Carlo Pellegrini was a caricaturist notable for his portraits of prominent Englishmen appearing in Vanity Fair. As a young man, he was a part of Neapolitan society, whose members he caricatured in a good-natured way. Following an unhappy love affair and the death of a sister, he went to England in

ape, (superfamily Hominoidea), any tailless primate of the families Hylobatidae (gibbons) and Hominidae (chimpanzees, bonobos, orangutans, gorillas, and human beings). Apes are found in the tropical forests of western and central Africa and Southeast Asia. Apes are distinguished from monkeys by the

novel: Fantasy and prophecy: …earlier novel and of his Ape and Essence (1948) remain more convincing. Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-four (1949) showed a world in which a tyrannic unity is imposed by a collective solipsism, and contradictions are liquidated through the constant revision of history that the controlling party decrees. Anthony Burgess’ Clockwork Orange

cave: Other types of lava caves: 4 kilometres) is Ape Cave on the flank of Mount St. Helens in Washington. The cave is located on the side of the volcano opposite that involved in the catastrophic eruption of 1980 and so survived the outburst. Ape Cave is only one fragment of a series of…

James Franco: Other work: …his first of numerous films, The Ape and Fool’s Gold. He also cowrote and appeared in both movies, as he would for many of his directorial efforts. He later helmed the Hart Crane biopic The Broken Tower (2011) and adaptations (2013, 2014) of William Faulkner’s novels As I Lay Dying…

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), organization that seeks to promote free trade and economic cooperation throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence of Asia-Pacific economies and the advent of regional economic blocs (such as the

Anaximander: …that everything originated from the apeiron (the “infinite,” “unlimited,” or “indefinite”), rather than from a particular element, such as water (as Thales had held). Anaximander postulated eternal motion, along with the apeiron, as the originating cause of the world. This (probably rotary) motion caused opposites, such as hot and cold,…

Apeldoorn, gemeente (municipality), east-central Netherlands. It lies east of the sandy and wooded Veluwe Hills, on the edge of the Soeren (Suren) Forest. Noted traditionally for its many gardens, paper mills, and laundries, Apeldoorn is a residential and industrial town that manufactures

apella, ancient Spartan assembly, corresponding to the ekklēsia of other Greek states. Its monthly meetings, probably restricted to full citizens over 30, were presided over at first by the kings, later by ephors (magistrates). Not empowered to initiate proposals, the body considered subjects

Apelles was an early Hellenistic Greek painter whose work was held in such high esteem by ancient writers on art that he continues to be regarded, even though none of his work survives, as the greatest painter of antiquity. Almost as little is known of Apelles’ life as of his art. He was of Ionian

Apellicon Of Teos was a wealthy Greek book collector, who became an Athenian citizen. He had bought from the descendants of Neleus of Scepsis in the Troad the libraries of Aristotle and Theophrastus, which were in a damaged condition but might have contained the only copies of the Aristotelian

Vasily Aksyonov: …Ticket to the Stars), and Apelsiny iz Morokko (1963; “Oranges from Morocco”) are fast-moving narratives dealing with youthful rebels and misfits in Soviet society. In these books Aksyonov excels in reproducing the racy slang and jargon of characters who are attracted to Western culture even though they share the collectivist…

Apennine Range: Geology: The Apennine orogeny developed through several tectonic phases, mostly during the Cenozoic Era (i.e., since about 65 million years ago), and came to a climax in the Miocene and Pliocene epochs (about 23 to 2.6 million years ago). The Apennines consist of a thrust-belt structure with…

Apennine Range, series of mountain ranges bordered by narrow coastlands that form the physical backbone of peninsular Italy. From Cadibona Pass in the northwest, close to the Maritime Alps, they form a great arc, which extends as far as the Egadi Islands to the west of Sicily. Their total length is

Europe: Elevations: …feet [2,912 metres]) in the Abruzzi Apennines, Bobotov Kuk (8,274 feet [2,522 metres]) in the Dinaric Alps, Mount Botev (7,795 feet [2,376 metres]) in the Balkan Mountains, Gerlachovský Peak (Gerlach; 8,711 feet [2,655 metres]) in the Western Carpathians, and Mount

Åbenrå, city, southeastern Jutland, Denmark, at the head of Åbenrå Fjord. First mentioned in the 12th century when attacked by the Wends, it was granted a charter (1335) and grew from a fishing village into a thriving port in the 17th and 18th centuries. Medieval landmarks include the St. Nicholas

Apopis, ancient Egyptian demon of chaos, who had the form of a serpent and, as the foe of the sun god, Re, represented all that was outside the ordered cosmos. Although many serpents symbolized divinity and royalty, Apopis threatened the underworld and symbolized evil. Each night Apopis encountered

Apopis, ancient Egyptian demon of chaos, who had the form of a serpent and, as the foe of the sun god, Re, represented all that was outside the ordered cosmos. Although many serpents symbolized divinity and royalty, Apopis threatened the underworld and symbolized evil. Each night Apopis encountered

Diocletian: Rise to power: …adoptive father, the praetorian prefect Aper, was accused of having killed him in order to seize power. When Diocletian, acclaimed as emperor by his soldiers, appeared for the first time in public dressed in the imperial purple, he declared himself innocent of Numerian’s murder. He designated Aper as the criminal…

aperitif and digestif, alcoholic beverages served before and after a meal, respectively, first to stimulate the appetite and then to enhance digestion. Aperitifs and digestifs are transparently named: both come to English via French, the former derived from the Latin verb aperire, “to open,” and

acrocephalosyndactyly, congenital malformation of the skeleton affecting the skull and limbs. The disorder most often is hereditary, but it may appear spontaneously. The head appears pointed (acrocephaly) because of premature closing of the cranial sutures between the individual bones that make up

aperture, in optics, the maximum diameter of a light beam that can pass through an optical system. The size of an aperture is limited by the size of the mount holding the optical component, or the size of the diaphragm placed in the bundle of light rays. The hole in the mount or diaphragm that

Minor White: …of the influential photography magazine Aperture, which he and others founded that year, and Image, the journal of George Eastman House, which he edited from 1953 to 1957.

gastropod: The shell: …the last whorl is the aperture, or opening. The shell is secreted along the outer lip of the aperture by the fleshy part of the animal called the mantle, first by outward additions to the shell lip and then by secretion of inner thickening layers. The outer layer, or periostracum,…

television: Shadow masks and aperture grilles: …different type of mask, the aperture grille, was introduced in the Sony Corporation’s Trinitron tube. In Trinitron-type tubes the shadow-mask is replaced by a metal grille having short vertical slots extending from the top to the bottom of the screen (see the figure). The three electron beams pass through the…

aperture: …the aperture is called an aperture stop. Thus, an aperture stop determines the amount of light that traverses an optical system and hence determines the image illumination.

radio telescope: Radio interferometry and aperture synthesis: The angular resolution, or ability of a radio telescope to distinguish fine detail in the sky, depends on the wavelength of observations divided by the size of the instrument. Yet even the largest antennas, when used at their shortest operating wavelength, have an…

Wyndham Lewis: …London with a satirical novel, The Apes of God, in which he scourged wealthy dilettantes.

Taurt: Another goddess, called Opet (or Apet), was depicted in the same form.

apical meristem, region of cells capable of division and growth in the root and shoot tips in plants. Apical meristems give rise to the primary plant body and are responsible for the extension of the roots and shoots. Unlike most animals, plants continue to grow throughout their entire life span

rocket and missile system: Air-to-air: The AA-7 Apex, a Sparrow equivalent, and the AA-8 Aphid, a relatively small missile for close-in use, were introduced during the 1970s. Both used semiactive radar guidance, though the Aphid was apparently produced in an infrared-homing version as well. The long-range, semiactive radar-guided AA-9 Amos appeared…

Milky Way Galaxy: Solar motion calculations from space motions: …reference frame is called the apex of solar motion. In addition, the calculation of the solar motion provides dispersion in velocity. Such dispersions are as intrinsically interesting as the solar motions themselves because a dispersion is an indication of the integrity of the selection of stars used as a reference…

heart: …with heartbeat, is called the apex beat. It is caused by pressure exerted on the chest wall at the outset of systole by the rounded and hardened ventricular wall.

Precambrian: Microfossils and stromatolites: …on Earth, comes from the Apex chert deposit in Western Australia. The chert dates to 3.47 billion years ago and holds at least five species of microfossils. Some of these species were early photosynthesizers, whereas others had metabolic processes that relied on methane cycling. Such diversity suggests that the first…

Colson Whitehead: Whitehead next published Apex Hides the Hurt (2006) and Sag Harbor (2009). The latter novel tells the story of a Black teenager who attends an elite private school and spends his summers vacationing with his wealthy family in the Hamptons in southeastern New York. As many critics noted,…

apex predator, in ecology, any flesh-eating animal that has no natural predators or enemies. Apex predators hold the top rank in a plant-herbivore-carnivore food chain and the uppermost position of an ecosystem’s trophic (or energy) pyramid, making them the final destination of energy flow in a

National Football League (NFL), major American professional football organization, founded in 1920 in Canton, Ohio, as the American Professional Football Association. Its first president was Jim Thorpe, an outstanding American athlete who was also a player in the league. The NFL’s present name was

tank: Ammunition: …began to be superseded by armour-piercing, fin-stabilized, discarding-sabot (APFSDS) ammunition. These projectiles had long-rod penetrator cores of tungsten alloy or depleted uranium; they could be fired with muzzle velocities of 1,650 metres (5,400 feet) per second or more, making them capable of perforating much thicker armour than all earlier types…

angiosperm: It is known as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (APG IV) botanical classification system. The angiosperms came to be considered a group at the division level (comparable to the phylum level in animal classification systems) called Anthophyta, though the APG system recognizes only informal groups above the level of order.

angiosperm: Annotated classification: …update in 2009 known as APG III, and into another revision in 2016 known as APG IV. The synopsis of flowering-plant classification presented here follows the APG IV system. It is important to recognize that modifications to the APG IV system continue as new data become available.

angiosperm: It is known as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (APG IV) botanical classification system. The angiosperms came to be considered a group at the division level (comparable to the phylum level in animal classification systems) called Anthophyta, though the APG system recognizes only informal groups above the level of order.

Apgar Score System, medical rating procedure developed in 1952 by American anesthesiologist Virginia Apgar to evaluate the condition of newborn infants and to identify those that require life-sustaining medical assistance, such as resuscitation. The Apgar score is a qualitative measurement of a

Apgar Score System, medical rating procedure developed in 1952 by American anesthesiologist Virginia Apgar to evaluate the condition of newborn infants and to identify those that require life-sustaining medical assistance, such as resuscitation. The Apgar score is a qualitative measurement of a

Virginia Apgar was an American physician, anesthesiologist, and medical researcher who developed the Apgar Score System, a method of evaluating an infant shortly after birth to assess its well-being and to determine if any immediate medical intervention is required. Apgar graduated from Mount

Britomartis: …Greeks also identified her with Aphaea, a primitive local goddess of Aegina whose temple there is famous for its pedimental sculptures.

Aegina: A well-preserved 5th-century-bce temple to Aphaea, the ancient Aeginetan deity related to the Cretan Britomartis (Artemis), is situated on a wooded crest in the east of the island. Its Doric peripheral construction (having columns surrounding the building) of local gray limestone has been partially restored.

motivation: Hunger: …lack of eating known as aphagia, as well as a lack of drinking, or adipsia. It was assumed that these two areas share in the control of hunger motivation by activating and deactivating hunger as glucose levels within the blood change. It was further assumed that the specialized cells (glucoreceptors)…

Britomartis: …Greeks also identified her with Aphaea, a primitive local goddess of Aegina whose temple there is famous for its pedimental sculptures.

palm: Economic importance: …and a fibre palm (Aphandra natalia). In Southeast Asia the production of rattan from species of Calamus (C. caesius, C. manan, and C. trachycoleus) is a promising industry. Commercial production of sago from trunks of Metroxylon has been investigated. Palms are sources of many products; indeed, no other plant…

rock: Classification by grain or crystal size: Aphanitic is a descriptive term for small crystals, and phaneritic for larger ones. Very coarse crystals (those larger than 3 centimetres, or 1.2 inches) are termed pegmatitic.

Aphanomyces, genus of parasitic funguslike organisms in the class Oomycetes (phylum Oomycota, kingdom Chromista). Many are responsible for a variety of plant diseases, including Aphanomyces euteiches, which causes root rot of English peas, and A. cochlioides, which is the causative agent of root

Aphanomyces: …rot of English peas, and A. cochlioides, which is the causative agent of root rot in sugar beets.

Aphanomyces: …variety of plant diseases, including Aphanomyces euteiches, which causes root rot of English peas, and A. cochlioides, which is the causative agent of root rot in sugar beets.

aphasia, defect in the expression and comprehension of language caused by damage to the temporal and the frontal lobes of the brain. Aphasia can be caused by a head injury, a tumour, a stroke, or an infection. Symptoms vary with the location and extent of the brain tissues involved. Damage to the

Aphek, Canaanite royal city near the present-day Israeli city of Petaḥ Tiqwa. Situated near the headwaters of the Yarqon River, the city is the most significant of several places called Aphek (Hebrew ʾafik, “riverbed”) in the Hebrew Bible. Conquered by Joshua (Joshua 12:18), it became a Philistine

Acanthaceae: (350), Barleria (300), Aphelandra (170), Staurogyne (140), Dicliptera (150), Blepharis (130), Lepidagathis (100), Hygrophila (100), Thunbergia (90), and Dyschoriste (80). The small genus Avicennia

aphelion, in astronomy, the point in the orbit of a planet, comet, or other body most distant from the Sun. When Earth is at its aphelion in early July, it is about 4,800,000 km (3,000,000 miles) farther from the Sun than when at its perihelion in early January. Corresponding terms for describing

jay: …coerulescens), found in Florida; the western scrub jay (A. californica), found throughout western North America; and the island scrub jay (A. insularis), found only on Santa Cruz Island, off the coast of California. They are locally called “blue jays,” but they lack the crests of C. cristata.

jay: …are now classified as the Florida scrub jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens), found in Florida; the western scrub jay (A. californica), found throughout western North America; and the island scrub jay (A. insularis), found only on Santa Cruz Island, off the coast of California. They are locally called “blue jays,” but they…

jay: …western North America; and the island scrub jay (A. insularis), found only on Santa Cruz Island, off the coast of California. They are locally called “blue jays,” but they lack the crests of C. cristata.

bone marrow transplant: Collection of donor stem cells: …marrow donor are collected using apheresis. During this procedure, blood is drawn from one arm and passes through a machine that collects the stem cells. The remaining portion of the blood is then returned to the donor via a catheter inserted in the arm opposite the one from which the…

aphid, (family Aphididae), any of a group of sap-sucking, soft-bodied insects (order Homoptera) that are about the size of a pinhead, most species of which have a pair of tubelike projections (cornicles) on the abdomen. Aphids can be serious plant pests and may stunt plant growth, produce plant

rocket and missile system: Air-to-air: …a Sparrow equivalent, and the AA-8 Aphid, a relatively small missile for close-in use, were introduced during the 1970s. Both used semiactive radar guidance, though the Aphid was apparently produced in an infrared-homing version as well. The long-range, semiactive radar-guided AA-9 Amos appeared in the mid-1980s; it was associated with…

aphid, (family Aphididae), any of a group of sap-sucking, soft-bodied insects (order Homoptera) that are about the size of a pinhead, most species of which have a pair of tubelike projections (cornicles) on the abdomen. Aphids can be serious plant pests and may stunt plant growth, produce plant

lacewing: The larva, often called an aphidlion, has prominent sucking mouthparts and well-developed legs. These capture and drain body fluids from aphids and other soft-bodied insects. After about two weeks of continuous feeding, the larva spins a silken, pearl-sized cocoon on the underside of a leaf and remains in the pupal…

coloration: Polycyclic quinones: …more interesting representatives is the aphin group, so called because of their initial recovery from the hemolymph (circulating fluid) of several coloured species of aphids; aphids parasitize plants, as do the other quinone-assimilating insects.

homopteran: Associations with other insects: The strawberry root louse has a sexual cycle in which eggs are laid, but these aphids are dependent upon ants for survival. The ants not only care for the eggs in their nests but they also carry the young aphids from plant to plant. In some…

aphid: Types of aphids: …melon, or cotton, aphid (Aphis gossypii) is green to black. In warm climates live young are produced all year, while in cooler areas there is an egg stage. Among the dozens of possible hosts are melon, cotton, and cucumber. It is usually controlled by naturally occurring parasites and predators.

aphid: Types of aphids: The apple aphid (Aphis pomi) is yellow-green with dark head and legs. It overwinters as a black egg on its only host, the apple tree. It produces honeydew that supports growth of a sooty mold.

Demosthenes: Heritage and youth: His lawsuits against Aphobus and two other guardians in 363 were more successful; they produced little money, but he learned much about speaking strategy and methods of argument. Three of his speeches against Aphobus and two against the sculptor Antenor have survived.

speech: Substitutes for the larynx: …is without a voice (aphonic) and becomes effectively speechless; the faint smacking noises made by the remaining oral structures for articulation are practically unintelligible. This type of pseudo-whispering through buccal (mouth) speech is discouraged to help the patient later relearn useful speech on his own. A frequently successful method…

tarantula: Major genera and species: …States, species of the genus Aphonopelma can attain a body length up to 5 cm (almost 2 inches) and a leg span up to 12.5 cm (almost 5 inches). The spiders, dark in color and sluggish in movement, have a hairy body and hairy legs. The most common member of…

desert tarantula, (Aphonopelma chalcodes), large hairy North American spider native to arid regions of Arizona, New Mexico, California, and northern Mexico. The taxonomy of the genus is contentious, and some experts limit this species to the populations in the Arizona region of the Sonoran Desert.

aphorism, a concise expression of doctrine or principle or any generally accepted truth conveyed in a pithy, memorable statement. Aphorisms have been especially used in dealing with subjects that were late in developing their own principles or methodology—for example, art, agriculture, medicine,

aphorism: …was first used in the Aphorisms of Hippocrates, a long series of propositions concerning the symptoms and diagnosis of disease and the art of healing and medicine. The first aphorism, which serves as a kind of introduction to the book, runs as follows:

aphorism: …was first used in the Aphorisms of Hippocrates, a long series of propositions concerning the symptoms and diagnosis of disease and the art of healing and medicine. The first aphorism, which serves as a kind of introduction to the book, runs as follows:

inland water ecosystem: Population and community development and structure: …in both the photic and aphotic zones. In the aphotic zone, also called the tropholytic zone, the consumption of energy exceeds its production. The zones are demarcated by a plane of compensation at which primary production and consumption are equivalent. This plane varies diurnally and seasonally with changes in light…

Aphraates was a Syrian ascetic and the earliest-known Christian writer of the Syriac church in Persia. Aphraates became a convert to Christianity during the reign of the anti-Christian Persian king Shāpūr II (309–379), after which he led a monastic life, possibly at the Monastery of St. Matthew

pirate perch, (Aphredoderus sayanus), freshwater fish that is the sole member of the family Aphredoderidae. The pirate perch is found in weedy or muddy creeks, rivers, and lakes of eastern North America. Noteworthy is the peculiar position of its anus, which is located near the anal fin when the

Saint Ephraem Syrus ; Western feast day June 9, Eastern feast day January 28) was a Christian theologian, poet, hymnist, and doctor of the church who, as doctrinal consultant to Eastern churchmen, composed numerous theological-biblical commentaries and polemical works that, in witnessing to the

surfbird, (Aphriza virgata), American shorebird that has a black triangle on its otherwise white tail. Surfbirds are about 25 centimetres (10 inches) long. With the knots, they constitute the subfamily Calidritinae (family Scolopacidae). Surfbirds breed in rock fields at high elevations in the

aphrodisiac, any of various forms of stimulation thought to arouse sexual excitement. Aphrodisiacs may be classified in two principal groups: (1) psychophysiological (visual, tactile, olfactory, aural) and (2) internal (stemming from food, alcoholic drinks, drugs, love potions, medical

chemoreception: Aphrodisiac pheromones: The males of some insects produce aphrodisiac pheromones that induce females to mate once the two sexes have come together. One of the most remarkable and fully understood examples of this concerns monarch butterflies (although not the well-known North American monarch). Males of…

Aphrodisias, ancient city of the Caria region of southwestern Asia Minor (Anatolia, or modern Turkey), situated on a plateau south of the Maeander River (modern Büyük Menderes). Remains of an Ionic temple of Aphrodite and of a stadium and portions of a bathhouse have long been evident, but,

sea mouse, (Aphrodita), any of a genus of marine worms of the class Polychaeta (phylum Annelida), named for their mouselike appearance and behaviour. Sea mice are usually 7.5–15 centimetres (3–6 inches) long; however, some attain a length of 30 centimetres (12 inches). The slightly arched back is

sea mouse, (Aphrodita), any of a genus of marine worms of the class Polychaeta (phylum Annelida), named for their mouselike appearance and behaviour. Sea mice are usually 7.5–15 centimetres (3–6 inches) long; however, some attain a length of 30 centimetres (12 inches). The slightly arched back is

Kylie Minogue: …albums include X (2007) and Aphrodite (2010), on which disco and electro-pop remained prominent elements of her sound. Kiss Me Once (2014) features songs written and produced by Pharrell Williams and Sia, among others, and Golden (2018) is flavored with country music. Minogue returned to dance-pop for

Aphrodite, ancient Greek goddess of sexual love and beauty, identified with Venus by the Romans. The Greek word aphros means “foam,” and Hesiod relates in his Theogony that Aphrodite was born from the white foam produced by the severed genitals of Uranus (Heaven), after his son Cronus threw them

Callimachus: …have attributed to Callimachus the Venus Genetrix (or Aphrodite Genetrix), a Roman replica of which is in the Louvre. He has also been linked with a series of reliefs of dancing maenads, such as the Roman copy now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, which are notable…

Praxiteles: His most-celebrated work was the Aphrodite of Cnidus, which the Roman author Pliny the Elder considered not only the finest statue by Praxiteles but the best in the whole world. The goddess is shown naked, a bold innovation at the time. From reproductions of this statue on Roman coins numerous…

Aphrodite Terra, the largest of three continent-sized highland areas (terrae) on the planet Venus. Aphrodite extends from about latitude 10° N to 20° S and longitude 60° E to 150° E. It is about four times the size of Ishtar Terra and slightly larger than Lada Terra; it is comparable in surface

Cnidus: …significant of these is the Temple of Aphrodite, a circular Doric temple, excavated by Iris C. Love in 1970. At this site Love found the marble base and fragments of the famous statue of Aphrodite sculpted by Praxiteles in the 4th century bc. The statue, one of the most celebrated…

Isabel Allende: …recetas, y otros afrodisíacos (1997; Aphrodite: A Memoir of the Senses), shared her personal knowledge of aphrodisiacs and includes family recipes. Mi país inventado (2003; My Invented Country) recounted her self-imposed exile after the September 11, 1973, revolution in Chile and her feelings about her adopted country, the United States—where…

scale worm, any member of the superfamily Aphroditoidea (class Polychaeta, phylum Annelida), a group of widely distributed free-moving, segmented marine worms that possess dorsal scales. Scale worms range in size from 0.5 to 25 cm (about 0.2 to 10 inches). The superfamily is made up of several

froghopper: Aphrophora species are serious pests of willow and pine. One group of froghoppers secretes small calcareous tubes that resemble snail shells and were once classified as snails by zoologists.

Aphthartodocetism, (Greek aphthartos, “incorruptible”), a Christian heresy of the 6th century that carried Monophysitism (“Christ had but one nature and that divine”) to a new extreme; it was proclaimed by Julian, bishop of Halicarnassus, who asserted that the body of Christ was divine and

Aphthartodocetism, (Greek aphthartos, “incorruptible”), a Christian heresy of the 6th century that carried Monophysitism (“Christ had but one nature and that divine”) to a new extreme; it was proclaimed by Julian, bishop of Halicarnassus, who asserted that the body of Christ was divine and

flea beetle: Major species: The flea beetle Aphthona flava has been released in the United States and Canada as a biological control for the weed leafy spurge.

foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious viral disease affecting practically all cloven-footed domesticated mammals, including cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Wild herbivores such as bison, deer, antelopes, reindeer, and giraffes are also susceptible. The horse is resistant to the

canker sore, a small, painful ulcer of the oral cavity. Canker sores are round, shallow, white ulcers on the inner surface of the cheek or lip. They are surrounded by an inflamed area and may reach 2.5 cm (1 inch) in size. Canker sores can occur in three forms: as one to five small lesions that