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Pakistan
Table of Contents
Introduction & Quick Facts
Land
Relief and drainage
The Himalayan and Karakoram ranges
The Hindu Kush and the western mountains
The Balochistan plateau
The submontane plateau
The Indus River plain
The desert areas
Soils
Climate
Plant and animal life
People
Ethnic composition
Linguistic composition
Religion
Settlement patterns
Traditional regions
Rural settlement
Urban settlement
Demographic trends
Economy
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Resources and power
Minerals
Hydrocarbons and power
Manufacturing
Finance
Trade
Services
Labor and taxation
Transportation and telecommunications
Government and society
Constitutional framework
Local government
Justice
Political process
Security
Health and welfare
Housing
Education
Cultural life
Daily life and social customs
The arts
Cultural institutions
Sports and recreation
Media and publishing
History
From the Paleolithic Period through the Neolithic Period
Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods
Neolithic Period
Urbanism in the Indus valley
The Early Indus period
The Indus valley civilization
The Indo-Aryan migration and the Vedic period
The Gandhara culture
The arrival of Islam
The Delhi sultanate and the consolidation of Muslim rule
The Mughal Empire
The Sikh empire in the Punjab
The British conquest and Indian Muslim identity
The Muslim League and background to partition
Leadership of Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Birth of the new state
The early republic
Liaquat Ali Khan
Political decline and bureaucratic ascendancy
Military government
From disunion through the Zia-ul-Haq era
Civil war
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Zia-ul-Haq
Political and social fragmentation
The first administration of Benazir Bhutto
The first administration of Nawaz Sharif
The caretaker government of Moeen Qureshi
The second administration of Benazir Bhutto
The second administration of Nawaz Sharif
Continuing challenges: conflict, a stalled economy, and nuclear tests
Growing unrest, tension with the military, and Sharif’s ouster
The Pervez Musharraf government
Relations with the United States, consolidation of Musharraf’s rule, and meetings with India
Hesitant rejection of Islamist militants
Reinstated constitution
Electoral losses and resignation
Pakistan under Zardari
U.S. drone strikes, floods of 2010, and religious tensions
Osama bin Laden discovered and killed
Defeat at the polls
The third administration of Nawaz Sharif
Domestic and foreign policy
Disqualification from office
Arrest and party defeat
The government of Imran Khan
The government of Shehbaz Sharif
References & Edit History
Facts & Stats
Images, Videos & Interactives
For Students
Pakistan summary
Quizzes
The Country Quiz
Which Country Is Larger By Area? Quiz
Which Country Is Larger By Population? Quiz
Which Country Is Larger? Quiz
Guess the Country by Its Neighbors Quiz
Related Questions
How did Benazir Bhutto become famous?
What did Mohammed Ali Jinnah study?
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Pakistan: Media
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https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/images-videos
Videos
Language, architecture, and culture in the Indus River basin
An overview of the Indus civilization.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Images
Pakistan
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Pakistan
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Pakistan
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Founder and first governor-general of Pakistan, Mohammed Ali Jinnah.
Courtesy of the Pakistan Embassy, Washington, D.C.
Tomb of Mohammed Ali Jinnah
The tomb of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Karachi, Pakistan.
© Hoang Bao Nguyen/Dreamstime.com
Gilgit-Baltistan: Hunza River valley
Terraced fields in the Hunza River valley, Karakoram Range, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistani-administered...
© Jeffrey Alford/Asia Access
Physical features of Pakistan
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Karakoram Range: K2 (Mount Godwin Austen)
K2 (Mount Godwin Austen), in the Karakoram Range, viewed from the Gilgit-Baltistan...
Shyok River
The Shyok River near Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.
© Brian A. Vikander
Wildflowers in the Hindu Kush
Wildflowers blooming in the Hindu Kush, in the Chitral district of northern Pakistan.
© Brian A. Vikander
Khyber Pass
The Khyber Pass, on Pakistan's northwestern border with Afghanistan.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Sukkur Barrage irrigation project
Section of the Sukkur Barrage irrigation project, on the Indus River, Pakistan.
Frederic Ohringer—Nancy Palmer Agency/Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Peshawar, Pakistan: Mahabat Khan mosque
Muslims praying at the mosque of Mahabat Khan, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Robert Harding/Robert Harding Picture Library, London
Multan, Pakistan: ʿĪdgāh Mosque
The ʿĪdgāh Mosque, Multan, Pakistan.
Robert Harding Picture Library
Karachi
A view of Karachi, Pakistan.
© Muhammad Aqib—Moment/Getty Images
Mosque of Maryam Zamani
Ceiling of the mosque of Maryam Zamani, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Frederick M. Asher
Lahore, Pakistan: Eid al-Fitr
Father and child leaving a mosque after Eid al-Fitr prayer in Lahore, Pakistan.
K. M. Chaudhry/AP Images
Taxila, Pakistan: Dharmarajika stupa
Dharmarajika stupa, Taxila, Pakistan.
Frederick M. Asher
Bhangra performance
A performance of bhangra, a folk dance of the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.
© Pete Birkinshaw (CC BY 2.0)
British Open Squash Championships, 1989: Jahangir Khan and Jansher Khan
Jahangir Khan (right) of Pakistan playing against his compatriot Jansher Khan at...
ALLSPORT USA
Principal sites of the Indus civilization
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Harappa ruins
Ruins of the ancient settlement of Harappa in Punjab, Pakistan.
© Smn121
Gandhara-style Buddha statue
Buddha statue in the Gandhara style, c. 2nd century; in the Delhi Museum, India.
Photos.com/Thinkstock
Delhi: Quṭb Mīnār
Quṭb Mīnār, Delhi, India.
Deepak Gupta
Delhi: Lodī Gardens
The Lodī Gardens, an iconic Delhi public park, is an enduring legacy of the Lodī...
Lucido22 (CC-BY-3.0) (
A Britannica Publishing Partner
)
Bābur
Meeting between Bābur and the sultan ʿAlī Mīrzā near Samarkand, illustration from...
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, (Louis V. Bell Fund, 1967), www.metmuseum.org
Lahore Fort
Alamgiri Gate at Lahore Fort, Lahore, Pakistan.
© Naiyyer/Fotolia
Bādshāhī Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan
The Bādshāhī Mosque in Lahore, built by the emperor Aurangzeb, has been designated...
Catherine B. Asher
Ranjit Singh
Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) was the founder of the Sikh empire in the Punjab.
ART Collection/Alamy
Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Pakistan founder Mohammed Ali Jinnah delivering a speech.
Three Lions/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Liaquat Ali Khan
The first prime minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Muhammad Zafrulla Khan
Pakistani politician, diplomat, and international jurist Muhammad Zafrulla Khan,...
AP
Mohammad Ayub Khan
Pakistani politician Mohammad Ayub Khan.
Courtesy of the Pakistan Embassy, Washington, D.C.
Benazir Bhutto
Pakistani politician Benazir Bhutto, 2007.
© Aamir Qureshi—AFP/Getty Images
Pervez Musharraf
Pakistani Pres. Pervez Musharraf at a press conference at the United Nations (UN)...
© Stocklight/Shutterstock.com
2010 flooding in Pakistan
Areas affected by flooding in Pakistan in 2010.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Pakistan
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Indo-Iranian languages
Distribution of Indo-Iranian languages.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Indian heat wave of 2015
Map of the heat wave that struck the Indian subcontinent between April and June 2015....
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Pakistan
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Audio
National anthem of Pakistan
The instrumental version of the national anthem of Pakistan.
Interactives
Pakistan: Ethnic composition
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Pakistan: Religious affiliation
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Pakistan: Urban-rural
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Pakistan: Age breakdown
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Pakistan: Major import sources
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Pakistan: Major export destinations
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
VIEW MORE
in these related Britannica articles:
Media for: Indus River
Media for: Asia
Media for: India
Media for: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa