Great Depression: Timeline
1928
Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover was president of the United States when the Great Depression began in 1929.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (hec 18560)Late Summer 1929
A recession hits the United States in the summer of 1929. From 1921 to 1929, the stock market had quickly expanded, with stock prices soaring to levels that were beyond what they were worth. The Federal Reserve raised interest rates in an attempt to slow the rapid rise in stock prices.
October 1929
stock market crash of 1929A crowd gathering outside the New York Stock Exchange following the stock market crash in October 1929.
Pacific and Atlantic Photos, Inc./Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-123429)Early 1930s
Great Depression: dust stormA dust storm approaches Stratford, Texas, in April 1935.
George E. Marsh Album/NOAAJune 17, 1930
Hoover signs the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act against the advice of leading economists who petition against the law. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act raises taxes on imports in an effort to protect businesses and farmers by reducing foreign competition. The new tariffs prompt a backlash by foreign governments.
Fall of 1930
The first of four banking panics begins. A banking panic occurs when people who had deposited their money in banks lose confidence in the security of the banks and withdraw their cash. The United States experiences three more banking panics, in the spring of 1931, in the fall of 1931, and in the fall of 1932. This last panic continues through the winter of 1933.
1930–31
HoovervilleDuring the Great Depression, many homeless people had to build their own shelters out of whatever materials they could find. Shantytowns, or clusters of these shelters, sprang up. These “towns” were also known as Hoovervilles, named for U.S. President Herbert Hoover. The photograph shows a Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, sometime between 1932 and 1937.
Washington State Archives/Digital Archives1932
Franklin D. RooseveltU.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital File Number: cph 3c17121)March 6, 1933
President Roosevelt takes immediate action once in office and declares this day as national bank holiday, which closes all banks until they are declared secure by government agencies.
1933–35
Works Progress Administration: museum aidMuseums in the United States were among the beneficiaries of Works Progress Administration (WPA) programs during the 1930s. The WPA was an agency of the New Deal.
Great Museums Television (A Britannica Publishing Partner)1937–38
The United States is hit with another severe economic downturn.
1938–42
After the 1937–38 recession the U.S. economy gets back on a recovery path, and production finally returns to its predepression numbers by 1942. Recovery in the rest of the world varies greatly. The economies of Great Britain, Germany, and Japan had begun to recover by the end of 1932. France, however, does not move into a recovery phase until 1938.
Great Depression: Key Facts
Great Depression | Key Facts
Great Depression: Causes and Effects
Great Depression | Causes and Effects