Death Penalty

Table of Contents

Introduction
Pros
- Pro 1: The death penalty provides the justice and closure families and victims deserve.
- Pro 2: The death penalty prevents additional crime.
- Pro 3: The death penalty is the only moral and just punishment for the worst crimes.
Pro Quotes
- Pro quote 1: Donald Trump, 45th and 47th U.S. President
- Pro quote 2: Pam Bondi, U.S. Attorney General
- Pro quote 3: Greg Abbot, Texas Governor
- Pro quote 4: Brian Stewart, Ohio State Representative
Cons
- Con 1: Not only is the death penalty not a deterrent to crime, it is very expensive.
- Con 2: The death penalty is steeped in poor legal assistance and racial bias.
- Con 3: The death penalty is immoral and amounts to torture.
Con Quotes
- Con quote 1: John Choi, Ramsey County (Minnesota) Attorney
- Con quote 2: Noah Berg, co-director of the Post-Panetti Death Penalty Project at Cornell University
- Con quote 3: The New York Times Editorial Board
- Con quote 4: Doug Magee and Austin Sarat, author and law professor at Amherst College respectively
Religious Perspectives on the Death Penalty
- Assemblies of God: Not Clearly Pro or Con
- Buddhism: Not Clearly Pro or Con
- Roman Catholic Church: Con
- Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormonism): Not Clearly Pro or Con
- Conservative Judaism: Con
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in America: Con
- Episcopal Church: Con
- Hinduism: Not Clearly Pro or Con
- Islam: Pro
- Orthodox Judaism: Con
- Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.): Con
- Reconstructionist Judaism: Con
- Reform Judaism: Con
- Southern Baptist Convention: Pro
- Unitarian Universalist Association: Con
- United Church of Christ: Con
- United Methodist Church: Con
International Death Penalty Status
U.S. Federal Capital Offenses
U.S. States with the Death Penalty, Death Penalty Bans, and Death Penalty Moratoriums
- History of Death Penalty Laws by State
International and U.S. Legal Methods of Execution
U.S. State-by-State Legal Methods of Execution
U.S. New Death Sentences and Executions by Year
Most Recent Executions in Each U.S. State
U.S. State-by-State Executions by Method: 1977–2022
Death Row Inmates
- Number of American Death Row Inmates
- Death Row Inmate Demographics, 2022
- Death Row Inmate Criminal History, 2022
- Removals from Death Row, 2022
Historical Timeline
- 1700 bce–1799 ce
  - 1700s bce: Code of Hammurabi Codifies the Death Penalty for the First Time
  - 1608: First Recorded Execution in the British American Colonies Was for Treason
  - 1682: Pennsylvania Limits Crimes Punishable by Death to Treason and Murder
  - 1764: Italian Jurist Presents a Critique of the Death Penalty That Influences Abolitionists
  - 1775: Death Penalty Used in All 13 American Colonies at Outbreak of American Revolution
  - November 30 1786: Grand Duchy of Tuscany Bans Death Penalty
  - 1787: Founding Fathers Allow for Death Penalty When Writing U.S. Constitution
  - 1787: At Least One U.S. Declaration of Independence Signer Is Against the Death Penalty
  - April 30, 1790: First U.S. Congress Establishes Federal Death Penalty
  - June 25, 1790: First Person Executed under U.S. Federal Death Penalty
  - 1793: Pennsylvania’s Attorney General Introduces Concept of Varying Degrees of Murder, Contributing to Softening of Death Penalty Laws
- 1800–1944
  - 1833–1835: Public Executions Are Attacked as Cruel, Prompting U.S. States to Switch to Private Hangings
  - January –February 1843: Reverend George Barrel Cheever and Abolitionist John O’Sullivan Debate Capital Punishment in New York
  - 1845: First National Death Penalty Abolition Society Is Formed
  - 1846: Michigan Becomes the First U.S. State to Abolish Capital Punishment for All Crimes Except Treason
  - 1852: Rhode Island Becomes the First State to Outlaw the Death Penalty for All Crimes
  - July 9, 1868: 14th Amendment Is Ratified
  - 1887–1903: Thomas Edison Demonstrates Power of Electricity by Electrocuting Animals
  - August 6, 1890: New York State Performs the First Execution by Electrocution with the Assistance of Thomas Edison’s Engineers
  - 1895–1917: Nine States Abolish Capital Punishment During Second Great Reform Era
  - May 2, 1910: Weems v. United States Establishes Precedents on “Cruel and Unusual Punishment”
  - February 18, 1916 - First and Only Catholic Priest Executed in United States
  - February 8, 1924: First U.S. Execution by Gas Chamber Carried Out in Nevada
  - March 1, 1932: Lindbergh Act Makes Kidnapping a Federal Capital Offense
  - August 14, 1936: Last American Public Execution
- 1945–1979
  - January 31, 1945: Private Eddie Slovik Becomes First American Executed for Desertion Since the Civil War
  - January 13, 1947: Supreme Court Finds Second Execution Attempt After Technical Malfunction Does Not Constitute Cruel and Unusual Punishment
  - June 19, 1953: Rosenbergs Become the First U.S. Civilians Executed for Espionage
  - 1957–1972: Several U.S. States Abolish Capital Punishment
  - June 3, 1968: U.S. Supreme Court Forbids the Dismissal of Jurors Based on Personal Opposition to Capital Punishment
  - June 29, 1972: U.S. Supreme Court Rules Death Penalty Unconstitutional as Administered and Overturns More than 600 Death Sentences
  - November 21, 1974: National Conference of Catholic Bishops Publicly Opposes Death Penalty
  - July 2, 1976: U.S. Supreme Court Reaffirms Constitutionality of Death Penalty
  - January 17, 1977: Gary Gilmore Becomes the First Person to Be Executed in the United States in 10 Years
  - June 29, 1977: U.S. Supreme Court Finds Death Penalty to Be an Excessive Punishment for Rape Crimes
- 1980–1999
  - June 1980: American Medical Association Passes Resolution Saying Physicians Should Not Participate in Executions
  - July 2, 1982: U.S. Supreme Court Rules that Capital Punishment Is Excessive for a Defendant Who Played a Minor Role in a Felony Murder
  - December 7, 1982: Texas Performs First Lethal Injection
  - July 26, 1983: U.S. Supreme Court Approves Streamlined Federal Appeals Procedures for Capital Crimes
  - June 26, 1986: U.S. Supreme Court Rules Execution of “Insane” Persons Unconstitutional
  - November 4, 1986: California Chief Justice Rose Bird Voted Out of Office for Voting Record in Death Penalty Cases
  - November 1987: Study Finds 350 Cases of Defendants Wrongfully Convicted of Capital Crimes
  - June 29, 1988: U.S. Supreme Court Rules Executions of Individuals Under Age of 16 Unconstitutional
  - April 21, 1992: First California Execution in 25 Years Proceeds After U.S. Supreme Court Prevents Lower Courts from Granting Further Stays
  - January 25, 1993: U.S. Supreme Court Rules New Evidence of Innocence Alone Does Not Entitle Prisoners to Be Freed
  - June 28, 1993: Kirk Bloodsworth Becomes First American Sentenced to Death Row to Be Exonerated with DNA Testing
  - 1994: Federal Death Penalty Is Expanded When President Clinton Signs Crime Bill
  - January 12, 1996: Release of the Film Dead Man Walking Invigorates Death Penalty Debate
  - January 25, 1996: Last Execution by Hanging in the United States
  - April 24, 1996: Ability of Judges to Reverse Sentences of Death Row Inmates Is Restricted
  - February 3, 1997: American Bar Association (ABA) Urges a Halt to Executions
  - March 3, 1999: Last Execution by Gas Chamber in United States
- 2000–2009
  - January 31, 2000: Illinois Governor George Ryan Declares a Moratorium on Executions
  - December 21, 2000: Texas Leads U.S. with Most Executions
  - June 11, 2001: Oklahoma City Bomber Timothy McVeigh First Federal Prisoner to Be Executed in 38 Years
  - June 20, 2002: U.S. Supreme Court Rules Executing People with Intellectual Disabilities Violates Eighth Amendment
  - June 24, 2002: U.S. Supreme Court Rules that Juries, Not Judges, Must Determine Presence of Aggravating Factors Necessary for a Death Sentence
  - June 24, 2004: Death Penalty Ruled Unconstitutional in New York
  - March 1, 2005: Death Sentence for Offenders Under the Age of 18 Is Ruled Unconstitutional
  - December 30, 2006: Execution of Saddam Hussein
  - December 18, 2007: United Nations General Assembly Passes a Resolution Calling for a Moratorium on the Death Penalty
  - April 16, 2008: U.S. Supreme Court Rules Lethal Injection Is Constitutional
  - June 25, 2008: U.S. Supreme Court Finds Death Penalty Excessive for the Crime of Child Rape
  - March 18, 2009: New Mexico Repeals the Death Penalty
  - December 8, 2009: Ohio Performs the First Execution with a One-Drug Intravenous Lethal Injection
  - December 18, 2009: Lowest Annual Number of Death Sentences Handed Down in 2009 Since Death Penalty Was Reinstated in 1976
- 2010–2019
  - June 18, 2010: Last U.S. Execution by Firing Squad
  - August 2010: Lethal Drug Shortage Delays Executions in Kentucky
  - September 23, 2010: Woman with 72 IQ Executed in Virginia
  - January 21, 2011: Sole Firm Stops Making Key Death Penalty Drug
  - April 25, 2012: Connecticut Repeals the Death Penalty
  - May 2, 2013: Maryland Becomes 18th State to Repeal the Death Penalty
  - October 29, 2013: U.S. Death Penalty Support at Lowest Level in More than 40 Years
  - February 11, 2014: Washington State Governor Suspends the Death Penalty
  - May 22, 2014: Tennessee Passes Law Allowing the State to Electrocute Death Row Inmates
  - July 16, 2014: California’s Death Penalty Violates U.S. Constitution, Rules Federal Judge
  - February 13, 2015: Pennsylvania Governor Declares Death Penalty Moratorium
  - March 23, 2015: Utah Reinstates Use of the Firing Squad for Executions
  - May 27, 2015: Nebraska Legislature Abolishes the Death Penalty
  - June 29, 2015: Supreme Court Upholds Use of Execution Drug Midazolam
  - August 13, 2015: Connecticut Supreme Court Bans the Death Penalty
  - January 12, 2015: U.S. Supreme Court Rules that Florida’s Death Penalty Is Unconstitutional
  - August 2, 2016: Death Penalty Ruled Unconstitutional in Delaware
  - November 8, 2016: Nebraska Voters Reinstate the Death Penalty
  - August 14, 2018: Synthetic Opioid Fentanyl Used for the First Time in a Lethal-Injection Execution
  - October 11, 2018: Washington Death Penalty Struck Down by State Supreme Court
  - March 13, 2019: California Governor Declares Death Penalty Moratorium
  - May 30, 2019: New Hampshire Abolishes Death Penalty
  - July 25, 2019: U.S. Federal Government to Resume Use of Death Penalty
  - November 25, 2019: Majority of Americans Support Life in Prison Instead of Death Penalty for the First Time in 34 Years
  - December 6, 2019: Supreme Court Keeps Federal Executions on Hold Until Lower Court Ruling
- 2020-present
  - March 23, 2020: Colorado Becomes 22nd State to Abolish the Death Penalty
  - April 10, 2020: Health Care Workers Ask States to Release Execution Drugs to Fight COVID-19
  - May 15, 2020: Oregon to Empty Death Row
  - June 29, 2020: Supreme Court Declines to Hear Federal Lethal Injection Protocol Challenge
  - July 14, 2020: First Federal Execution Since 2003
  - August 23, 2020: COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Has Killed More U.S. Prisoners in 2020 than the Death Penalty in Two Decades
  - September 24, 2020: U.S. Executes Man for Crime Committed as Teen for First Time in 70 Years
  - November 27, 2020: Trump Administration Pushes New Federal Rule to Allow More Methods of Execution
  - December 4, 2020: COVID-19 Has Killed More U.S. Prisoners in 2020 than the Death Penalty in More than Five Decades
  - December 8, 2020: Ohio Governor Announces Continued “Unofficial Moratorium” on Death Penalty
  - December 16, 2020: Number of Federal Executions Surpasses Total State Executions for First Time, as State Executions Hit Historic Low
  - January 13, 2021: U.S. Federal Government Executed First Woman Since 1953
  - January 16, 2021: U.S. Federal Government Has Executed 13 Inmates Under Trump Administration
  - March 24, 2021: Virginia Becomes First Southern State to Abolish the Death Penalty
  - May 14, 2021: South Carolina Legalizes Electric Chair and Firing Squad Executions if Lethal Drugs Are Unavailable
  - July 1, 2021: Attorney General Merrick Garland Imposes Moratorium on Federal Death Penalty
  - July 22, 2021: U.S. Department of Justice Withdraws Death Penalty in Seven Cases
  - January 3, 2023: First Known U.S. Execution of Openly Transgender Person, in Missouri
  - March 24, 2023: Idaho Legalizes Firing Squad as Backup Method of Death Penalty
  - April 20, 2023: Washington Officially Abolishes Death Penalty
  - January 25, 2024: Alabama Carries Out Nation’s First Execution Using Nitrogen Hypoxia
  - March 26–June 24, 2024: Julian Assange Will Not Be Extradited to U.S. Until Death Penalty Is off the Table
  - July 2, 2024 - Supplier of Pentobarbital Announces It No Longer Produces Drug for Executions
  - September 26, 2024 - Alabama Carries Out Second U.S. Nitrogen Hypoxia Execution and 1,600th Execution since 1976
  - November 21, 2024 - Alabama Carries Out Third U.S. Nitrogen Hypoxia Execution
  - December 18, 2024 - Indiana Executes First Man in 15 Years
  - December 23, 2024 - President Joe Biden Commutes Federal Capital Sentences for 37 of 40 Men on Death Row
  - December 31, 2024 - North Carolina Governor Commutes 15 Death Row Sentences
  - January 6, 2025 - Two Inmates Refuse Biden’s Death Sentence Commutations
  - January 15, 2025 - Attorney General Merrick Garland Rescinds Federal Government’s Death Penalty Protocol
  - January 20, 2025 - President Trump Issues Executive Order Restoring the Federal Death Penalty
  - January 28, 2025 - Report Shows Largest Death Row Population Decline in 20 Years
  - February 13, 2025 - Ohio Governor Issues Death Penalty Reprieves
  - February 25, 2025 - U.S. Supreme Court Grants New Trial to Death Row Inmate
  - February 28, 2025 - Alabama Governor Commutes Death Row Sentence to Life in Prison
  - March 7, 2025 - South Carolina Executes Man by Firing Squad
  - March 18, 2025 - U.S. Supreme Court Says Louisiana May Execute Buddhist Despite Religious Freedom Claim
  - March 19, 2025 - Louisiana Resumes Executions After 10-Year Hiatus
  - March 25, 2025 - Death Penalty Moratorium Ended in Los Angeles County
  - April 1, 2025 - Justice Department to Seek Death Penalty for Luigi Mangione
  - April 11, 2025 - South Carolina Executes Second Man via Firing Squad
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