gasoline engine: Fuel: …gasoline are its volatility and antiknock quality. Volatility is a measure of the ease of vaporization of gasoline, which is adjusted in the production process to account for seasonal and altitude variations in the local market. Properly formulated gasoline helps engines to start in cold weather and to avoid vapour…

octane number, measure of the ability of a fuel to resist knocking when ignited in a mixture with air in the cylinder of an internal-combustion engine. The octane number is determined by comparing, under standard conditions, the knock intensity of the fuel with that of blends of two reference

Antikythera mechanism, ancient Greek mechanical device used to calculate and display information about astronomical phenomena. The remains of this ancient “computer,” now on display in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, were recovered in 1901 from the wreck of a trading ship that sank in

lepton: …the neutrinos, have antiparticles called antileptons. The mass of the antileptons is identical to that of the leptons, but all of the other properties are reversed.

Taino, Arawakan-speaking people who at the time of Christopher Columbus’s exploration inhabited what are now Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Once the most numerous indigenous people of the Caribbean, the Taino may have numbered one

Central American and northern Andean Indian: Traditional culture patterns: …farming; among those were the Antillean Carib, Chocó, Ciboney, and Motilón.

manatee: …Caribbean—hence its common name, the Antillean manatee (T. manatus manatus).

Caribbean Sea, suboceanic basin of the western Atlantic Ocean, lying between latitudes 9° and 22° N and longitudes 89° and 60° W. It is approximately 1,063,000 square miles (2,753,000 square km) in extent. To the south it is bounded by the coasts of Venezuela, Colombia, and Panama; to the west by

Antilles, group of islands located in the Caribbean Sea and comprising all of the West Indies except The Bahamas. They are divided into two major groups: the Greater Antilles, including Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic), Jamaica, and Puerto Rico; and the Lesser Antilles, comprising

Antilles Current, branch of the Atlantic North Equatorial Current, forming part of the clockwise-setting ocean-current system in the North Atlantic Ocean. It flows northwestward along the north side of the Greater Antilles islands and merges with the Florida Current, which issues from the Gulf of

pronghorn, (Antilocapra americana), North American hoofed mammal, the sole living member of the old ruminant family Antilocapridae (order Artiodactyla). It is the only animal that has branching horns and sheds them annually. This graceful denizen of open plains and semideserts is reddish brown and

pronghorn: …and northern Mexico and the peninsular pronghorn of Baja California remain endangered.

Antilochus, in Greek legend, son of Nestor, king of Pylos. One of the suitors of Helen, whose abduction caused the Trojan War, he accompanied his father to the war and distinguished himself as acting commander of the Pylians. As the story was told in the lost epic Aethiopis, Nestor was attacked by

computer science: Platform-based development: …requires real-time action is the antilock braking system (ABS) on an automobile; because it is critical that the ABS instantly reacts to brake-pedal pressure and begins a program of pumping the brakes, such an application is said to have a hard deadline. Other real-time systems are said to have soft…

logarithm: Properties of logarithms: …calculated logarithm (known as its antilogarithm). Expressed in terms of common logarithms, this relationship is given by log mn = log m + log n. For example, 100 × 1,000 can be calculated by looking up the logarithms of 100 (2) and 1,000 (3), adding the logarithms together (5), and…

Sophist: Nature of Sophistic thought: …“fond of wrangling”) and “antilogic”; the two often have been incorrectly treated as identical. Eristic, for Plato, consists in arguments aimed at victory rather than at truth. Antilogic involves the assignment to any argument of a counterargument that negates it, with the implication that both argument and counterargument are…

blackbuck, (Antilope cervicapra), an antelope (family Bovidae) indigenous to the plains of India. The blackbuck is an antelope of the same tribe (Antilopini) that includes gazelles, the springbok, and the gerenuk. What sets the blackbuck apart from the rest is the adult male’s horns, which are long

antelope: Classification: Antilopinae Tribe Neotragini (dwarf antelopes, including royal antelopes, klipspringers, oribis, and dik-diks) Tribe Antilopini (includes

kangaroo: Descriptions of selected species: The antilopine kangaroo (M. antilopinus), sometimes called the antilopine wallaroo, replaces the red kangaroo in the plains of the tropical north, from Cape York Peninsula in the east to the Kimberleys in the west. It is smaller than the red kangaroo and more wallaroo-like in general…

kangaroo: Descriptions of selected species: The antilopine kangaroo (M. antilopinus), sometimes called the antilopine wallaroo, replaces the red kangaroo in the plains of the tropical north, from Cape York Peninsula in the east to the Kimberleys in the west. It is smaller than the red kangaroo and more wallaroo-like in general…

antelope: Classification: and dik-diks) Tribe Antilopini (includes gazelles and the springbok, gerenuk, and blackbuck) Tribe Hippotragini (horse antelopes, including roan antelopes, sable antelopes,

transplant: Antilymphocyte and antithymocyte globulins: If rabbits receive repeated injections of mouse lymphocytes, they become immunized and develop antibodies against the mouse cells. The serum from the rabbits’ blood can be injected into mice and will often prevent them from rejecting grafts, both from other mice and even,…

Anthimus of Iberia was the metropolitan of Walachia (now part of Romania), linguist, typographer, and ecclesiastical writer who contributed greatly to the development of the Romanian language and literature by his translation and printing of biblical and liturgical texts and by his own writings on

antimacassar, protective covering thrown over the back of a chair or the head or cushions of a sofa, named after Macassar, a hair-oil in general use in the 19th century. The original antimacassars were made of stiff white crochet-work, but later soft, coloured materials, such as embroidered wools

Antimachus of Colophon was a Greek poet and scholar, author of an epic in 24 books entitled Thebais, about the expedition of the Seven Against Thebes. This work enjoyed little popular success at first, but it was greatly admired in antiquity, beginning with Plato. Antimachus’s other poetry included

malaria: Treatment: …malignant or cerebral malaria, the antimalarial drug must be given intravenously without delay, and measures are taken to restore the red blood cell level, to correct the severe upset of the body’s fluids and electrolytes, and to get rid of urea that accumulates in the blood when the kidneys fail.

antimanic drug, any drug that stabilizes mood by controlling symptoms of mania, the abnormal psychological state of excitement. Mania is a severe form of emotional disturbance in which a person is progressively and inappropriately euphoric and simultaneously hyperactive in speech and locomotor

Ben Jonson: His masques at court: …he also invented the “antimasque,” which preceded the masque proper and which featured grotesques or comics who were primarily actors rather than dancers or musicians.

antimatter, substance composed of subatomic particles that have the mass, electric charge, and magnetic moment of the electrons, protons, and neutrons of ordinary matter but for which the electric charge and magnetic moment are opposite in sign. The antimatter particles corresponding to electrons,

relic: …than upon relics, though the antimension (the cloth upon which the divine liturgy is celebrated) always contains a relic. The attitude of the 16th-century Protestant Reformers toward relics was uniformly negative, and the veneration of relics has not been accepted in Protestantism.

enantiomer, either of a pair of objects related to each other as the right hand is to the left—that is, as mirror images that cannot be reoriented so as to appear identical. An object that has a plane of symmetry cannot be an enantiomer because the object and its mirror image are identical.

Merina, a Malagasy people primarily inhabiting the central plateau of Madagascar. They are the most populous ethnolinguistic group on the island. The early Merina, whose origins are uncertain, entered the central plateau of Madagascar in the 15th century and soon established a small kingdom there.

antimetabolite, a substance that competes with, replaces, or inhibits a specific metabolite of a cell and thereby interferes with the cell’s normal metabolic functioning. An antimetabolite is similar in structure to a metabolite, or enzymatic substrate, which is normally recognized and acted upon

antimicrobial agent, any of a large variety of chemical compounds and physical agents that are used to destroy microorganisms or to prevent their development. The production and use of the antibiotic penicillin in the early 1940s became the basis for the era of modern antimicrobial therapy.

antimicrobial agent: …for the era of modern antimicrobial therapy. Streptomycin was discovered in 1944, and since then many other antibiotics and other types of antimicrobials have been found and put into use. A major discovery following the introduction of these agents into medicine was the finding that their basic structure could be…

AIDS: Condoms, vaccines, gels, and other prevention methods: Vaginal antimicrobial gels also have been investigated for the prevention of HIV infection. Those agents are particularly valuable for women in relationships in which mutual monogamy or condom use has failed or is not possible. Some of the first gels tested in large trials included Ushercell,…

Sophist: The 5th-century Sophists: Antimoerus of Mende, described as one of the most distinguished of Protagoras’s pupils, is there receiving professional instruction in order to become a Sophist, and it is clear that this was already a normal way of entering the profession.

lead processing: Antimonial lead: The most common and important metal alloyed with lead is antimony. Antimonial lead alloys usually contain from 1 to 6 percent antimony, but they may contain as much as 25 percent. Other components usually include tin, iron, copper, zinc, silver, arsenic, or traces…

antimonide, any member of a rare mineral group consisting of compounds of one or more metals with antimony (Sb). The coordination of the metal is virtually always octahedral or tetrahedral; i.e., in the former, each metal ion occupies a position within an octahedron composed of six negatively

antimony (Sb), a metallic element belonging to the nitrogen group (Group 15 [Va] of the periodic table). Antimony exists in many allotropic forms (physically distinct conditions that result from different arrangements of the same atoms in molecules or crystals). Antimony is a lustrous silvery

antimony poisoning, harmful effects upon body tissues and functions of ingesting or inhaling certain compounds of antimony. Such poisoning resembles arsenic poisoning. Antimony poisoning has resulted from drinking acidic fruit juices containing antimony oxide dissolved from the glaze of cheap

antimony poisoning: …antimony in medications, such as tartar emetic (antimony and potassium tartrate), used to induce vomiting and in treatment of helminthic and fungal infestations. The industrial use of antimony has not appeared to be associated with serious occupational poisoning. It is believed that the toxicity of antimony and of arsenic is…

Antaimoro, a Malagasy people living on and near the southeastern coast of Madagascar. Numbering about 350,000 in the late 20th century, the Antaimoro (“People of the Coast”) speak one of the Malagasy languages, a group of closely related Western Austronesian languages. Traditionally the Antaimoro

Feynman diagram: … (μ−) and its antiparticle, an antimuon (μ+). In the diagram of this interaction, both antiparticles (e+ and μ+) are represented as their corresponding particles moving backward in time (toward the past).

fungicide, any toxic substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of fungi. Fungicides are generally used to control parasitic fungi that either cause economic damage to crop or ornamental plants or endanger the health of domestic animals or humans. Most agricultural and horticultural fungicides

David Antin was an American poet, translator, and art critic who became best known for his improvisational “talk poems,” first published in Talking (1972), which blend lighthearted storytelling and comedy with social commentary. Antin was educated at the City College of New York (B.A., 1955) and

David Antin was an American poet, translator, and art critic who became best known for his improvisational “talk poems,” first published in Talking (1972), which blend lighthearted storytelling and comedy with social commentary. Antin was educated at the City College of New York (B.A., 1955) and

Mary Antin was an American author remembered for her autobiographical work The Promised Land and other books on immigrant life in the United States. Antin immigrated to the United States with her mother, sisters, and brother in 1894, joining her father, who had preceded them in 1891, in

antineoplastic antibiotic, any anticancer drug that affects DNA synthesis and replication by inserting into DNA or by donating electrons that result in the production of highly reactive oxygen compounds (superoxide) that cause breakage of DNA strands. These antibiotics are administered almost

anticancer drug, any drug that is effective in the treatment of malignant, or cancerous, disease. There are several major classes of anticancer drugs; these include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, and hormones. In addition, there are a number of drugs that do not fall within

principles of physical science: Development of the atomic theory: …of a positron and an antineutrino. For example, a magnesium nucleus containing 12 protons and 11 neutrons spontaneously changes to a stable sodium nucleus with 11 protons and 12 neutrons. The positron resembles the electron in all respects except for being positively rather than negatively charged. It was the first…

antineutron, antiparticle of the neutron. The neutron has no electric charge, and thus so does the antineutron. However, the neutron consists of one up quark (charge +2/3) and two down quarks (charge –1/3), and the antineutron consists of one anti-up quark (charge –2/3) and two anti-down quarks

passeriform: Anting: A characteristic but poorly understood behaviour pattern of passerines is the practice of anting. This peculiar ritual has two forms: active anting, in which a bird picks up worker ants in its bill and wipes them on its feathers in a stereotyped manner, and…

standing wave: …a node is a vibrating antinode (A). The antinodes alternate in the direction of displacement so that the rope at any instant resembles a graph of the mathematical function called the sine, as represented by line R. Both longitudinal (e.g., sound) waves and transverse (e.g., water) waves can form standing…

standing wave: …a node is a vibrating antinode (A). The antinodes alternate in the direction of displacement so that the rope at any instant resembles a graph of the mathematical function called the sine, as represented by line R. Both longitudinal (e.g., sound) waves and transverse (e.g., water) waves can form standing…

antinomianism, (Greek anti, “against”; nomos, “law”), doctrine according to which Christians are freed by grace from the necessity of obeying the Mosaic Law. The antinomians rejected the very notion of obedience as legalistic; to them the good life flowed from the inner working of the Holy Spirit.

antinomy, in philosophy, contradiction, real or apparent, between two principles or conclusions, both of which seem equally justified; it is nearly synonymous with the term paradox. Immanuel Kant, the father of critical philosophy, in order to show the inadequacy of pure reason in the field of

Antinoöpolis, Roman city in ancient Egypt, on the east bank of the Nile, 24 miles (38 km) south of modern al-Minyā in al-Minyā muḥāfaẓah (governorate) and 177 miles (285 km) south of Cairo. The earliest levels excavated date to the New Kingdom (1567–1085 bc). On the site of a Ramesside temple, the

Severino Antinori is an Italian gynecologist and embryologist who championed the use of in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques to aid older women in becoming pregnant. He generated significant controversy by devising human cloning procedures as another avenue in treating infertility. Antinori

Antinoüs was the homosexual lover of the Roman emperor Hadrian, deified by the emperor after his death in Egypt, where he drowned. Hadrian erected temples to him throughout the empire and founded a city, named Antinoöpolis, in his honour, near the place where he died. An obelisk, now in Rome near

New Novel, avant-garde novel of the mid-20th century that marked a radical departure from the conventions of the traditional novel in that it ignores such elements as plot, dialogue, linear narrative, and human interest. Starting from the premise that the potential of the traditional novel had been

immune system disorder: Systemic lupus erythematosus: Such autoantibodies, called antinuclear antibodies, do not attack healthy cells, since the nucleus lies within the cell and is not accessible to antibodies. Antigen-antibody complexes form only after the nuclear contents of a cell are released into the bloodstream during the normal course of cell death or as…

antinuclear movement, social movement opposed to the production of nuclear weapons and the generation of electricity by nuclear power plants. The goals and ideologies of the antinuclear movement range from an emphasis on peace and environmentalism to intellectual social activism based on knowledge

annihilation: …and neutrons), for example, annihilate antinucleons (antiprotons and antineutrons), and the energy is also carried away in the form of particles such as pi-mesons and K-mesons and their corresponding antiparticles.

Antioch, a principality centred on the city of Antioch, founded by European Christians in territory taken from the Muslims in 1098, during the First Crusade. It survived as a European outpost in the East for nearly two centuries. Antioch’s territory included the well-fortified, predominantly

Antioch, populous city of ancient Syria and now a major town of south-central Turkey. It lies near the mouth of the Orontes River, about 12 miles (19 km) northwest of the Syrian border. Antioch was founded in 300 bce by Seleucus I Nicator, a former general of Alexander the Great. The new city soon

Antioch, city, Contra Costa county, western California, U.S. Lying on the San Joaquin River, it was founded as Smith’s Landing in 1849. In 1851 it was renamed for the biblical Antioch, and it developed from a small agricultural community into a major industrial complex. Many national manufacturers

Antioch, ancient city in Phrygia, near the Pisidian border, close to modern Yalvaç, in west-central Turkey. Founded by Seleucus I Nicator (c. 358–281 bce), it was made a free city in 189 bce by the Romans, who took direct control about 25 bce; soon thereafter the emperor Augustus made it a colony

Antioch University, private coeducational institution of higher learning founded in 1852 as Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, U.S. It is noted for its experimental curricula and work-study programs. Public education reformer and “Father of the Common School,” Horace Mann was its first

Antioch: Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge, which was closed to the public for 16 years, protects the habitat of several endangered species. Immediately to the northwest, at the mouth of the Sacramento River, is the Delta region, which supports fruit orchards and facilities for water sports,…

Antioch, ancient city in Phrygia, near the Pisidian border, close to modern Yalvaç, in west-central Turkey. Founded by Seleucus I Nicator (c. 358–281 bce), it was made a free city in 189 bce by the Romans, who took direct control about 25 bce; soon thereafter the emperor Augustus made it a colony

Antioch University, private coeducational institution of higher learning founded in 1852 as Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, U.S. It is noted for its experimental curricula and work-study programs. Public education reformer and “Father of the Common School,” Horace Mann was its first

Council of Antioch, (341 CE), a non-ecumenical Christian church council held at Antioch (modern Antakya in southeastern Turkey) on the occasion of the consecration of the emperor Constantine I’s Golden Church there. It was the first of several 4th-century councils that attempted to replace orthodox

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, autocephalous (ecclesiastically independent) Eastern Orthodox patriarchate, third in honorific rank after the churches of Constantinople and Alexandria; it is the largest Arab Christian church in the Middle East. The authority of the Greek

School of Antioch, Christian theological institution in Syria, traditionally founded in about ce 200, that stressed the literal interpretation of the Bible and the completeness of Christ’s humanity, in opposition to the School of Alexandria, which emphasized the allegorical interpretation of the

Eastern Orthodoxy: The Eastern Orthodox Church in the Middle East: …the ancient sees of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem are remnants of the Byzantine imperial past, but under the present conditions they still possess many opportunities of development: Alexandria as the centre of emerging African communities (see below The Orthodox diaspora and missions); Antioch as the largest Arab Christian group, with…

Siege of Antioch, attack and capture of the Seljuq-controlled city of Antioch by Christian soldiers. It was carried out from October 20, 1097, to June 28, 1098. The Siege of Antioch marked the arrival of the First Crusade in the Holy Land. Events set a pattern of betrayal, massacre, and heroism

Antioch, ancient city in Phrygia, near the Pisidian border, close to modern Yalvaç, in west-central Turkey. Founded by Seleucus I Nicator (c. 358–281 bce), it was made a free city in 189 bce by the Romans, who took direct control about 25 bce; soon thereafter the emperor Augustus made it a colony

Antiochene rite, the system of liturgical practices and discipline observed by Syrian Monophysites (Jacobites), the Malabar Christians of Kerala, India (Jacobites), and three Eastern-rite communities of the Roman Catholic church: Catholic Syrians, Maronites, and Malankarese Christians of Kerala.

Jacques-Louis David: Formative years: His prize-winning work, Antiochus and Stratonice, reveals that at this point he could still be influenced slightly by the Rococo charm of the painter François Boucher, who had been a family friend.

Antiochus IV Epiphanes was the Seleucid king of the Hellenistic Syrian kingdom who reigned from 175 to 164 bce. As a ruler, he was best known for his encouragement of Greek culture and institutions. His attempts to suppress Judaism brought on the Wars of the Maccabees. Antiochus was the third son

Antiochus Hierax was the younger brother of Seleucus II, heir to the Seleucid dominions in the Middle East. During his brother’s war with Egypt, he declared independence in Anatolia and attempted to take over the throne. Antiochus Hierax and Seleucus II, were the sons of Antiochus II’s former wife,

Antiochus I Soter was the king of the Seleucid kingdom of Syria, who ruled about 292–281 bc in the east and 281–261 over the whole kingdom. Under great external pressures, he consolidated his kingdom and encouraged the founding of cities. Antiochus was the son of Seleucus I, founder of the Seleucid

Antiochus II Theos was the king of the Seleucid dominions in the Middle East, who succeeded his father, Antiochus I, in 261 bc and spent much of his reign at war with Egypt, recovering much territory in Anatolia. Finding a willing ally in Antigonus, ruler of Macedonia, who had suffered at the hands

Antiochus III the Great was a Seleucid king of the Hellenistic Syrian Empire from 223 bce to 187, who rebuilt the empire in the East but failed in his attempt to challenge Roman ascendancy in Europe and Asia Minor. He reformed the empire administratively by reducing the provinces in size,

Antiochus IV Epiphanes was the Seleucid king of the Hellenistic Syrian kingdom who reigned from 175 to 164 bce. As a ruler, he was best known for his encouragement of Greek culture and institutions. His attempts to suppress Judaism brought on the Wars of the Maccabees. Antiochus was the third son

Antiochus III the Great was a Seleucid king of the Hellenistic Syrian Empire from 223 bce to 187, who rebuilt the empire in the East but failed in his attempt to challenge Roman ascendancy in Europe and Asia Minor. He reformed the empire administratively by reducing the provinces in size,

Antiochus Of Ascalon was a Greek philosopher who followed Philo of Larissa as the head of the Academy, charting a new course for Platonism. He built up his philosophical system on a foundation of three schools: Platonism, Peripateticism, and Stoicism. Stoic ideas played the most important role in

Antiochus III the Great was a Seleucid king of the Hellenistic Syrian Empire from 223 bce to 187, who rebuilt the empire in the East but failed in his attempt to challenge Roman ascendancy in Europe and Asia Minor. He reformed the empire administratively by reducing the provinces in size,

Antiochus VII Sidetes was the king of the Seleucid state of Syria in 139/138–129 bc. He successfully reunited his country and recovered much of his forefathers’ territory before he was slain by the Parthians. The son of Demetrius I and brother of Demetrius II, both Seleucid kings, Antiochus spent

Antiope, in Greek legend, the mother, by the god Zeus, of the twins Amphion and Zethus. According to one account, her beauty attracted Zeus, who, assuming the form of a satyr, took her by force. Pregnant, she escaped the threats of her father by running away and marrying Epopeus, king of Sicyon;

Colombia: Daily life and social structure: …in which they live, and Antioqueños, Santandereanos, Tolimenses, Nariñenses, Bogotanos, and Boyacanses are recognized by their dress, diet, and speech. The most socially and economically prominent group is the Antioqueños, who migrated from Antioquia southward along the Cordilleras Central and Occidental during the 19th century. Numbering some five million, the…

Colombia: Relief: …to the deeply weathered, granitic Antioquia batholith (an exposed granitic intrusion), a tableland averaging some 8,000 feet (2,500 metres) above sea level. It is divided into two parts by the deep transverse cleft of the Porce River, which occupies the U-shaped valley in which is situated the expanding metropolis of…

antioxidant, any of various chemical compounds added to certain foods, natural and synthetic rubbers, gasolines, and other substances to retard autoxidation, the process by which these substances combine with oxygen in the air at room temperature. Retarding autoxidation delays the appearance of

antiparkinson drug, any drug used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson disease or other conditions of parkinsonism. The major antiparkinson drugs are levodopa, dopamine-receptor agonists, amantadine, and the so-called COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) inhibitors, MAO-B (monoamine oxidase B)

Páros: …is the once-attached island of Andíparos (Antiparos), the ancient Oliarus, whose limestone cavern is a tourist attraction. Pop. (2001) town, 4,463; municipality, 12,514; (2011) town, 4,326; municipality 13,715.

antiparticle, subatomic particle having the same mass as one of the particles of ordinary matter but opposite electric charge and magnetic moment. Thus, the positron (positively charged electron) is the antiparticle of the negatively charged electron. The spinning antineutron, like the ordinary

Herod Antipas was the son of Herod I the Great who became tetrarch (ruler of a minor principality in the Roman Empire) of Galilee, in northern Palestine, and Peraea, east of the Jordan River and Dead Sea, and ruled throughout Jesus of Nazareth’s ministry. In the Gospel According to Luke (13:32),

antipasto, in Italian cuisine, a first course or appetizer. In the home, cured or smoked meats and sausages, olives, salted anchovies, sardines, fresh or pickled vegetables, shellfish, peppers, and cheeses are favoured, while restaurant presentations add to these elaborate prepared dishes such as

epistemology: Ancient Skepticism: …objection, raised by the Stoic Antipater (flourished c. 135 bce) and others, that the view is self-contradictory. To know that knowledge is impossible is to know something. Hence, dogmatic Skepticism must be false.