Bar, port in Montenegro, on the Adriatic Sea. It is the country’s principal port. The current city is known as Novi (“New”) Bar. Stari (“Old”) Bar’s ruins lie farther inland at the base of Mount Rumija. Stari Bar was first mentioned in the 9th century, when it came under the control of the

antitoxin: …containing it, is called an antivenin. See also antiserum.

antiviral drug, any agent that is used in the treatment of an infectious disease caused by a virus. Viruses are responsible for illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, influenza, herpes simplex type I (cold sores of the mouth) and type II (genital herpes), herpes zoster (shingles), viral hepatitis,

Ahn Cheol-Soo: …of the first native Korean antivirus programs, which he named V1 (the V stood for “vaccine”), and distributed it free of charge to users. Later versions were similarly named V2 and V3.

vitamin: Determination of vitamin requirements: …function of the vitamin (antivitamin) often is the method used. The obvious effects (e.g., night blindness, anemia, dermatitis) of the deficiency are noted. Less obvious effects may be discovered after microscopic examination of tissue and bone structures. Changes in concentrations of metabolites or in enzymatic activity in tissues, blood,…

Tupolev, Russian aerospace design bureau that is a major producer of civilian passenger airliners and military bombers. As a Soviet agency, it developed the U.S.S.R.’s first commercial jetliner and the world’s first supersonic passenger jet. Headquarters are in Moscow. Tupolev consists of the main

Tupolev, Russian aerospace design bureau that is a major producer of civilian passenger airliners and military bombers. As a Soviet agency, it developed the U.S.S.R.’s first commercial jetliner and the world’s first supersonic passenger jet. Headquarters are in Moscow. Tupolev consists of the main

artiodactyl: Social behaviour: Horns or antlers eventually functioned to maintain head contact during struggles rather than to bruise, slash, or gore. This stylized fighting, in which the competing males interlock horns or antlers and try to “outwrestle” each other, minimizes the danger of killing an opponent of the same species…

Antler orogeny: The term Antler Orogenic Belt, and formerly Manhattan Geanticline, is applied to the deformed rocks produced by this orogeny.

Antler orogeny, a mountain-building event in Late Devonian and Mississippian time (about 340 to 370 million years ago) that affected a linear belt in the Cordilleran Geosyncline, extending from the California–Nevada border northward through the central part of Nevada into Idaho. The term Antler

antlerite, a copper sulfate mineral, Cu3(SO4) (OH)4, that is found in the oxidized zone of copper deposits, particularly in arid regions. At Bisbee, Ariz; Kennicott, Alaska; Sierra Mojada, Coahuila, Mex.; and Chuquicamata, Chile, it is the principal copper ore mineral. For detailed physical

Antlia, constellation in the southern sky at about 10 hours right ascension and 30° south in declination. Its brightest star is Alpha Antliae, with a magnitude of 4.3. The French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille formed this constellation in 1754; it represents an air pump of the type used in

Antlia, constellation in the southern sky at about 10 hours right ascension and 30° south in declination. Its brightest star is Alpha Antliae, with a magnitude of 4.3. The French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille formed this constellation in 1754; it represents an air pump of the type used in

antlike flower beetle, any of the approximately 1,000 species of the insect family Anthicidae (order Coleoptera). They are usually seen around flowers, foliage, refuse, or dead wood. These voracious beetles resemble ants and range from 2 to 12 millimetres (up to 12 inch) in length. Some can be

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Aderidae (antlike leaf beetles) About 350 species; usually found in deadwood or vegetable refuse; example Aderus. Family Anthicidae (antlike flower beetles) Many occur in vegetable refuse; about 1,000 species; sometimes placed in Pedilidae; examples Anthicus, Notoxus.

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Scydmaenidae (antlike stone beetles) Under stones, logs; in ant nests; very small, hairy; widely distributed; about 1,200 species; example Scydmaenus. Family Silphidae (large carrion beetles, burying beetles) Relatively large, bright-coloured; usually feed on carrion; some predatory, some plant feeders; examples

antlion, (family Myrmeleontidae), family of about 2,000 species of insects that are named for the predatory nature of the larva, which commonly trap ants and other small insects in pits dug into the ground. Antlions are found throughout the world, primarily in dry, sandy regions. The antlion larva

Eduard Suess: …Das Antlitz der Erde (1883–1909; The Face of the Earth), a four-volume treatise on the geologic structure of the entire planet, discusses his theories of the structure and evolution of the lithosphere in greater detail, tracing the ancient changes in the continents and seas necessary to form the modern features…

August Sander: …published Antlitz der Zeit (Face of Our Time), the first of what was projected to be a series offering a sociological, pictorial survey of the class structure of Germany.

Antofagasta, región, in an extremely arid part of northern Chile, bounded on the east by Bolivia and Argentina and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Antofagasta is the second largest of Chile’s regions; about 98 percent of its population lives in urban areas, chiefly the capital city of

Antofagasta, city, capital of Antofagasta región, northern Chile, and a Pacific port on Bahía (bay) Moreno. A Bolivian town until 1879, it occupies a terrace at the base of bleak, arid coastal mountains. Its early growth resulted from the nitrate boom that began in 1866 and from the Caracoles

Andes Mountains: Physiography of the Central Andes: Llullaillaco, Galán, and Antofalla all exceed 19,000 feet. The two main ranges and several volcanic secondary chains enclose depressions called salars because of the deposits of salts they contain; in northwestern Argentina, the Sierra de Calalaste encompasses the large Antofalla Salt Flat. Volcanoes of this zone occur mostly…

Anthony Of Bourbon was the king of Navarre, duke of Vendôme, and father of Henry IV of France. Son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendôme, he married (1548) Jeanne d’Albret, daughter of Henry II, king of Navarre; as sole heir, she brought her husband the title of king of Navarre. Anthony was

Antoine Busnois was a French composer, best-known for his chansons, which typify the Burgundian style of the second half of the 15th century. Busnois entered the service of Charles the Bold (later duke of Burgundy) as a singer sometime before 1467. He traveled with Charles on his various campaigns,

Dammartin: …finally into the hands of Antoine de Chabannes in 1439. This Antoine de Chabannes (d. 1488), who had already distinguished himself in campaigns with Joan of Arc, later became a leader of the Ecorcheurs and fought against Louis XI in the League of the Public Weal and then for Louis…

Anthony Of Bourbon was the king of Navarre, duke of Vendôme, and father of Henry IV of France. Son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendôme, he married (1548) Jeanne d’Albret, daughter of Henry II, king of Navarre; as sole heir, she brought her husband the title of king of Navarre. Anthony was

André Antoine was an actor, theatrical manager, critic, and film director, a pioneer of naturalistic drama who founded the Théâtre-Libre in Paris. His contributions to the development of realism in modern films was only beginning to gain appreciation in the second half of the 20th century. Largely

Western architecture: France: …interiors of its date anywhere; Jacques-Denis Antoine, winner of the competition for the new Mint (Hôtel des Monnaies); and Victor Louis, whose theatre at Bordeaux (1772–80) with its Roman colonnade and vaults set the model for Neoclassical theatres. All had studied in Rome.

Tony Awards, annual awards for distinguished achievement in American theatre. Named for the actress-producer Antoinette Perry, the annual awards were established in 1947 by the American Theatre Wing and are intended to recognize excellence in plays and musicals staged on Broadway. Awards are given

Madagascar: The First Republic: …opposition regrouped under the name Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar (Antokon’ny Kongresin’ny Fahaleovantenan’i Madagasikara; AKFM), which included both Protestant Merina dissidents and communists. Antananarivo was the party’s stronghold; it also had some support in the provinces but, owing to the electoral system established by the PSD, held only…

Antoku was the 81st emperor of Japan; his death in the famous naval Battle of Dannoura (1185) on the Inland Sea in western Japan resulted in the loss of the great sword that was one of the Three Imperial Regalia, the symbols of Imperial authority, supposedly brought to earth when the first Japanese

Antoku was the 81st emperor of Japan; his death in the famous naval Battle of Dannoura (1185) on the Inland Sea in western Japan resulted in the loss of the great sword that was one of the Three Imperial Regalia, the symbols of Imperial authority, supposedly brought to earth when the first Japanese

Agostinho Neto: …included in Mário de Andrade’s Antologia da poesia negra de expressão portuguesa (1958).

Leopoldo Marechal: These poems were included in Antología poética (1969).

caricature and cartoon: 20th century: …sketched situation; so was “Anton” of Punch (a man and a woman jointly using the name), who kept up the tradition of satire through clothes, being particularly good at pseudo-Edwardian nattiness. Herb Stansbury’s “Smart Chart,” a one-frame comic for the financial page, satirized stock market graphs. In the drawings…

Paramaribo: …institutions of learning include the Anton de Kom University of Suriname, founded in 1968 as the University of Suriname; the Polytechnic College of Suriname (1994); and the Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (1967). Paramaribo is served by a highway and other roads, and an international airport lies about 25…

Judo made its Olympic debut in the 1964 Games in Tokyo in the country where the sport was developed, and the Japanese hoped to celebrate the occasion by dominating the event. A special arena, Nippon Budokan Hall, was built for the event and could hold 15,000 spectators. While Japanese fighters

A.M. Schweigaard was a Norwegian jurist and economic reformer who helped bring about Norway’s change to a capitalist economy. A professor of jurisprudence and economics in the 1830s and ’40s and an extremely influential publicist for economic liberalism, Schweigaard was elected to the Storting

Karl Philipp Moritz: …novels, Andreas Hartknopf (1786) and Anton Reiser, 4 vol. (1785–90). The latter is, with J.W. von Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister, the most mature 18th-century German novel of contemporary life.

Tirso de Molina: …historical dramas, for example in Antona García (1635), which is notable for its objective analysis of mob emotion; in La prudencia en la mujer (1634; “Prudence in Woman”), with its modern interpretation of ancient regional strife; and in the biblical La venganza de Tamar (1634), with its violently realistic scenes.

Latin American architecture: Military architecture: …Spain, commissioned Tiburcio Spanoqui and Bautista Antonelli to design and execute a defensive system that would protect the Spanish fleet. This entailed the building of forts from the coast of Florida to the Strait of Magellan. The first forts would be built in Puerto Rico, Cuba, Veracruz, and Ullua (Mexico),…

Giacomo Antonelli was a cardinal and secretary of state to Pope Pius IX. Though he was never ordained as a priest, Antonelli was created cardinal by Pius in 1847 and became premier (1848) of the Papal States, which were then governed for the first time by a democratic constitution. After his own

Antonello da Messina was a painter who probably introduced oil painting and Flemish pictorial techniques into mid-15th-century Venetian art. His practice of building form with colour rather than line and shade greatly influenced the subsequent development of Venetian painting. Little is known of

Ion Antonescu was a Romanian marshal and statesman who became dictator of the pro-German government during World War II. After World War I, Antonescu served as military attaché in Paris and in London and, in 1934, as chief of the Romanian general staff. Named minister of defense in 1937, he

Santiago: …to its highest elevation at Antónia Peak, 4,566 feet (1,392 metres) above sea level.

Chafarinas Islands: …of the 3rd-century Roman roadbook Itinerarium Antonini and have been occupied by Spain since 1847. Waterless and uncultivated, they form the best anchorage along the Moroccan Mediterranean coast. Isabella II contains the lighthouse and garrison. Congreso and Rey are uninhabited.

Antonine Wall, Roman frontier barrier in Britain, extending about 36.5 miles (58.5 km) across Scotland between the River Clyde and the Firth of Forth. The wall was built in the years after ad 142 on the orders of the emperor Antoninus Pius by the Roman army under the command of the governor Lollius

Antonines, the Roman emperors Antoninus Pius (reigned ad 138–161) and his adopted son and heir, Marcus Aurelius (reigned ad 161–180). The term (which derives from Antoninus’s name) is often extended to include Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius, joint emperor with his father from 176 to Marcus

Andrea Palladio: Visits to Rome and work in Vicenza: …in 1556, was in the Palazzo Antonini in Udine, which has a square plan with a central four-column tetrastyle hall and the service quarters asymmetrically to one side. The facade has six columns, which are attached to the wall rather than freestanding and which are centrally placed on each of…

coin: Coins as historical data: …the heavily alloyed 3rd-century-ad Roman antoniniani (coins introduced by the Roman emperor Caracalla, originally having a value of two denarii) tell their tale as clearly as the depreciating paper currency of Germany in and after 1919.

ancient Rome: Rome and Italy: … Sant’ Angelo (Hadrian’s mausoleum), the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, Aurelius’ Column, as well as the aqueducts whose arches spanned across Campagna to keep the city and its innumerable fountains supplied with water.

Caracalla was a Roman emperor, ruling jointly with his father, Septimius Severus, from 198 to 211 and then alone from 211 until his assassination in 217. His principal achievements were his colossal baths in Rome and his edict of 212, giving Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire.

Publius Septimius Geta was a Roman emperor from 209 to 211, jointly with his father, Septimius Severus (reigned 193–211), and his brother, Caracalla (reigned 198–217). The younger son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna, he was given the title caesar on January 28, 198, when his elder brother

Antoninus Pius was a Roman emperor from ad 138 to 161. Mild-mannered and capable, he was the fourth of the “five good emperors” who guided the empire through an 84-year period (96–180) of internal peace and prosperity. His family originated in Gaul, and his father and grandfathers had all been

Saint Antoninus ; canonized 1523; feast day May 10) was the archbishop of Florence who is regarded as one of the founders of modern moral theology and Christian social ethics. (Read Peter Singer’s Britannica entry on ethics.) In Florence Antoninus joined the Dominican order (1405); he became an

Antonio, a Venetian merchant, the title character of Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice. Ostensibly the subject of the play, Antonio serves rather as a foil to Shylock, who is one of Shakespeare’s best-known and most discussed

The Tempest: …Miranda, by his usurping brother, Antonio. Prospero, more interested in his books and his magic than in the pragmatics of ruling Milan, had left himself vulnerable to this overthrow. Arriving at an island, Prospero proceeded to make good use of his magic by freeing the sprite Ariel from the torment…

Azorín: …novels, La voluntad (1902; “Volition”), Antonio Azorín (1903), and Las confesiones de un pequeño filósofo (1904; “The Confessions of a Minor Philosopher”), which are actually little more than impressionistic essays written in dialogue. This trilogy operated with unifying force on the Generation of ’98, however. Animated by a deep patriotism,…

St. Anthony of Padua ; canonized 1232; feast day June 13) was a Franciscan friar and a dedicated patron of the poor. Portugal and the city of Padua, Italy, claim him as their patron saint, and he is invoked for the return of lost property. He is also the patron saint of sailors, fisherfolk,

Anthony Of Bourbon was the king of Navarre, duke of Vendôme, and father of Henry IV of France. Son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendôme, he married (1548) Jeanne d’Albret, daughter of Henry II, king of Navarre; as sole heir, she brought her husband the title of king of Navarre. Anthony was

Anthony Of Bourbon was the king of Navarre, duke of Vendôme, and father of Henry IV of France. Son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendôme, he married (1548) Jeanne d’Albret, daughter of Henry II, king of Navarre; as sole heir, she brought her husband the title of king of Navarre. Anthony was

Kongo: …and killed the reigning manikongo, António I Nvita a Nkanga, during the battle. Although Kongo continued to exist, from this point on it ceased to function as a unified kingdom.

Barberini Family: …named cardinal was his brother Antonio the Elder (1569–1646), who is notable chiefly for encouraging the construction of religious buildings in Rome.

Barberini Family: Antonio the Younger (1607–71), Urban’s nephew, who became the family’s third cardinal in 1628, proved himself an able negotiator and was entrusted with certain legations, including those of Urbano (1631) and Avignon (1633). A patron of the arts, he supported, among others, the Baroque sculptor…

António, prior of Crato was an ecclesiastic and claimant to the throne of Portugal who never gained the crown despite armed assistance from France and England. António was the illegitimate son of Luís, duke of Beja, brother of King John III of Portugal. He became head of the Order of St. John in

Mário António was a scholar, short-story writer, and poet whose works focus alternately on Angolan and Portuguese cultures. A poet of personal love and social protest in his early years, António in his later poems frequently presents verbal portraits of moods, places, and experiences. António

Nicolás Antonio was the first systematic historian of Spanish literature. His Bibliotheca Hispana appeared in two parts (Nova, 1672; Vetus, 1696). The first is a vast bibliography of Peninsular and Spanish colonial writers after 1500, with critical evaluations. The second, a history of Peninsular

António, prior of Crato was an ecclesiastic and claimant to the throne of Portugal who never gained the crown despite armed assistance from France and England. António was the illegitimate son of Luís, duke of Beja, brother of King John III of Portugal. He became head of the Order of St. John in

António, prior of Crato was an ecclesiastic and claimant to the throne of Portugal who never gained the crown despite armed assistance from France and England. António was the illegitimate son of Luís, duke of Beja, brother of King John III of Portugal. He became head of the Order of St. John in

Michelangelo Antonioni was an Italian film director, cinematographer, and producer noted for his avoidance of “realistic” narrative in favour of character study and a vaguely metaphorical series of incidents. Among his major films were Le amiche (1955; The Girlfriends), L’avventura (1960; The

St. Anthony of Egypt ; feast day January 17) was a religious hermit and one of the earliest Desert Fathers, considered the founder and father of organized Christian monasticism. His rule (book of observances) represented one of the first attempts to codify guidelines for monastic living. A disciple

Adorno Family: …Adorno returned to office with Antoniotto I (d. 1397), who was alternately ousted and reinstated until he was elected doge by a large majority in 1394. Rising factional strife, however, forced him to turn the city over to King Charles VI of France.

Adorno Family: His son Antoniotto II came to power during the stormy early 16th century, ruling the city briefly in 1513 as vicar of the king of France, later transferring his allegiance to Spain, and becoming doge in 1522, when the marchese di Pescara took Genoa for the Holy…

Cologne: Architecture of Cologne: The 14th-century Antoniterkirche, a secularized monastery church, was made over to the Protestants in 1802 and became the first public Lutheran church in Cologne.

Fulvia: …Fulvia conspired with Antony’s brother, Lucius Antonius, against Octavian, who was given the unpopular task of taking land from Italians to give to Caesar’s veterans. Perhaps out of jealousy, wanting to force Antony’s return to Italy, Fulvia induced Lucius Antonius to rebel against Octavian. Coinage shows that, at least initially,…

ancient Rome: The early career of Pompey: At the same time, Marcus Antonius, father of the later Triumvir, was given a command against the pirates in the eastern Mediterranean (whom his father had already fought in 102–100), partly, perhaps, as further reinsurance against Pompey. With Italian manpower heavily committed, a minor slave rising led by Spartacus…

Jack Antonoff is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer who is best known as the founder and lead singer of the indie pop band Bleachers. Antonoff was named one of Time magazine’s 100 most influential people of 2024, having gained wide recognition for his songwriting and production

Jack Antonoff is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer who is best known as the founder and lead singer of the indie pop band Bleachers. Antonoff was named one of Time magazine’s 100 most influential people of 2024, having gained wide recognition for his songwriting and production

antonomasia, a figure of speech in which some defining word or phrase is substituted for a person’s proper name (for example, “the Bard of Avon” for William Shakespeare). In fiction, the practice of giving to a character a proper name that defines or suggests a leading quality of that character

history of flight: General aviation: …of similar versatility, the Antonov AN-2. With its 1,000-horsepower radial engine, the AN-2 possessed a capacious barrel-like fuselage that could accommodate a dozen or so passengers or 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) of cargo. Introduced in 1947, it featured a biplane configuration, and its large wing area gave it excellent flying…

aerospace industry: Military aircraft: …several transports, among them the An-225 Mriya, a six-turbofan design originally conceived to carry oversized external loads piggyback-style for the Soviet space program.

Samuel Barber: His opera Antony and Cleopatra inaugurated the new auditorium of the Metropolitan Opera Association at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in 1966. After a period of creative inactivity, Barber resumed composing for orchestra. The Lovers and Fadograph of a Yestern Scene were first performed in…

Antony and Cleopatra, tragedy in five acts by William Shakespeare, written in 1606–07 and published in the First Folio of 1623 from an authorial draft in a more finished state than most of his working papers or possibly from a transcript of those papers not yet prepared as a playbook. It is

St. Anthony of Egypt ; feast day January 17) was a religious hermit and one of the earliest Desert Fathers, considered the founder and father of organized Christian monasticism. His rule (book of observances) represented one of the first attempts to codify guidelines for monastic living. A disciple

St. Anthony of Padua ; canonized 1232; feast day June 13) was a Franciscan friar and a dedicated patron of the poor. Portugal and the city of Padua, Italy, claim him as their patron saint, and he is invoked for the return of lost property. He is also the patron saint of sailors, fisherfolk,

René I: …France supported this claim, but Antony of Vaudémont contested it.

Mark Antony was a Roman general under Julius Caesar and later triumvir (43–30 bce), who, with Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, was defeated by Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) in the last of the civil wars that destroyed the Roman Republic. He is one of the major figures of Classical antiquity.

Antony, Mark, Roman general and, after Caesar’s death, one of the triumvirs in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar and the hero of Antony and Cleopatra. Constructing his play around events in Roman history, Shakespeare presented Antony as a loyal friend and noble subject in Julius Caesar. Antony’s funeral

language: Language and conceptualization: …the numerous pairs of related antonyms that are found: good, bad; hot, cold; high, low; right, wrong; dark, light; and so on. For finer discriminations, these terms can be put into more narrowly specified fields containing more than two terms taken together, but their most general use is in binary…

gnateater, any of eight species of bird of the genus Conopophaga in the family Conopophagidae, formerly classified with the antbirds. These small birds forage for insects in the understory of South American

antpipit, either of two species of South American birds of the genus Corythopis that resemble pipits in size, shape, and coloration. The name antpipit is sometimes improperly applied to the gnateaters (Conopophaga), who were formerly classified with antpipits in the family Conopophagidae;

Antratsyt, city, eastern Ukraine. Established in the late 19th century, it was incorporated in 1938. It is an anthracite-mining town, from which product it takes its name, and a typical industrial centre in the Donets Coal Basin. Its rise was due to the Soviet five-year plans for economic growth.

Antratsyt, city, eastern Ukraine. Established in the late 19th century, it was incorporated in 1938. It is an anthracite-mining town, from which product it takes its name, and a typical industrial centre in the Donets Coal Basin. Its rise was due to the Soviet five-year plans for economic growth.

Antratsyt, city, eastern Ukraine. Established in the late 19th century, it was incorporated in 1938. It is an anthracite-mining town, from which product it takes its name, and a typical industrial centre in the Donets Coal Basin. Its rise was due to the Soviet five-year plans for economic growth.

gastrectomy: The most common procedure is antrectomy, which removes the lower half of the stomach (antrum), the chief site of gastrin secretion. The remaining stomach is then reconnected to the first section of the small intestine (duodenum). In a more extensive procedure, subtotal gastrectomy, as much as three-quarters of the stomach…

Antrim, town and former district (1973–2015) within the former County Antrim, now in Antrim and Newtownabbey district, eastern Northern Ireland. Antrim town is located in the valley of the Six Mile Water stream, at the northeastern corner of Lough (lake) Neagh. In 1798 the town was the scene of a

Antrim, former (until 1973) county, northeastern Northern Ireland, occupying an area of 1,176 square miles (3,046 square km), across the 13-mile- (21-kilometer-) wide North Channel from the Mull of Kintyre in Scotland. Antrim was bounded by the Atlantic Ocean (north), the North Channel and the

Antrim and Newtownabbey, district, east-central Northern Ireland. It is bounded to the north and northeast by the Mid and East Antrim district, to the east by Belfast Lough, to the southeast by Belfast City, to the south by Lisburn and Castlereagh City district, to the west by Lough Neagh, and to

Larne: The Antrim Coast Road—one of the greatest tourist attractions in Northern Ireland, with its many miles of bays, headlands, and cliffs—begins at Larne town. Limestone is quarried for cement at Magheramorne. Area former district, 131 square miles (340 square km). Pop. (2001) town, 18,210; (2011) town,…