bloodfin, freshwater fish, a species of characin

lyretail, any of a half dozen species of fishes in the genus Aphyosemion of the family Cyprinodontidae (order Atheriniformes). All are freshwater species of tropical Africa. They attain lengths of five centimetres (two inches). Female lyretails are drab olive or beige, but the males are brilliantly

lyretail: The Cape Lopez lyretail (A. australe), one of the first species to be imported, is a popular aquarium fish, as are the others. Lyretails belong to the killifish (q.v.) group.

API, sets of standardized requests that allow different computer programs to communicate with each other. APIs establish the proper way for a developer to request services from a program. They are defined by the receiving programs, make working with other applications easier, and allow programs to

crude oil: Chemical and physical properties: …petroleum industry, however, uses the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity scale, in which pure water has been arbitrarily assigned an API gravity of 10°. Liquids lighter than water, such as oil, have API gravities numerically greater than 10. On the basis of their API gravity, crude oils can be classified…

Italian literature: Poetry: …Giovanni Rucellai, who recast in Le api (1539; “The Bees”) the fourth book of the Roman poet Virgil’s Georgics, and by Luigi Alamanni, in six books on agriculture and rustic life called La coltivazione (1546).

Banda Sea: The active volcano, Mount Api, rises from the floor of the southern basin at14,800 feet (4,500 meters) to 2,200 feet (670 meters) above sea level. The clear waters surrounding many islands provide a perfect habitat for spectacular coral reefs.

Kota Kinabalu, city of Sabah state, East Malaysia, on the northwest coast of Borneo. Although razed by bombing during World War II (1939–45), the site was chosen in 1946 for the new capital of British North Borneo (now Sabah) because of the deepwater anchorage at Gaya Bay on the South China Sea;

Apia, town, port, and capital (since 1959) of Samoa. It is located on the northern coast of Upolu Island, in the South Pacific Ocean. The Apia Observatory, the legislative council chambers, and a broadcasting station are on the Mulinuu Peninsula, a promontory dividing Apia Harbor from Vaiusu Bay.

Abaiang Atoll, coral atoll of the Gilbert Islands, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean. Comprising six islets in the northern Gilberts, the atoll has a lagoon (16 miles by 5 miles [26 km by 8 km]) that provides sheltered anchorage. The islets of Abaiang are Teirio, Nuotaea,

Apiaceae, the parsley family, in the order Apiales, comprising about 434 genera and nearly 3,780 species of plants distributed throughout a wide variety of habitats, principally in the north temperate regions of the world. A number of species are economically important as leaf and root vegetables,

Apiales, carrot order of flowering plants, containing some 5,489 species. There are seven families in the order, the three largest of which are Apiaceae (carrot, or parsley, family), Araliaceae (ginseng family), and Pittosporaceae. Apiales belongs to the core asterid clade (organisms with a single

map: Maps of the discoveries: …best known was that of Petrus Apianus in 1524, the popularity of which extended to 15 more editions. That of Sebastian Münster, published in 1544, was larger and remained authoritative and in demand until the end of the century, reflecting the general eagerness of the times for learning, especially geography.

Saint Zosimus: …of a disreputable priest called Apiarius, who had been excommunicated by Bishop Urbanus of Sicca Veneria. Defying African canon law, Zosimus dispatched legates to Africa with orders that included reorganizing the method of appeal between Africa and Rome and a threat to excommunicate Urbanus if he did not make amends…

Dravidian languages: Historical development of Dravidian phonology: In this group the apical consonants (comprising the alveolar and retroflex consonants) that were in the middle of a word were pushed to the initial (first) position. When the word began with a vowel and was followed by an apical consonant and a vowel, V1CapicalV2, it became a word-initial…

apical meristem, region of cells capable of division and growth in the root and shoot tips in plants. Apical meristems give rise to the primary plant body and are responsible for the extension of the roots and shoots. Unlike most animals, plants continue to grow throughout their entire life span

fungus: Growth: …into three regions: (1) the apical zone about 5–10 micrometres (0.0002–0.0004 inch) in length, (2) the subapical region, extending about 40 micrometres (0.002 inch) back of the apical zone, which is rich in cytoplasmic components, such as nuclei, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, and vesicles, but is devoid…

Marcus Gavius Apicius was a wealthy Roman merchant and epicure during the reign of Tiberius (14–37 ce), after whom was named one of the earliest cookbooks in recorded history. The work conventionally known by his name, Apicius—officially titled De re coquinaria (“The Art of Cooking”)—was likely not

articulation: For example, an “apico alveolar” articulation involves the tip of the tongue but leaves the lips and back of the tongue free to produce some degree of further stricture in the vocal tract. This latter is called a secondary articulation. Among the chief secondary articulations are palatalization, as…

apicomplexan, any protozoan of the (typically) spore-producing phylum Apicomplexa, which is called by some authorities Sporozoa. All apicomplexans are parasitic and lack contractile vacuoles and locomotor processes. Apicomplexans live within the body cavities or the cells of almost every kind of

apicomplexan, any protozoan of the (typically) spore-producing phylum Apicomplexa, which is called by some authorities Sporozoa. All apicomplexans are parasitic and lack contractile vacuoles and locomotor processes. Apicomplexans live within the body cavities or the cells of almost every kind of

beekeeping, care and management of colonies of honeybees. They are kept for their honey and other products or their services as pollinators of fruit and vegetable blossoms or as a hobby. The practice is widespread: honeybees are kept in large cities and villages, on farms and rangelands, in forests

bee: …family of Australian bees; and Apidae with some 5,700 species of bumblebees, honeybees, stingless bees, carpenter bees, and digger bees.

primate: Oligocene: >Apidium, Qatrania, Propliopithecus, Oligopithecus, Parapithecus, and Aegyptopithecus. The first two of these, together with some other primates of uncertain affinities, are from the Sagha Formation, which, technically, is latest Eocene in age, but the deposits are continuous. Aegyptopithecus went on to give rise to living…

National Zoological Gardens of South Africa: …stretch of land along the Apies River, which flows through Pretoria. In 1913 the zoo became the Transvaal Zoological Gardens, independent of the state museum; in 1916 it adopted its present name, and in 1933 the state took over management of the institution. Over the years the zoo gradually expanded,…

prophecy: The ancient Middle East: …muḫḫum (“ecstatic,” “frenzied one”) and āpilum (“one who responds”). Both may be connected with the cult, but there are incidents indicating that the muḫḫum was not bound to the cultic setting but received his message in a direct revelation from his god. The āpilum usually acted within a group of…

Podostemaceae: The principal genera are Apinagia (50 species, tropical South America), Ledermanniella (43 species, tropical Africa and Madagascar), Rhyncholacis (25 species, northern tropical South America), Marathrum (25 species, Central America and northwestern tropical South America), Podostemum (17 species, worldwide tropics and subtropics),

honeybee, (tribe Apini), any of a small group of social bees that make honey. The tribe comprises a single genus —Apis—of which there are seven species. The term honeybee is commonly applied to a single species, Apis mellifera, the familiar and economically important western honeybee. Taxonomy See

assassin bug: Predatory behaviour: The genus Apiomerus, which contains species known commonly as bee assassins or bee killers, is among the largest genera in family Reduviidae. Species of Apiomerus frequent flowering plants, where they coat their legs with sticky plant resins and wait for their prey. The sticky resins allow the…

Ptolemy Apion was a ruler of Cyrenaica who separated it from Egypt and in his will bequeathed the country to Rome. Son of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II, king of Egypt, by a concubine, Ptolemy Apion, according to classical sources, received Cyrenaica as his portion of his father’s will. Contemporary

black knot: …is caused by the fungus Apiosporina morbosa (formerly Dibotryon morbosum), which can spread both sexually and asexually. Plums, cherries, apricots, chokecherries, and other species are all susceptible, and the disease can cause economic losses in untreated orchards.

Moses: The date of Moses: …Habiru, a variant spelling of Ḫapiru (Apiru), a designation of a class of people who made their living by hiring themselves out for various services. The biblical Hebrews had been in Egypt for generations, but apparently they became a threat, so one of the pharaohs enslaved them. Unfortunately, the personal…

Apis, in ancient Egyptian religion, sacred bull deity worshipped at Memphis. The cult of Apis originated at least as early as the 1st dynasty (c. 2925–c. 2775 bce). Like other bull deities, Apis was probably at first a fertility god concerned with the propagation of grain and herds, but he became

honeybee: Apis species: With the exception of A. mellifera, all other Apis species are confined to parts of southern or southeastern Asia. A. florea, the dwarf honeybee, occurs in southern Asia, where it builds its nests in trees and shrubs. A. andreniformis, the black dwarf honeybee,…

Musca, constellation in the southern sky at about 13 hours right ascension and 70° south in declination. Its brightest star is Alpha Muscae, with a magnitude of 2.7. This constellation was invented by Pieter Dircksz Keyser, a navigator who joined the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies in

Dragutin Dimitrijević was a Serbian army officer and conspirator, leader of the Serbian secret society Crna Ruka (“Black Hand”). A young army officer and already a member of the Serbian general staff, Dimitrijević in 1901 initiated an officers’ conspiracy to assassinate the unpopular king Alexander

honeybee: Apis species: andreniformis, the black dwarf honeybee, is native to forested habitats of southeastern Asia. A. dorsata, the giant honeybee, also occurs in southeastern Asia and sometimes builds combs nearly three meters (more than nine feet) in diameter. A. cerana, the Eastern honeybee, is native to southern and southeastern…

honeybee: Apis species: cerana, the Eastern honeybee, is native to southern and southeastern Asia, where it has become domesticated in some areas. It is very closely related to A. koschevnikovi, or Koschevnikov’s bee, which is found only on Borneo and several other islands in Southeast Asia and on the Malay…

honeybee: Apis species: dorsata, the giant honeybee, also occurs in southeastern Asia and sometimes builds combs nearly three meters (more than nine feet) in diameter. A. cerana, the Eastern honeybee, is native to southern and southeastern Asia, where it has become domesticated in some areas. It is very closely related…

honeybee: Apis species: florea, the dwarf honeybee, occurs in southern Asia, where it builds its nests in trees and shrubs. A. andreniformis, the black dwarf honeybee, is native to forested habitats of southeastern Asia. A. dorsata, the giant honeybee, also occurs in southeastern Asia and sometimes builds combs nearly three…

honeybee: Apis species: koschevnikovi, or Koschevnikov’s bee, which is found only on Borneo and several other islands in Southeast Asia and on the Malay Peninsula. A. nigrocincta is native to Indonesia and Mindanao island in the Philippines. There are also a number of subspecies and strains of Apis.

western honeybee, (Apis mellifera), economically important species of honeybee valued for its pollination services and for its production of honey and beeswax. Western honeybees are native to Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East but are kept and have become naturalized on almost every

honeybee: Apis species: A. nigrocincta is native to Indonesia and Mindanao island in the Philippines. There are also a number of subspecies and strains of Apis.

Émile Derlin Zinsou: He became secretary to Deputy Sourou Migan Apithy of the French National Assembly in 1946 and later served as Apithy’s minister of commerce (1957). In 1960 Zinsou was elected to the Dahomeyan Assembly and was also made president of the Supreme Court (1960–62). After independence (Aug. 1, 1960) he held…

celery, (Apium graveolens), herbaceous plant of the parsley family (Apiaceae). Celery is usually eaten cooked as a vegetable or as a delicate flavouring in a variety of stocks, casseroles, and soups. In the United States raw celery is served by itself or with spreads or dips as an appetizer and in

celeriac, (subspecies Apium graveolens, variety rapaceum), type of celery (Apium graveolens, variety rapaceum) grown for its knobby edible hypocotyl (stem), which is used as a raw or cooked vegetable. Originally cultivated in the Mediterranean and in northern Europe, it was introduced into Britain

Apizaco, city, central Tlaxcala estado (state), east-central Mexico. It lies at 7,900 feet (2,400 metres) above sea level in the cool Apizaco valley of the Sierra Madre Oriental. Formerly known as Barrón Escandón, the city is a commercial, manufacturing, and transportation centre. Corn (maize),

APL, computer programming language based on (and named with the initials of) the book A Programming Language (1962) by Kenneth E. Iverson of IBM. It has been adapted for use in many different computers and fields because of its concise syntax. Statements are expressed with simple notations that

Enver Hoxha: …communists helped Hoxha found the Albanian Communist Party (afterward called the Party of Labour). Hoxha became first secretary of the party’s Central Committee and political commissar of the communist-dominated Army of National Liberation. He was prime minister of Albania from its liberation in 1944 until 1954, simultaneously holding the ministry…

Black Eyed Peas: ) and apl.de.ap (byname of Allan Pineda Lindo; b. November 28, 1974, Angeles City, Pampanga, Philippines) recruited MC and dancer Taboo (byname of Jaime Luis Gomez; b. July 14, 1975, East Los Angeles, California) to form the Black Eyed Peas. The group’s debut recording, Behind the Front…

Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania: …military wing (now named the Azanian People’s Liberation Army; APLA), with its slogan of “One settler, one bullet,” became popular. The APLA perpetrated several massacres between 1991 and 1994, including killings in a pub and a church in Cape Town.

mollusk: Annotated classification: Class Aplacophora Worm-shaped and without shells; marine, mostly in deep water. Possibly representive of the primitive molluscan condition or a secondary reduction from more advanced, shelled ancestors. About 300 species. Subclass Chaetodermomorpha (Caudofoveata) Worm-shaped; covered by cuticle and aragonitic scales; ventral gliding area reduced; mantle cavity

Benin: Relief: …the environs of Abomey, Kétou, Aplahoué (or Parahoué), and Zagnanado. The plateaus consist of clays on a crystalline base. The Abomey, Aplahoué, and Zagnanado plateaus are from 300 to 750 feet high, and the Kétou plateau is up to 500 feet in height.

spore: …algae produce nonmotile spores, called aplanospores, whereas others produce motile zoospores, which lack true cell walls and bear one or more flagella. The flagella allow zoospores to swim to a favourable environment in which to develop, whereas monospores and aplanospores must rely on passive transport by water currents.

aplastic anemia, disease in which the bone marrow fails to produce an adequate number of blood cells. There may be a lack of all cell types—white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets—resulting in a form of the disease called pancytopenia, or there may be a lack of

blood disease: Hemolytic anemias: …under these circumstances is termed aplastic crisis. Removal of the spleen, which always is enlarged, cures the anemia by eliminating the site of sequestration and destruction of the red blood cells but does not prevent hereditary transmission of the disease.

Paul Romer: In 2000 he founded Aplia, Inc., an online learning company. From 2016 to 2018 he served as chief economist of the World Bank.

aplite, any intrusive igneous rock of simple composition, such as granite composed only of alkali feldspar, muscovite mica, and quartz; in a more restricted sense, uniformly fine-grained (less than 2 millimetres [0.08 inch]), light-coloured, intrusive igneous rocks that have a characteristic

drum: …of the eastern Pacific; the freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), a silvery, lake-and-river fish of the Americas; the kingfish, or whiting (Menticirrhus saxatilis), of the Atlantic, notable among drums in that it lacks an air bladder; and the sea drum, or black drum (Pogonias cromis), a gray or coppery red, western…

mountain beaver, (Aplodontia rufa), a muskrat-sized burrowing rodent found only in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Unlike the American and Eurasian beavers (genus Castor), the mountain beaver has an extremely short tail and is less than a half metre (1.6 feet) in length; weight is less than

tunicate: Annotated classification: Order Aplousobranchia Gills simple, unfolded and without longitudinal vessels or bars; digestive tract and genital organs in posterior part of body. Order Phlebobranchia Gills with longitudinal vessels and bars, without folds; gonads on one side, near digestive tract. Subclass Pleurogona

mollusk: Features of defense: …from the sea hare (Aplysia; a gastropod of the subclass Opisthobranchia) distract and confuse the predator and conceal the prey. Camouflage or frightening coloration are effective in protecting cuttlefishes, octopuses, and sea slugs, as well as other gastropods.

nervous system: Simple mollusks: …of the marine snail (Aplysia californica). This simple mollusk withdraws its gill and siphon in response to a mild tactile stimulus. The neural circuit for this reflex consists of a sensory component from the siphon that forms single-synapse junctions with motor neurons that cause the gill to withdraw. The…

sea hare: …example is the 10-centimetre (4-inch) spotted sea hare (Aplysia dactylomela), a ring-spotted green species living in grassy shallows of the Caribbean. Research involving sea hares has greatly increased the scientific understanding of the biochemical basis of learning.

sea hare, any marine gastropod of the family Aplysiidae (subclass Opisthobranchia, phylum Mollusca) that is characterized by a shell reduced to a flat plate, prominent tentacles (resembling rabbit ears), and a smooth or warty body. Sea hares eat large seaweeds, and all are simultaneous

human respiratory system: Chemoreceptors: …total cessation of breathing (apnea).

human respiratory system: Central organization of respiratory neurons: …the brain stem, is called apneustic breathing.

human respiratory system: Central organization of respiratory neurons: …the brain stem, is called apneustic breathing.

Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (APNI), Northern Ireland’s oldest interdenominational political party, a small moderate party that represents middle-class interests primarily in the eastern areas of the province. The Alliance Party was launched in April 1970 in an attempt to break the sectarian

Southern Africa: Political organizations and trade unions: …nationwide Black political organization, the African Political Organization (APO; later African People’s Organization), founded in 1902, which sought to unite Africans in opposition to the South Africa Act of 1909. The formation of a separate Coloured Affairs Department to some extent diverted Coloured political energies from joint Black action. Coloureds…

Abdullah Öcalan is the leader of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), a militant Kurdish nationalist organization, who became widely known as the strongest advocate for Kurdish sovereignty. As the PKK’s leader, Öcalan was also labeled a hero by some Kurds, a terrorist by most international

pre-Columbian civilizations: The beginnings of external expansion: His brothers Vicaquirao (Wika-k’iraw) and Apo Mayta (’Apu Mayta) were able military leaders and incorporated lands south and east of Cuzco into the Inca domain. Yahuar Huacac’s principal wife was apparently an Ayarmaca, indicating that at that time sister marriage was not the rule (see below Civil war on the…

Mount Apo, active volcano, south central Mindanao, 20 miles (32 km) west of Davao City; it is the highest point in the Philippines, rising to 9,692 feet (2,954 metres). Part of the Cordillera Central, it is covered by a forest of tall, tropical hardwoods; two subsidiary peaks nearly match its

immune system: Cell-mediated immune mechanisms: …of a cell-surface protein called Fas. When a protein on the surface of the cytotoxic T cell interacts with the Fas protein on the target cell, Fas is activated and sends a signal to the nucleus of the target cell, thus initiating the cell death process. The target cell essentially…

apse: …farthest from it is the apocentre, or apoapsis. Specific terms can be used for individual bodies: if the Sun is the centre, the specific terms perihelion and aphelion are generally used; if the Earth, perigee and apogee. Periastron and apastron refer to an orbit around a star, and perijove and…

Albrecht Dürer: First journey to Italy: …the visionary woodcuts of his Apocalypse series (the Revelation of St. John), published in 1498. The woodcuts in this series display emphatic expression, rich emotion, and crowded, frequently overcrowded, compositions. The same tradition influences the earliest woodcuts of Dürer’s Great Passion series, also from about 1498. Nevertheless, the fact that…

Jean Duvet: …the unicorn series and the “Apocalypse.” The former, probably done in the early 1540s, earned the artist the title of Master of the Unicorn. The unicorn engravings point stylistically toward his later works, with less defined space, congested composition, and a touch of the grotesque in the heads.

Apocalypse Now, American Vietnam War epic, released in 1979 and directed by Francis Ford Coppola, that follows a U.S. Army captain tasked with traveling from South Vietnam to Cambodia to assassinate a rogue Special Forces colonel whom the Army believes has gone insane. The film is loosely based on

Francis Ford Coppola: Later work: …protracted legal struggle, Coppola released Apocalypse Now Redux (2001), which contains more than 40 minutes of restored footage not seen in the original 1979 version. For much of the early 21st century, Coppola acted as an executive producer for others’ films, ran a winery, published a literary magazine, and continued…

Charles Cutler Torrey: The posthumous Apocalypse of John (1958) argues that Revelation was a translation of an Aramaic original written in ad 68.

Revelation to John, last biblical book of the New Testament. It is the only book of the New Testament classified as apocalyptic literature rather than didactic or historical, indicating thereby its extensive use of visions, symbols, and allegory, especially in connection with future events.

four horsemen of the apocalypse, in Christianity, the four horsemen who, according to the book of Revelation (6:1–8), appear with the opening of the first four of the seven seals that bring forth the cataclysm of the apocalypse. The first horseman, a conqueror with a bow and crown, rides a white

environmentalism: Apocalyptic environmentalism: The vision of the environmental movement of the 1960s and early ’70s was generally pessimistic, reflecting a pervasive sense of “civilization malaise” and a conviction that Earth’s long-term prospects were bleak. Works such as Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962), Garrett Hardin’s “The Tragedy…

apocalyptic literature, literary genre that foretells supernaturally inspired cataclysmic events that will transpire at the end of the world. A product of the Judeo-Christian tradition, apocalyptic literature is characteristically pseudonymous; it takes narrative form, employs esoteric language,

new religious movement: Apocalyptic and millenarian movements: Some NRMs are characterized by an apocalyptic or millenarian dimension—the belief that the end of the world is imminent and that a new heaven or new earth will replace the old one. There are apocalyptic strains in many world religions, but…

apocalypticism, eschatological (end-time) views and movements that focus on cryptic revelations about a sudden, dramatic, and cataclysmic intervention of God in history; the judgment of all men; the salvation of the faithful elect; and the eventual rule of the elect with God in a renewed heaven and

Mel Gibson: In 2006 Apocalypto was released. Directed by Gibson, the violent film was set during the collapse of the Mayan empire and featured dialogue in Mayan (with English subtitles).

apse: …farthest from it is the apocentre, or apoapsis. Specific terms can be used for individual bodies: if the Sun is the centre, the specific terms perihelion and aphelion are generally used; if the Earth, perigee and apogee. Periastron and apastron refer to an orbit around a star, and perijove and…

beekeeping: Colony collapse disorder: …species of Nosema, and the phorid fly Apocephalus borealis. However, scientists have not reached a definitive conclusion on whether a single pathogen is the root cause of the disorder, and many scientists suspect that a combination of factors are involved, such as a weakened immune system, brought on by colony…

bullet ant: Natural history: …that attracts the phorid fly Apocephalus paraponerae, a parasite that feeds on and lays eggs in injured bullet ants.

Seneca: Philosophical works and tragedies: The Apocolocyntosis divi Claudii (Pumpkinification of the Divine Claudius) stands apart from the rest of Seneca’s surviving works. A political skit, witty and unscrupulous, it has as its theme the deification—or “pumpkinification”—of the emperor. The rest divide into philosophical works and the tragedies. The former expound an eclectic version…

human skin: Sweat glands: …directly onto the skin surface; apocrine glands usually develop in association with hair follicles and open into them.

human skin: Sweat glands: …directly onto the skin surface; apocrine glands usually develop in association with hair follicles and open into them.

Apocrita, one of two suborders of the insect order Hymenoptera, the other being Symphyta. Included in the group are the ants, bees, wasps, braconids, ichneumons, chalcids, nearly all parasitic hymenopterans, and a few other forms. The suborder includes the most highly evolved members of the order

Macarius Magnes: …Christianity by the obscurely titled Apokritikos ē monogenēs pros Hellēnas, 5 books (c. 400; “Response of the Only-Begotten to the Greeks”), commonly called the Apocriticus. Its doctrine is basically derived from the Cappadocian school, one of the foremost cultural centres of the early Greek Church. Ironically, its chief claim to…

apocrypha, (from Greek apokryptein, “to hide away”), in biblical literature, works outside an accepted canon of scripture. The history of the term’s usage indicates that it referred to a body of esoteric writings that were at first prized, later tolerated, and finally excluded. In its broadest

patristic literature: The gnostic writers: …of the Apostle Paul; an Apocryphon of James, recording revelations imparted by the risen Christ to the Apostles; the Gospel of Truth, perhaps to be identified with the work of this name attributed by Irenaeus to Valentinus; the Epistle to Rheginos, a Valentinian work, possibly by Valentinus himself, on the…

gnosticism: Apocryphon of John: Until the 20th century the works of Irenaeus and other heresiologists (orthodox Christian writers who described unorthodox groups) were the principal sources of information about gnostic movements. Only a handful of manuscripts containing the authentic writings of such groups were known; they…

Apocynaceae, the dogbane family (order Gentianales) of flowering plants, including about 400 genera and about 4,555 species of trees, shrubs, woody vines, and herbs. Members of the family are distributed primarily in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Nearly all members of this family are