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Caligula
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Caligula Caligula Mural of Tiberius and Caligula in the inner courtyard of Forchtenstein Castle, Burgenland, Austria.
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Overlooking the Roman Forum with Temple of Saturn in Rome, Italy
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Thessaloniki, Greece - August 13, 2014: Monument to Alexander the Great on the waterfront
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Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon in Coronation Robes or Napoleon I Emperor of France, 1804 by Baron Francois Gerard or Baron Francois-Pascal-Simon Gerard, from the Musee National, Chateau de Versailles.
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Caligula: References & Edit History

Researcher's Note

Caligula’s horse

This tale of the mad Caligula’s affection for his horse Incitatus has a long pedigree. The Roman historian Suetonius, who according to his Britannica biography “used ‘characteristic anecdote’ without exhaustive inquiry into its authenticity,” reported just a generation or two after Caligula’s death that “besides a stall of marble, a manger of ivory, purple blankets and a collar of precious stones, he even gave this horse a house. . . . It is also said that he intended to make him Consul.” By the time of the even less cautious historian Dio Cassius, the rumour had become “fact”: “He even promised to appoint [his horse] consul, a promise that he would certainly have carried out if he had lived longer.”

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Questions and answers added. Mar 17, 2025
Anniversary information added. Jan 20, 2025
Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Caligula: a neuropsychiatric explanation of his madness. Dec 16, 2024
Anniversary information added. Aug 27, 2024
Add new Web site: Weapons and Warfare - Caligula’s Planned Invasion of Britain. Aug 20, 2024
Add new Web site: History Today - Birth of the Emperor Caligula. Jun 18, 2024
Add new Web site: Encyclopedia Romana - The Life of Caligula. Mar 26, 2024
First paragraph modernization. Feb 20, 2024
Add new Web site: De Imperatoribus - An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors - Gaius (Caligula) (A.D. 37-41). Dec 29, 2023
Add new Web site: UNRV Roman History - Caligula. Oct 16, 2023
Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Caligula: a neuropsychiatric explanation of his madness. Jul 03, 2023
Add new Web site: GlobalSecurity.org - Biography of Caligula. Mar 27, 2023
Add new Web site: Ancient Origins - The Madness of Caligula: Rome’s Cruelest Emperor? Nov 13, 2022
Add new Web site: World History Encyclopedia - Caligula. Aug 18, 2022
Corrected display issue. Dec 23, 2020
Replaced photograph. Feb 07, 2018
Added cross-references and changed "Agrippina the Elder" to "Vipsania Agrippina." Sep 28, 2017
Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - History - Biography of Caligula. Nov 13, 2008
Added new Web site: History Learning Site - Biography of Julius Caesar. Oct 31, 2008
Added new Web site: Illustrated History of the Roman Empire - Biography of Gaius Julius Caesar. Oct 31, 2008
Added new Web site: British Broadcasting Corporation - Biography of Caligula. Jun 21, 2007
Added new Web site: Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors - Biography of Caligula. Jun 19, 2007
Added new Web site: The Roman Empire - Caligula. Jun 19, 2007
Media added. May 15, 2007
Added new Web site: British Broadcasting Corporation - Biography of Caligula. Feb 14, 2007
Article added to new online database. Jul 20, 1998
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