessness, or the state of that which is held to have neither beginning nor end. Eternity and the related concept of infinity have long been associated with strong emotional overtones, serving to astonish, weary, or confound those who attempt to grasp them. In religious and

Richard Donner: The 1990s and beyond: …Donner helmed the science-fiction adventure Timeline, which was based on a Michael Crichton best seller about a time machine. He then made 16 Blocks (2006), a scaled-back crime drama featuring Bruce Willis as a burned-out detective who has to transport a witness (an effective Mos Def) a mere 16 blocks…

The Internet, which was introduced on January 1, 1983, gained prominence in the 1990s and eventually became an integral part of everyday life in the 2000s. Companies and individuals flocked to the new technology to promote their work and to establish digital identities. Social media websites such

In 1775, 13 British colonies in North America began an eight-year insurrection that changed the course of history. What caused the American Revolution? And what happened during the conflict? From controversial taxes to the battlefield and beyond, we explore the road to revolution and the creation

Even before the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, they had made no secret of their antisemitism. As early as 1919 Adolf Hitler had written, “Antisemitism stemming from purely emotive reasons will always find its expression in the form of pogroms. But antisemitism based on reason must lead to

After a century-long struggle for freedom, India and Pakistan won independence from British colonial rule at midnight on August 14–15, 1947. This moment marked a major turning point in world history, signaling the decline of Western colonialism. From the early revolt of 1857 to Gandhi’s nonviolent

Napoleon Bonaparte rose from the ranks of the French Revolutionary army to become first consul (1799–1804) and emperor of the French (1804–1814/15). His empire spanned nearly the entire width of Europe, and his military exploits have made him one of the most celebrated personages in the history of

The right to vote is a hallmark of democratic governments. The strength of a democracy can be measured by its free and fair elections that give equal voice to all eligible citizens. Since the founding of the United States in 1776, the federal and state governments have wrestled with the question of

Since early antisuffragists’ warnings of “petticoat governments,” women have faced sexism and other challenges when it comes to leading. In fact, fewer than one-third of the world’s countries have ever had a female leader. Who are these trailblazers? In the timeline below, discover some of the

Founded in 1903 by visionary industrialist Henry Ford, Ford Motor Company introduced the first affordable car, the Model T, in 1908, and the moving assembly line six years later. Ford’s mass production methods rapidly led to the direct and indirect creation of jobs, first topping 100,000 in 1923

Like many iconic American companies, Mattel sprang from modest roots. Begun in a garage in 1945 by a husband and wife and their friend, the company—then known as Mattel Creations—had yet to embrace toy making as a way to success. That changed in 1947 with the introduction of a toy ukulele that was

Marvel Comics, American media and entertainment company that was widely regarded as one of the “big two” publishers in the comic industry. Its parent company, Marvel Entertainment, is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Disney Company. Its headquarters are in New York City. The precursor to Marvel

watch, portable timepiece that has a movement driven either by spring or by electricity and that is designed to be worn or carried in the pocket. The first watches appeared shortly after 1500, early examples being made by Peter Henlein, a locksmith in Nürnberg, Ger. The escapement used in the early

clock, mechanical or electrical device other than a watch for displaying time. A clock is a machine in which a device that performs regular movements in equal intervals of time is linked to a counting mechanism that records the number of movements. All clocks, of whatever form—whether 12-hour

Kurt Vonnegut: Later works of fiction: …professor turned prison warden; and Timequake (1997), a loosely structured meditation on free will.

Times Literary Supplement (TLS), weekly literary journal founded in 1902 as a supplement to The Sunday Times of London, long famous for its coverage of all aspects of literature and widely considered the finest literary review in the English language. TLS sets the tone and standards for excellence

Los Angeles Times: …within a public corporation, the Times-Mirror Company (the hyphen was later dropped from the name), in 1884. The paper prospered, soon becoming an important political power in California and a major voice in the southern part of the state. Although its news coverage reflected its political bias, the Times won…

Stanley Morison: …remembered for his design of Times New Roman, later called the most successful new typeface of the first half of the 20th century.

Philipp Otto Runge: …his cycle of drawings titled Times of Day in 1803, a series of four allegorical works that represent morning, midday, evening, and night as well as the four seasons and the life cycle—birth, maturity, decline, death. The cycle was published in a limited edition of 25 sets in 1805 (and…

Harvey Milk: …Milk, including the 1984 documentary The Times of Harvey Milk, which earned an Academy Award; an opera, Harvey Milk (1995); and Milk (2008), a cinematic depiction of his political career that starred Sean Penn. In 2009 Milk was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In November 2021 the U.S.…

The Times of India, English-language morning daily newspaper published in Mumbai, Ahmadabad, and Delhi. It is one of India’s most influential papers, and its voice has frequently coincided with that of the national government. Originally called The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce, the paper

The Times, daily newspaper published in London, one of Britain’s oldest and most influential newspapers. It is generally accounted, with The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph, one of Britain’s “big three” and has long been recognized as one of the world’s greatest newspapers. Founded by John Walter

The New York Times: … launched an electronic version, the Times Reader, which allowed subscribers to download the current print edition. The following year the publication relocated to the newly constructed New York Times Building in Manhattan. Soon thereafter it began—like many industry publications—to struggle to redefine its role in the face of free Internet…

Times Square, square in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, formed by the intersection of Seventh Avenue, 42nd Street, and Broadway. Times Square is also the centre of the Theatre District, which is bounded roughly by Sixth and Eighth avenues to the east and west, respectively, and by 40th and 53rd

Bob Dylan: The king of folk music: …song of his next album, The Times They Are A-Changin’ (1964), provided an instant anthem.

The Times, daily newspaper published in London, one of Britain’s oldest and most influential newspapers. It is generally accounted, with The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph, one of Britain’s “big three” and has long been recognized as one of the world’s greatest newspapers. Founded by John Walter

The New York Times, morning daily newspaper published in New York City, long the newspaper of record in the United States and one of the world’s great newspapers. Its strength is in its editorial excellence; it has never been the largest newspaper in terms of circulation. The Times was established

Louisiana: Cultural life: The New Orleans Times-Picayune, one of the state’s oldest newspapers, has the largest circulation in Louisiana. There are about 20 other dailies published in the state. Louisiana is well served by numerous radio stations and nearly three dozen television stations.

Gordian III: …his father-in-law, the praetorian prefect Timesitheus. In 242 Gordian accompanied Timesitheus on a campaign against the Persians. After successes in battle, the prefect died of an illness in 243 and was replaced by Philip the Arabian. In the spring of 244 Gordian was murdered by the troops and succeeded by…

railroad: Signaling: …on the basis of a timetable alone, which was common on early lines in the United States, had the disadvantage that, if one train were delayed, others also would be delayed, since it was impossible to change the meeting points. By using the telegraph, and later the telephone, the dispatcher…

Greece: Central Greece: the Píndos Mountains: …two passes of Métsovon and Mount Timfristós divide the range into three units: a fairly open segment in the north where impervious shales and sandstones have weathered and formed into extensive upland valleys and gently inclining hills; the Píndos proper in the centre, some 20 miles (32 km) wide and…