Jim Morrison
- In full:
- James Douglas Morrison
- Also known as:
- “the Lizard King”
News •
Jim Morrison (born December 8, 1943, Melbourne, Florida, U.S.—died July 3, 1971, Paris, France) was an American singer, songwriter, and poet who was the charismatic front man of the California-based psychedelic rock group the Doors. His death at age 27 contributed to him becoming one of rock music’s mythic figures. Calling himself “the Lizard King,” Morrison cultivated a dark and mysterious persona that countered the hippie optimism of the 1960s counterculture.
(Read Britannica’s essay “Is 27 an Especially Deadly Age for Musicians?”)
Family background and early life
Morrison’s father, George (“Steve”) Morrison, was a naval officer (ultimately an admiral). His mother, Clara Morrison (née Clarke), worked in the U.S. Navy’s public relations office in Hawaii, where she met Steve Morrison while he was stationed there during World War II. Both were witnesses to the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. They married in 1943 and had three children, the eldest of whom was Jim.
The Morrisons moved frequently, though the family settled down in the Washington, D.C., suburb of Alexandria, Virginia, where Morrison attended high school and was a good but rebellious student. He was an avid reader of classical Greek literature and such writers as French poet Arthur Rimbaud and Beat novelist Jack Kerouac. In 2021 his sister, Anne Morrison Chewning, told People magazine that her brother’s reading was fueled by the family’s frequent moves. “Because you’re always the new person, it takes a while to get used to people. To Jim [books] were hugely, hugely important.” Morrison also began writing poetry in high school.
Forming the Doors
He began his college education in 1961 at St. Petersburg Junior College (now St. Petersburg College) in Florida and developed his talents as a performer by reciting his poetry at the local Beaux Arts coffeehouse. He subsequently transferred to Florida State University and then to the University of California, Los Angeles, where he studied film. There he met Ray Manzarek, who played the organ in the rock group that the two formed in 1965 with guitarist Robby Krieger and drummer John Densmore. They called themselves the Doors, taking their name from Aldous Huxley’s book on mescaline, The Doors of Perception (1954), which was itself titled after a line in a poem by Romantic writer and artist William Blake.
“The Lizard King”
For a brief period in the mid-1960s, the Doors were the house band of the Whisky a Go Go, a much-storied club on the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles. At about the same time, the group signed with Elektra Records, for which they released a string of hit singles, including “Light My Fire” (1967) and “Hello, I Love You” (1968), and critically acclaimed albums such as The Doors (1967) and L.A. Woman (1971). The dark-edged eroticism of Morrison’s baritone voice and poetic lyrics helped make the band one of rock music’s most potent, controversial, and theatrical acts.
Frequently appearing onstage dressed in skintight black leather pants and channeling his shamanistic alter ego, “the Lizard King,” Morrison also became known for his heavy drinking and drug use and outrageous stage behavior. During a 1969 concert in Miami, he allegedly exposed himself onstage, and he was later convicted on indecent exposure and profanity charges. He was sentenced to six months in prison but was granted bail pending his appeal (in 2010 he was posthumously pardoned).
Death
In 1971 Morrison left the Doors to write poetry and moved to Paris with his longtime girlfriend, Pamela Courson. He died later that year. Courson reported to authorities that she had found Morrison dead in the bathtub of their Paris apartment. The cause of death was officially listed as heart failure, but there was no autopsy, leading to various conspiracy theories. (Courson died of a heroin overdose in 1974.)
Morrison’s grave in the Père-Lachaise Cemetery became a mecca for music fans and one of Paris’s most unlikely tourist attractions. After its headstone was damaged in the 1980s, Morrison’s parents installed a new one in 1990 with the epitaph “True to His Spirit” in Greek. (Although the rebellious Morrison had been estranged from his parents when he died, Courson later told his family he had been interested in reconciling with them.)
Legacy
In 1978 the remaining former Doors gathered again to record backing tracks for poetry Morrison had recorded before his death, releasing the result as An American Prayer by “Jim Morrison, music by the Doors.” The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993 and received a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement in 2007. The Doors, the band’s 1967 debut album, was added to the National Recording Registry in 2014; the registry is a list of audio recordings deemed “culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant” by the U.S. Library of Congress.
Continuing interest in Morrison’s life and death have propelled the publication of many biographies, and his posthumous popularity has also been explored by those who knew him, such as Eve Babitz, a former girlfriend whose acclaimed essay “Jim Morrison Is Dead and Living in Hollywood” was published in Esquire in 1991. That same year the band and Morrison’s story came to the motion picture screen as The Doors, directed by Oliver Stone and starring Val Kilmer as Morrison and Meg Ryan as Courson. The Collected Works of Jim Morrison: Poetry, Journals, Transcripts and Lyrics was published in 2021 and features a foreword by novelist Tom Robbins and a prologue by Morrison’s sister.