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Surrender of General Robert E. Lee (right) at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, April 9, 1865, to end the American Civil War (Ulysses S. Grant on the left); hand-colored lithograph by Currier and Ives, c. 1865. Ulysses Grant, Robert E Lee.

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General Ulysses S. Grant at his headquarters in Cold Harbor, Virginia, 1864. Civil War, Union Army, General Grant, General Ulyssess Grant.

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Battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862, lithograph by Kurz and Allison, circa 1888.

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Bar graph of the United States Death Toll during major events. Infogram chart.

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American Civil War Timeline

Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

November 6, 1860

Abraham Lincoln: inaugurationThe inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as U.S. president, Washington, D.C., March 4, 1861.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Abraham Lincoln, candidate of the antislavery Republican Party, is elected president. As a result, between December 1860 and April 1861, 11 Southern states secede from the Union.

February 4, 1861

Representatives of seceded states meet in Montgomery, Alabama, and form the Confederate States of America, electing Jefferson Davis as president. The CSA constitution ensures the extension of slavery into new states and territories.

April 12–14, 1861

The Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, a federal outpost in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, marks the first military engagement of the American Civil War. After some 34 hours of bombardment, the fort surrenders on April 13, and Federal troops evacuate the fort the next day.

July 21, 1861

The First Battle of Bull Run, or the First Battle of Manassas, takes place near Manassas in northern Virginia and ends in a Confederate rout of Union forces.

March 9, 1862

Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimack — Battle of the *Monitor* and the *Merrimack*The battle between two warships called the *Monitor* and the *Merrimack* took place on March 9, 1862.
© Photos.com/Getty Images

In the first battle of ironclad warships, the Merrimack (which had been rechristened by the Confederates as the Virginia) clashes with the Union Monitor. Although the Union navy blockades 3,500 miles (5,600 kilometers) of Confederate coastline during the war, the Confederates excel at running the blockade.

April 6–7, 1862

In a fierce battle at Shiloh, in southwestern Tennessee, Union forces rally from almost near defeat to drive back the Confederate army. Both sides are immobilized for the next three weeks because of the heavy casualties, including more than 13,000 on the Union side and more than 11,000 on the Confederate side.

September 17, 1862

Abraham Lincoln at AntietamTwo weeks after the Battle of Antietam, Abraham Lincoln (center) visits the battlefield in Maryland. With him are detective Allan Pinkerton (left), who led spy efforts in the South, and Major General John A. McClernand.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. lc-b8171-7929)

The battle at Antietam, Maryland, is regarded as a Union victory in an otherwise bleak year for Union forces in the East. However, the casualties set a grisly record. In what marks the bloodiest single day of the war, the South loses 10,316 troops, and the North suffers casualties of 12,401. Following this battle, Lincoln shifts the focus of the war from preserving the Union to freeing enslaved people in the Confederacy.

January 1, 1863

Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation. It states that “all persons held as slaves” within the rebellious states “are, and henceforward shall be free.” The proclamation also allows black men to serve in the Union army. Up until this time, the Confederate government and people had expected that the English and French governments would intervene on their side in the war, but the conversion of the struggle into a crusade against slavery makes European intervention impossible.

July 1–3, 1863

American Civil War: Battle of GettysburgLearn about the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863), a major engagement in the American Civil War.
© Civil War Trust (A Britannica Publishing Partner)

After invading the North, Confederate forces under General Robert E. Lee meet Union forces at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The battle rages over three days, involving heavy artillery duels and high casualties on both sides. The battle is considered a major turning point in the eastern theater. Lee withdraws and is forced to fight a defensive campaign for the rest of the war.

May–July 1863

In the western theater of the war, General Ulysses S. Grant lays siege to the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Confederates surrender on July 4. The victory leaves the Mississippi River completely under Union control and splits the Confederacy in half.

September 2, 1864

scorched-earth policy during the Atlanta CampaignFires blazing while Union soldiers destroy railroad tracks in Atlanta, Georgia, during the American Civil War. The scorched-earth policy of “total war” was characteristic of William T. Sherman's March to the Sea.
Prints and Photographs Division/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital file no. LC-DIG-ppmsca-09326)

General William T. Sherman captures Atlanta, Georgia. Sherman adopts a strategy of “total war” on his march through Georgia and the Carolinas. His troops destroy crops, supplies, railroads, bridges, and many small industries to weaken support for the war.

April 1865

General Lee is surrounded by Grant’s forces in Virginia. He finally surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9.

April 14–15, 1865

assassination of Abraham LincolnThe assassination of U.S. Pres. Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, April 14, 1865, lithograph by Currier & Ives.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital file no. 3b49830u)

On April 14 President Lincoln is shot in Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C., by John Wilkes Booth. The president dies on April 15. Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes president. The death of Lincoln will make reconciliation between the North and South more difficult.

Key Facts of the American Civil War

American Civil War | Key Facts

Causes and Effects of the American Civil War

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