brown bear
brown bear, (Ursus arctos), shaggy-haired bear (family Ursidae) native to Europe, Asia, and northwestern North America. Numerous forms of the brown bear have been described; they are treated as several subspecies of Ursus arctos. One subspecies, the Kodiak bear (U. arctos middendorffi), weighs up to 720 kg (1,600 pounds) and is often considered to be the world’s largest carnivore, a title it shares with the polar bear (U. maritimus), which grows to a similar size. Although North American brown bears are traditionally called grizzlies, this common name refers formally to the subspecies U. arctos horribilis, which is widespread across northwestern North America (see grizzly bear).
Brown bears are omnivorous and feed on berries, plant roots and shoots, small mammals, fish, calves of many hoofed animals, and carrion. They often cache food in shallow holes, and they dig readily and vigorously in search of rodents. Except in some southern areas, bears retire to dens in winter; they accumulate large amounts of fat during late summer and autumn. Cubs, usually twins, are born in winter after about six to eight months of gestation. At birth a cub weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 pounds).
Eurasian brown bears are generally solitary animals that are able to run and swim well. They are usually 120–210 cm (about 48–83 inches) long and weigh 135–250 kg (300–550 pounds); the exceptionally large Siberian brown bear (U. arctos beringianus), weighing as much as 360 kg (800 pounds), approximates the size of the North American grizzly. Coat colour is highly variable, ranging from grayish white through bluish and brownish shades to almost black. Eurasian brown bears are commonly seen in zoos; formerly they were often trained to move rhythmically to music—the so-called dancing bears of European carnivals and festivals. They once roamed most of Europe and Asia; however, the animal’s southern range has been significantly reduced.
Brown bears have an extremely large geographic distribution, and their worldwide population totals more than 200,000 individuals. For these reasons, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species has classified the brown bear as a species of least concern. Brown bears living in close proximity to humans are often regarded as pests because of the animals’ attraction to human foods. Their large size and relatively aggressive disposition can unsettle people who come in contact with them, and brown bears that frequent human settlements are sometimes killed by landowners and government officials. Other sources of brown bear mortality include collisions with trains and automobiles, poaching, and sport hunting. In addition, the gallbladder and bile of some brown bears are harvested to make traditional medicines that purportedly alleviate digestive problems and inflammation and purify the blood. Many harvesting operations also remove and sell the animals’ paws, which are considered a delicacy in parts of Asia. The Ainu people of Japan worship the brown bear as a god of the mountains, and some mountain-dwelling Ainu consider the bear their ancestor.
