D.W. Griffith: The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance: …and an extremely profitable film, Way Down East (1920), his studio foundered on the failure of lesser films and the business recession of the first half of the 1920s.

Alice Walker: Later work and controversies: …the volume of short stories The Way Forward Is with a Broken Heart (2000) and several other volumes of poetry, including Absolute Trust in the Goodness of the Earth (2003), A Poem Traveled Down My Arm (2003), Hard Times Require Furious Dancing (2010), and Taking the Arrow Out of the…

Eminem: Later albums and projects: …later Eminem published the memoir The Way I Am, which included photos, drawings, and lyrics.

Rose Tremain: Tremain’s subsequent novels included The Way I Found Her (1997); Music & Silence (1999), which won a Whitbread Book Award; The Colour (2003); The Road Home (2007), winner of the Orange Broadband Prize for Fiction (later called the Women’s Prize for Fiction); The Gustav Sonata (2016); and

V.S. Naipaul: A Way in the World (1994) is an essaylike novel examining how history forms individuals’ characters. Naipaul’s other novels include The Mimic Men (1967) and The Enigma of Arrival (1987).

Frans Eemil Sillanpää: …blended in Miehen tie (1932; Way of a Man), which describes a young farmer’s growth to maturity. Ihmiset suviyössä (1934; People in the Summer Night) is stylistically his most finished and poetic novel. His reminiscences, Poika eli elämäänsa (1953; “Telling and Describing”) and Päivä korkeimmillaan (1956; “The High Moment of…

The Way of All Flesh, autobiographical novel by Samuel Butler, published posthumously in 1903 though written almost two decades earlier. Beginning with the life of John Pontifex, a carpenter, the novel traces four generations of the Pontifex family, each of which perpetuates the frustration and

Victor Fleming: Early work: …prestigious silents he helmed were The Way of All Flesh (1927) with Emil Jannings, Hula (1927) with Clara Bow, and Abie’s Irish Rose (1928), an adaptation of the long-running Broadway show. In 1929 Fleming directed Gary Cooper in two westerns, The Wolf Song and The Virginian, an adaptation of

Ben Okri: A Way of Being Free (1997) and A Time for New Dreams (2011) are collections of Okri’s essays. Although typically not overtly political, Okri’s works nevertheless convey clear and urgent messages about the need for Africans to reforge their identities.

Cartesianism: The way of ideas and the self: The first, called “the way of ideas,” represents the attempt in epistemology to provide a foundation for our knowledge of the external world (as well as our knowledge of the past and of other minds) in the mental experiences of the individual. The Cartesian theory of knowledge through…

Eleaticism: The rigorous ontologism of Parmenides and Melissus: …the “Way of Opinion” (or Seeming), in which the empirical world—i.e., the single things as they appear every day to every human—is presented.

Fritz von Unruh: …1916 at Verdun, published 1919; Way of Sacrifice) and, on a mythical level, in the tragedy Ein Geschlecht (1916; “A Family”)—strengthened his antimilitaristic attitude and led to such later works as Heinrich von Andernach (1925), a festival play and a great plea for love among men.

Helen Levitt: …Levitt’s book of photographs entitled A Way of Seeing: Photographs of New York, which she compiled in the late 1940s. (The book was not published until 1965, 10 years after Agee’s death.) In it, he praised Levitt’s photographs, finding them “as beautiful, perceptive, satisfying and enduring as any lyrical work…

Eleaticism: The rigorous ontologism of Parmenides and Melissus: …the “Way of Opinion” (or Seeming), in which the empirical world—i.e., the single things as they appear every day to every human—is presented.

The Camino de Santiago, also known as the “Way of St. James,” is one of the most famous pilgrimages in Christianity. Since the Middle Ages pilgrims have traveled the network of routes throughout western Europe leading to the purported tomb of St. James the Greater in Santiago de Compostela in

Bruce Lee: ], or The Way of the Dragon [Hong Kong English title]). Lee’s following film, Enter the Dragon (1973), was the first joint venture between Hong Kong- and U.S.-based production companies, and it became a worldwide hit, thrusting Lee into international movie stardom. Tragically, he died six days…

Adidam, a small religious movement grounded in the Hindu tradition. Founded in 1972 in California by Franklin Jones (born 1939), who changed his name to Adi Da (Sanskrit: “One Who Gives from the Divine Source”) in 1994, it has undergone a number of name changes and considerable internal turmoil.

Stations of the Cross: …been recently supplemented with the Via Lucis (the Way of Light), in which the meditations focus on the resurrected Christ.

Christianity: Eastern Christianity: …the anonymous 19th-century Russian text The Way of the Pilgrim, but noted Russian mystics, such as Seraphim of Sarov (1759–1833) and John of Kronshtadt (1829–1909), also became known in the West during the 20th century. Among mystic sects native to Russia, the Dukhobors, who originated in the 18th century among…

Bushidō, the code of conduct of the samurai, or bushi (warrior), class of premodern Japan. In the mid-19th century, however, the precepts of Bushidō were made the basis of ethical training for the whole society, with the emperor replacing the feudal lord, or daimyo, as the focus of loyalty and

The Way of the World, comedy of manners in five acts by William Congreve, performed and published in 1700. The play, which is considered Congreve’s masterpiece, ridicules the assumptions that governed the society of his time, especially those concerning love and marriage. The plot concerns the

Eleaticism: The rigorous ontologism of Parmenides and Melissus: …true conviction”; (2) the “Way of Truth,” the main part, in which the real and unique Being is depicted; and (3) the “Way of Opinion” (or Seeming), in which the empirical world—i.e., the single things as they appear every day to every human—is presented.

Uys Krige: …for his first English-language book, The Way Out (1946). His earlier short stories were collected as The Dream and the Desert (1953), and his later short stories were published as Orphan of the Desert (1967). His plays The Wall of Death (1960), The Sniper (1962), and The Two Lamps (1964)…

Frederik Pohl: …fan writer for his blog The Way the Future Blogs (2010).

John Polkinghorne: In 1983 Polkinghorne published The Way the World Is, in which he explained how a thinking person can be a Christian. It was the first of several works on the relationship between science and religion. The Faith of a Physicist: Reflections of a Bottom-Up Thinker appeared in 1994 and…

Christology: The Middle Ages through the 19th century: …even more so his complex The Way to Calvary (1564), are illustrative of the late medieval and early modern tendency to depict scenes from the life of Jesus in a contemporary idiom. In the latter painting, the centre of the scene, traditionally occupied by Jesus and the cross, contains a…

Jakob Böhme: Writings: …Der Weg zu Christo (The Way to Christ), a small work joining nature mysticism with devotional fervour. Publication of this tract brought about the intense displeasure of Richter, who incited the populace against Böhme.

Robert Crowley: His writings include The Way to Wealth (1550), in which he attributed the government’s failure to stop enclosure of common land to the organized resistance of the rich. Other works include An informacion and Peticion agaynst the oppressours of the pore Commons of this Realme (1548), remarkable for…

Benjamin Franklin: Public service of Benjamin Franklin: …and later known as the The Way to Wealth. In this preface Father Abraham cites only those proverbs that concern hard work, thrift, and financial prudence. The Way to Wealth eventually became the most widely reprinted of all Franklin’s works, including the Autobiography.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte: Years in Berlin: …oder auch die Religionslehre (1806; The Way Towards the Blessed Life). In this last-named work the union between the finite self-consciousness and the infinite ego, or God, is handled in a deeply religious fashion reminiscent of the Gospel According to John. The knowledge and love of God is declared to…

The Way We Live Now, novel by Anthony Trollope, published serially in 1874–75 and in book form in 1875. This satire of Victorian society was one of Trollope’s later and more highly regarded works. The novel chronicles the fleeting fame of Augustus Melmotte, a villainous financier of obscure origins

Sydney Pollack: Film directing: Pollack next directed Redford in The Way We Were (1973), an enormously popular and unremittingly nostalgic love story. It costarred Barbra Streisand as a liberal activist who becomes the conscience of an apolitical writer (Redford), and Streisand received an Oscar nomination for best actress; the title song, which she sang,…

Dark Horse Comics: Gerard Way, cofounder and lead singer of the band My Chemical Romance, penned the award-winning superhero comics series The Umbrella Academy, which he created with artist Gabriel Ba. Chris Onstad’s acclaimed Web comic Achewood was collected in print format in a series of hardcovers, and…

The Way International, Christian evangelical group founded in 1942 as Vesper Chimes, a radio ministry broadcast from Lima, Ohio, by Victor Paul Wierwille (1916–85). Its current headquarters are in New Knoxville, Ohio; estimates of its membership range from 3,000 to 20,000. As a minister in the

ion-exchange reaction: Early history: Thompson and chemist J.T. Way, describing the phenomenon of ion exchange as it occurs in soils. In his paper, entitled “On the Power of Soils to Absorb Manure,” Way addressed himself to the question of how soluble fertilizers like potassium chloride were retained by soils even after heavy…

property law: Private land-use control: servitudes: The classic case is the right-of-way, whereby an owner agrees to allow a neighbor to cross his land in order to allow the neighbor to reach his own land. What distinguishes the right-of-way and similar interests from the myriad types of enforceable agreements not to sue is that the right-of-way…

Martin Sheen: Career: …worked with family members in The Way (2010), playing an ophthalmologist who walks the Camino de Santiago (a Christian pilgrimage route in France and Spain) to honor his late son. “It was a family affair,” he

Fenton J. A. Hort: …essay on philosophical theology, The Way, The Truth, and The Life (1893), dealing with the coexistence of an open, critical mind with acceptance of biblical truths.

Steve Carell: Despicable Me, Minions, and Foxcatcher: …figure in the coming-of-age tale The Way Way Back. That year he also reprised the role of Brick Tamland in Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues.

wayang, (Javanese: “shadow”), classical Javanese puppet drama that uses the shadows thrown by puppets manipulated by rods against a translucent screen lit from behind. Developed before the 10th century, the form had origins in the thalubomalata, the leather puppets of southern India. The art of

Richard Teschner: …the artistic potentialities of the Javanese rod puppet for western puppet theatre.

South Asian arts: Folk theatre: They are similar to the wayang kulit puppets of Indonesia but are much smaller and quicker-moving.

wayang: …figures manipulated by rods; the wayang wong, a pantomime by live actors; and the wayang Krunchil, wooden puppets in low relief.

African Americans: Television and film: Keenen Ivory Wayans, star of the long-running satirical sketch comedy show In Living Color, won an Emmy Award for his work in 1990. The Bernie Mac Show, a sitcom starring comedian Bernie Mac, won a Peabody Award in 2001.

Waycross, city, seat (1872) of Ware county, southeastern Georgia, U.S., on the coastal plain, about 50 miles (80 km) west of Brunswick. Early settlers had built blockhouses in the area by the 1820s as a protection against Native Americans. Originally the hub of stagecoach and pioneer trails,

Leviticus, third book of the Latin Vulgate Bible, the name of which designates its contents as a book (or manual) primarily concerned with priests (members of the priestly tribe of Levi) and their duties. Although Leviticus is basically a book of laws, it also contains some narrative text (chapters

Wayland the Smith, in Scandinavian, German, and Anglo-Saxon legend, a smith of outstanding skill. He was, according to some legends, a lord of the elves. His story is told in the Völundarkvida, one of the poems in the 13th-century Icelandic Elder, or Poetic, Edda, and, with variations, in the

Wayland the Smith: …Horse Hill, Berkshire, known as Wayland’s Smithy. A local legend says the chamber is haunted by an invisible smith who will shoe a horse for a traveler, provided that a coin is left on a stone and that the traveler absents himself while the work is in progress. If he…

Martha Jefferson was the wife of Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States (1801–09). She was never a first lady because she died 19 years before her husband became president. Martha Wayles married Bathurst Skelton in 1766, but he died two years later. The young widow returned to her

pre-Columbian civilizations: The beginnings of external expansion: …mother, Mama Mikay, was a Huayllaca (Wayllaqa) woman who had been promised to the leader of another group called the Ayarmaca (’Ayarmaka). When the promise was broken and Mama Mikay married Inca Roca, the Ayarmaca went to war with the Huayllaca and were defeating them. As a peace offering, the…

Nina Simone was an American singer who created urgent emotional intensity by singing songs of love, protest, and Black empowerment in a dramatic style, with a rough-edged voice. A precocious child, Simone played piano and organ in girlhood. She became sensitive to racism when at age 12 she gave a

pre-Columbian civilizations: Huayna Capac: Topa Inca Yupanqui’s unexpected death in about 1493 precipitated a struggle for the succession. It appears that Topa Inca Yupanqui had originally favoured the succession of Huayna Capac (Wayna Qhapaq), the youngest son of his principal wife and sister. Shortly before his death,…

Wayne, county, north-central New York state, U.S. It comprises a lowland region bordered by Lake Ontario to the north and intersected by the New York State Canal System (completed 1918), which incorporates the Erie Canal (1825). There are large marshes in the southeastern part of the county. Other

Wayne, township (town), Passaic county, northern New Jersey, U.S., 6 miles (10 km) west of Paterson, New Jersey. The site, first settled in 1695, was originally part of New Barbadoes township in Essex county, which was later incorporated into Bergen county. During the American Revolution the

Wayne, county, extreme northeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., bounded to the northeast and north by New York state (the West Branch Delaware and Delaware rivers constituting the boundary), to the southeast by Lake Wallenpaupack and Wallenpaupack Creek, and to the southwest by the Lehigh River. It

British Invasion: …Dreamers (“I’m Telling You Now”), Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders (“Game of Love”), Herman’s Hermits (“Mrs. Brown You’ve Got a Lovely Daughter”), the Rolling Stones (“[I Can’t Get No] Satisfaction” and others), the Troggs (“Wild Thing”), and Donovan (“Sunshine Superman”) all topped

Wayne State University, public coeducational institution of higher learning in Detroit, Mich., U.S. It is a comprehensive research university, comprising colleges of education; engineering; fine, performing, and communication arts; liberal arts and sciences; nursing; and pharmacy and health

Wayne State University, public coeducational institution of higher learning in Detroit, Mich., U.S. It is a comprehensive research university, comprising colleges of education; engineering; fine, performing, and communication arts; liberal arts and sciences; nursing; and pharmacy and health

Alice Cooper: …as himself in the movies Wayne’s World (1992) and Tim Burton’s Dark Shadows (2012). Cooper portrayed the title character’s father in Freddy’s Dead: The Final Nightmare (1991). His television credits included guest roles on such programs as That ’70s Show. In 2018 he played King Herod in the TV movie…

James Hong: Career: …played another comedic role in Wayne’s World 2 (1993), as an overprotective father who challenges his daughter’s boyfriend to a martial arts battle. In 1998 Hong lent his voice to Chi-Fu, adviser to the emperor of China, in Disney’s animated musical Mulan, and from 2002 to 2004 he voiced the…

Anthony Wayne was a prominent American general during the Revolutionary War, who later destroyed the Northwest Indian Confederation at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio (August 20, 1794). The owner of a tannery and extensive property in Pennsylvania, Wayne was commissioned a colonel in the

James M. Wayne was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1835–67). Wayne was admitted to the bar in 1810 and started to practice in Savannah. After the War of 1812 he was elected to the legislature for his opposition to an act suspending the collection of debts; he then served as

James M. Wayne was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1835–67). Wayne was admitted to the bar in 1810 and started to practice in Savannah. After the War of 1812 he was elected to the legislature for his opposition to an act suspending the collection of debts; he then served as

John Wayne was a major American motion-picture actor who embodied the image of the strong, taciturn cowboy or soldier and who in many ways personified the idealized American values of his era. Marion Morrison was the son of an Iowa pharmacist; he acquired the nickname “Duke” during his youth and

Anthony Wayne was a prominent American general during the Revolutionary War, who later destroyed the Northwest Indian Confederation at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio (August 20, 1794). The owner of a tannery and extensive property in Pennsylvania, Wayne was commissioned a colonel in the

Waynesboro, city, administratively independent of, but located in, Augusta county, north-central Virginia, U.S. It lies in the Shenandoah Valley along the South River, near the junction of Skyline Drive and the Blue Ridge Parkway, 28 miles (45 km) west of Charlottesville. The original settlement of

William of Waynflete was an English lord chancellor and bishop of Winchester who founded Magdalen College of the University of Oxford. Little is known of his early years, but he evidently earned a reputation as a scholar before becoming master of Winchester College in 1429. He became a fellow at

huayño, couple dance of the Quechua and Aymara Indians and of many mestizos (people of Spanish-Indian descent) of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. It antedates the Spanish conquest and was possibly an Inca funeral dance; today it is purely festive. A circle of dancing couples surrounds the musicians,

ship construction: Launching: Standing structures called ways, constructed of concrete and wooden blocks, spaced about one-third of the vessel’s beam apart, support the ship under construction. The slope of the standing ways—which are often cambered (slightly curved upward toward the middle or slightly curved downward toward the ends) in the fore…

Xenophon: Other writings: Also Athenocentric is Ways and Means, a plan to alleviate the city’s financial problems (and remove excuses for aggressive imperialism) by paying citizens a dole from taxes on foreign residents and from the profits generated by using state-owned slaves in the silver mines.

government budget: The United States: …under the jurisdiction of the Ways and Means Committee of the House and are considered separately and possibly even at a different time from appropriations. The upper house of Congress, the Senate, plays a secondary role with respect to the budget. Its Appropriations Committee acts as a kind of court…

map: The Middle Ages: Ibn Haukal wrote a Book of Ways and Provinces illustrated with maps, and al-Idrīsī constructed a world map in 1154 for the Christian king Roger of Sicily, showing better information on Asian areas than had been available theretofore. In Baghdad astronomers used the compass long before Europeans, studied the…

Hermann Oberth: Oberth’s Wege zur Raumschiffahrt (1929; Ways to Spaceflight) won the first annual Robert Esnault-Pelterie–André Hirsch Prize of 10,000 francs, enabling him to finance his research on liquid-propellant rocket motors. The book anticipated by 30 years the development of electric propulsion and of the ion rocket. In 1931 Oberth received a…

bridge: Early bridges: …Hennebique and the German engineer G.A. Wayss, who bought the Monier patents. Hennebique’s Vienne River Bridge at Châtellerault, France, built in 1899, was the longest-spanning reinforced arch bridge of the 19th century. Built low to the river—typical of many reinforced-concrete bridges whose goal of safe passage across a small river…

Cameroon: Plant and animal life: Waza National Park in the north, which was originally created for the protection of elephants, giraffes, and antelope, abounds in both forest and savanna animals, including monkeys, baboons, lions, leopards, and birds that range from white and gray pelicans to spotted waders. To the south…

Osage, North American Indian tribe of the Dhegiha branch of the Siouan linguistic stock. The name Osage is an English rendering of the French phonetic version of the name the French understood to be that of the entire tribe. It was thereafter applied to all members of the tribe. The name Wa-zha-zhe

Haya, East African people who speak a Bantu language (also called Haya) and inhabit the northwestern corner of Tanzania between the Kagera River and Lake Victoria. Two main ethnic elements exist in the population—the pastoral Hima, who are probably descendants of wandering Nilotes, and the more

vizier, originally the chief minister or representative of the ʿAbbāsid caliphs and later a high administrative officer in various Muslim countries, among Arabs, Persians, Turks, Mongols, and other eastern peoples. The office took shape during its tenure by the Barmakid (Barmecide) family in the

Khalīl Ibrāhīm al-Wazīr was a Palestinian leader who became the military strategist and second in command of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Wazīr fled from Ramla with his family during the 1948 war that followed the creation of the State of Israel. He grew up in the Gaza Strip, where

Wazīrābād, town, northern Punjab province, Pakistan, just east of the Chenāb River. It is an important rail junction, with the Siālkot and Faisalābād (formerly Lyallpur) lines of the Pakistan Western Railway branching off and crossing the Chenāb River at the Alexandra Bridge. Industries include

Waziristan, geographic region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. It is a barren, mountainous country occupied by part of the Sulaiman Range and bounded north by the Kurram River, south by the Gumal River, and west by Afghanistan. The region’s rivers, which flow toward the Indus River,

Adam Ważyk was a Polish poet and novelist who began his career as a propagandist for Stalinism but ended as one of its opponents. Ważyk’s earliest volumes of poetry, Semafory (1924; “Semaphores”) and Oczy i usta (1926; “Eyes and Lips”), were written between the ages of 17 and 20 and reflect the

weber, unit of magnetic flux in the International System of Units (SI), defined as the amount of flux that, linking an electrical circuit of one turn (one loop of wire), produces in it an electromotive force of one volt as the flux is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in one second. It was named in

boxing: Professional organizations: …two organizations were established: the National Boxing Association, a private body, and the New York State Athletic Commission, a state agency. Divided control led to competing organizations’ sometimes recognizing different boxers as world champions at the same time. In Europe the ruling body was the International Boxing Union, which in…

Pacifica Radio: …KPFK in Los Angeles (1959); WBAI in New York City (1960); KPFT in Houston (1970); and WPFW in Washington, D.C. (1977). Pacifica also funds and promotes news and public affairs programs, most notably Democracy Now! and Free Speech Radio News, for its own and nearly 100 affiliated community radio stations.…

boxing: Professional organizations: In the early 1960s the World Boxing Council (WBC) was formed, and the National Boxing Association changed its name to the World Boxing Association (WBA). The International Boxing Federation (IBF) was established in 1983, which added to an already convoluted situation. Since the 1980s it has been common for most…

Westboro Baptist Church, church in Topeka, Kansas, that became well known for its strident opposition to homosexuality and the gay rights movement, as expressed on picket signs carried by church members at funerals and other events. The church also demonstrated against other religions, most notably

World Baseball Classic (WBC), international baseball tournament, first held in 2006, in which many of the world’s best players compete on behalf of national teams. The initial rounds are played on different continents. It was the first international baseball tournament to feature players currently

While many progressive rock stations died painful, public deaths, one of the first—WBCN in Boston, Massachusetts—carried on. Founded in 1967 by Ray Riepen, club owner (the Boston Tea Party) and later underground newspaper publisher (The Phoenix), WBCN quickly grew in popularity and power. Its most

WBCN: While many progressive rock stations died painful, public deaths, one of the first—WBCN in Boston, Massachusetts—carried on. Founded in 1967 by Ray Riepen, club owner (the Boston Tea Party) and later underground newspaper publisher (The Phoenix), WBCN quickly grew in popularity and power. Its most…

wet-bulb temperature (WBT), lowest temperature to which a person or an object can be cooled solely by the evaporation of water, given a constant barometric pressure. It is so named because its approximate value is obtained from a wet-bulb thermometer. Whereas a normal, dry-bulb thermometer measures

World Council of Churches (WCC), Christian ecumenical organization founded in 1948 in Amsterdam as “a fellowship of Churches which accept Jesus Christ our Lord as God and Saviour.” The WCC is not a church, nor does it issue orders or directions to the churches. It works for the unity and renewal of

International Society of Christian Endeavor: The World’s Christian Endeavor Union, (WCEU), organized in 1895, is a cooperative organization for Christian Endeavor groups in more than 75 countries. It holds conventions every four years. Headquarters for both organizations are in Columbus, Ohio.

Bertha, baroness von Suttner was an Austrian novelist who was one of the first notable woman pacifists. She is credited with influencing Alfred Nobel in the establishment of the Nobel Prize for Peace, of which she was the recipient in 1905. Her major novel, Die Waffen nieder! (1889; Lay Down Your

José Andrés: World Central Kitchen: Andrés began to feel the need to give back, and he started volunteering at DC Central Kitchen, an organization that takes food that otherwise would be thrown away and uses it to train food service workers and feed underserved people in Washington.…

World Confederation of Labour (WCL), labour confederation founded as the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions in 1920 to represent the interests of Christian labour unions in western Europe and Latin America. It was reconstituted under its present name in 1968. Although the

World Customs Organization (WCO), intergovernmental organization established as the Customs Co-operation Council (CCC) in 1952 to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of customs administrations worldwide. In 1948 a study group of the Committee for European Economic Cooperation, a precursor of

tennis: Professional and open tennis: …Cup captain George MacCall, and World Championship Tennis (WCT), founded by New Orleans promoter Dave Dixon and funded by Dallas oil and football tycoon Lamar Hunt. Between them they signed a significant number of the world’s top players, professional and amateur.

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), American temperance organization, founded in November 1874 in Cleveland, Ohio, in response to the “Woman’s Crusade,” a series of temperance demonstrations that swept through New York and much of the Midwest in 1873–74. Annie Wittenmyer, an experienced

Vince McMahon: Early life and the WWE: …magnate Ted Turner and renamed World Championship Wrestling [WCW]) experienced a resurgence, and its cable broadcasts soon surpassed those of the WWF in viewership. McMahon responded by hiring new writers to create soap-opera-like story lines. Skimpily clad female wrestlers became prominent, as did “colorful language” (profanity) and “sign language” (obscene…