Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh (born September 27/28, 1907, Banga, Lyallpur, western Punjab, India [now Faisalabad, Pakistan]—died March 23, 1931, Lahore [now in Pakistan]) was an Indian freedom fighter who was honored as a hero of the Indian Independence Movement after his execution by British authorities at the age of 23. He is also known as Shaheed Bhagat Singh (shaheed meaning “martyr”).

Early life

Singh was born into a Jat Sikh family to Kishan Singh and Vidyavati. The exact date of his birth remains a topic of debate, with sources differing between September 27 and September 28, 1907. His desire to fight against the British was inspired by his family’s involvement in the freedom struggle, in which his grandfather, father, and uncles actively participated. In fact, his father and one of his uncles were in prison when he was born. Singh attended the local primary school in Lyallpur before moving to Lahore. There he attended Dayanand Anglo Vedic High School, which was operated by the Arya Samaj (a reform sect of modern Hinduism), and then the National College.

Career and political involvement

Singh was 12 when the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place in Amritsar, where British troops opened fire on a large crowd of unarmed Indians, killing hundreds and injuring more than a thousand people. This event immediately motivated him to fight for India’s freedom. He soon joined the noncooperation movement organized by Indian nationalist leader Mahatma Gandhi to press the British government of India to grant self-governance, or swaraj, to India. However, he was disappointed when Gandhi called off the movement after an incident at Chauri Chaura, during which Indian protesters broke out in violence, killing 23 police officers.

While at the National College, Singh connected with members of the Hindustan Republican Association (a radical left-wing organization), which was later renamed Hindustan Socialist Republican Association on his recommendation. In 1926 he founded the Naujawan Bharat Sabha (India Youth Association). Singh also worked as a writer and editor in Amritsar for Punjabi and Urdu newspapers espousing Marxist theories. He popularized the phrase “Inquilab zindabad” (“Long live the revolution”).

Revolutionary acts

In 1928 Indian writer and politician Lajpat Rai was brutally assaulted by James A. Scott, the superintendent of police, while leading a silent march opposing the Simon Commission—a 1927 British-appointed body tasked with reviewing the working of the Indian constitution established by the Government of India Act of 1919. Though Rai survived the attack, he succumbed to his injuries shortly thereafter. Singh, along with his associates Sukh Dev Thapar and Shivram Rajguru, plotted to kill Scott to avenge Rai’s death. Instead, in a case of mistaken identity, the assistant superintendent of police, J.P. Saunders, was killed, and Singh fled to Lahore to escape the death penalty. In 1929 Singh and an associate lobbed several bombs at the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi to protest the implementation of the Defence of India Act and then surrendered.

As a result of Saunders’s assassination, Singh, Rajguru, Thapar, and 12 others were sent for trial under the Lahore Conspiracy Case (1930). While in jail during the trial, Singh helped organize a hunger strike to protest the ill treatment of prisoners, a demonstration that gained him wide support in India. The court ruled that Singh, Rajguru, and Thapar would be hanged for the murder of Saunders. They were executed and cremated in Lahore on March 23, 1931. This day is now observed as Martyrs’ Day in India to honor the sacrifice of Bhagat Singh and his associates during the freedom struggle.