Apocynaceae: Major genera and species: Dogbane (Apocynum) and bluestar (Amsonia) are sometimes grown as ornamentals. The impala lily (Adenium multiflorum) is an ornamental shrub with star-shaped flowers and large underground tubers.

Indian hemp: …hemp and a related plant (A. androsoemifolium) make a drug that acts as a heart stimulant. True hemp (Cannabis sativa) is sometimes called Indian hemp.

Indian hemp, (species Apocynum cannabinum), North American plant of the dogbane family Apocynaceae (order Gentianales). It is a branched perennial that grows up to 1.5 m (5 feet) tall and has smooth opposite leaves and small greenish white flowers. Indians used the fibres from the stem to make

Gymnophiona, one of the three major extant orders of the class Amphibia. Its members are known as caecilians, a name derived from the Latin word caecus, meaning “sightless” or “blind.” The majority of this group of limbless, wormlike amphibians live underground in humid tropical regions throughout

Rafflesiaceae: …(order Malvales), and the genera Apodanthes and Pilostyles were moved to the family Apodanthaceae (order Cucurbitales).

divine office: Compline, a night prayer, is of monastic origin, as was prime, recited in the early morning before being suppressed in 1964. The office has for centuries been primarily the responsibility of monks, who sang it in choir, and priests, who often recited it privately. The…

muscle: Muscles that work skeletons: Tendons and apodemes have elastic properties. Tendons in the legs of mammals serve as springs, reducing the energy cost of running: energy that is lost as the foot hits the ground and decelerates the body is stored as elastic strain energy in tendons and is subsequently returned…

wood mouse, (genus Apodemus), any of about 20 species of small-bodied rodents found from northern Europe eastward to southern China and the Himalayas. Body size varies; different species weigh from 15 to 50 grams (0.5 to 1.8 ounces) and measure from 6 to 15 cm (2.4 to 5.9 inches) long excluding the

hantavirus: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: …and is carried by the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius), a type of wood mouse that is prevalent in Asia and eastern Europe.

wood mouse: …day, and some, particularly the Japanese wood mouse (A. argenteus), are agile climbers. The long-tailed field mouse (A. sylvaticus) is one of the most intensively studied species in the genus. In Europe it ranges north to Scandinavia and east to Ukraine. This wood mouse is also found in North Africa…

wood mouse: The long-tailed field mouse (A. sylvaticus) is one of the most intensively studied species in the genus. In Europe it ranges north to Scandinavia and east to Ukraine. This wood mouse is also found in North Africa and on many islands. Once considered indigenous to Iceland,…

apodiform: Classification: Suborder Apodi Bill short and gape (mouth) deeply cleft; tongue short; salivary glands large; crop absent; nostrils without opercula (coverings); 8–11 secondaries; 6–7 pairs of ribs. Family Hemiprocnidae (tree swifts) Hallux (hind toe) directed backward, not reversible, foot capable of perching; no claw on manus (hand).…

Hebraic law: …be meted out; and (2) apodictic law, i.e., regulations in the form of divine commands (e.g., the Ten Commandments). The following Hebraic law codes are incorporated in the Old Testament: (1) the Book of the Covenant, or the Covenant Code; (2) the Deuteronomic Code; and (3) the Priestly Code.

swift, any of about 75 species of agile, fast-flying birds of the family Apodidae (sometimes Micropodidae), in the order Apodiformes, which also includes the hummingbirds. The family is divided into the subfamilies Apodinae, or soft-tailed swifts, and Chaeturinae, or spine-tailed swifts. Almost

hide-and-seek: …be equivalent to the game apodidraskinda, described by the 2nd-century Greek writer Julius Pollux. In modern Greece hide-and-seek is called kryfto.

apodiform, (order Apodiformes), any member of one of two groups of birds, the swifts and the hummingbirds, that are very different from one another in general appearance and way of life. The two groups, considered suborders, are the Apodi, which contains the families Hemiprocnidae for the tree

apodiform, (order Apodiformes), any member of one of two groups of birds, the swifts and the hummingbirds, that are very different from one another in general appearance and way of life. The two groups, considered suborders, are the Apodi, which contains the families Hemiprocnidae for the tree

swift: …into the subfamilies Apodinae, or soft-tailed swifts, and Chaeturinae, or spine-tailed swifts. Almost worldwide in distribution, swifts are absent only from polar regions, southern Chile and Argentina, New Zealand, and most of Australia.

Alzheimer disease: Genetic variants: …gene that directs production of apolipoprotein E (ApoE), which is involved in cholesterol transport, may be a factor in the majority of late-onset Alzheimer cases. There are three forms of this gene—APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4—two of which, APOE3 and APOE4, are associated with an increased risk of disease and influence…

Alzheimer disease: Genetic variants: …three forms of this gene—APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4—two of which, APOE3 and APOE4, are associated with an increased risk of disease and influence the age of onset of disease.

Alzheimer disease: Genetic variants: …of this gene—APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4—two of which, APOE3 and APOE4, are associated with an increased risk of disease and influence the age of onset of disease.

fern: Ecology: …of life cycle known as apogamy, in which fertilization is bypassed. This life cycle is also believed to foster quick reproduction in connection with brief damp periods; the gametophytes grow quickly, with buds developing directly into sporophytes. Thus, free water is not required for swimming sperm.

mollusk: Annotated classification: …Archaeogastropoda (long cerebropleural connectives) and Apogastropoda (bifurcate tentacle nerves, 2 pedal commissures); at least 20,000 species. Subclass Opisthobranchia (Euthyneura) (bubble shells, sea hares, nudibranchs, and snails) Marine, limnic, or terrestrial snails and slugs without operculum; visceral loop with additional parietal ganglia; hermaphroditic; about 19,000 species.

apse: …if the Earth, perigee and apogee. Periastron and apastron refer to an orbit around a star, and perijove and apojove refer to an orbit around Jupiter.

motion-picture technology: Special effects: John Dykstra’s Apogee, Inc., is a leader in the field of motion control, the use of computer-controlled motors to regulate the movement of models and camera in relation to one another, thereby improving the illusion of motion. The model aircraft or spacecraft can even be made to…

cardinal fish: Some, such as Astrapogon (or Apogonichthys) stellatus of the Caribbean, take shelter in the shells of living conchs. Cardinal fishes range from 5 to 20 cm (2 to 8 inches) in length and are characterized by two dorsal fins, a large mouth, large eyes, and large scales. Many…

cardinal fish, any fish of the family Apogonidae (order Perciformes), a group including about 200 species of small, typically nocturnal fishes found in tropical and subtropical waters. The majority of cardinal fishes are marine and live among reefs in shallow water. Some, such as Astrapogon (or

bee, (superfamily Apoidea), any of more than 20,000 species of insects in the suborder Apocrita (order Hymenoptera), including the familiar honeybee (Apis) and bumblebee (Bombus) as well as thousands more wasplike and flylike bees. Adults range in size from about 2 mm to 4 cm (about 0.08–1.6

groundnut: …nut; Apois americana, also called wild bean and potato bean, the tubers of which are edible; and Lathyrus tuberosa, also called earth-nut pea. Cyperus esculentus, nut sedge or yellow nut grass, is a papyrus relative (family Cyperaceae) that also bears edible tubers, especially in the variety called chufa or earth…

Christianity: Fellow humans as the present Christ: …teaching of universal reconciliation (apokatastasis pantōn) has struck against opposition in all Christian confessions. This is connected with the fact that such a universalistic view easily leads to a disposition that regards redemption as a kind of natural process that no one can evade. Such an orientation can lead…

Aetolian League: Apoklētoi, a small group of at least 30 who were assigned essential duties in wartime, assisted the stratēgos, who had complete control in the field. Leadership within the league was always kept in Aetolian hands, since the more distant states, which were linked to the…

Aetolian League: Apoklētoi, a small group of at least 30 who were assigned essential duties in wartime, assisted the stratēgos, who had complete control in the field. Leadership within the league was always kept in Aetolian hands, since the more distant states, which were linked to the…

Macarius Magnes: …Christianity by the obscurely titled Apokritikos ē monogenēs pros Hellēnas, 5 books (c. 400; “Response of the Only-Begotten to the Greeks”), commonly called the Apocriticus. Its doctrine is basically derived from the Cappadocian school, one of the foremost cultural centres of the early Greek Church. Ironically, its chief claim to…

Alfred Bertholet: His Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen (1906; “Apocrypha and Pseudepigraphia”) was an important contribution to Jewish literary history, and the second volume of Biblische Theologie (1911; “Biblical Theology”), conceived as a history of Old Testament religion, broke new ground. His works on the history of religion, such as…

lipid: Functions, origins, and recycling of apolipoproteins: The nine classes of apoproteins listed in the table are synthesized in the mucosal cells of the intestine and in the liver, with the liver accounting for about 80 percent of production.

Alzheimer disease: Genetic variants: …gene that directs production of apolipoprotein E (ApoE), which is involved in cholesterol transport, may be a factor in the majority of late-onset Alzheimer cases. There are three forms of this gene—APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4—two of which, APOE3 and APOE4, are associated with an increased risk of disease and influence…

Guillaume Apollinaire was a poet who in his short life took part in all the avant-garde movements that flourished in French literary and artistic circles at the beginning of the 20th century and who helped to direct poetry into unexplored channels. The son of a Polish émigrée and an Italian

patristic literature: The Apologists: …to counter Jewish objections, and Apollinaris, bishop of Hierapolis, said to be the author of numerous apologetic works and also of a critique of Montanism. An early apology that has survived intact is that of Aristides, addressed about 140 to the emperor Antoninus Pius; after being completely lost, the text…

Guillaume Apollinaire was a poet who in his short life took part in all the avant-garde movements that flourished in French literary and artistic circles at the beginning of the 20th century and who helped to direct poetry into unexplored channels. The son of a Polish émigrée and an Italian

Western architecture: France: According to Apollinaris Sidonius, the naves of the cathedral of Lyon (founded about 470) were separated from each other by a forest of columns and were covered by gilded, paneled ceilings. St. Gregory of Tours relates that the church of Bishop Namatius of Clermont (built c. 450)…

Apollinaris The Younger was a bishop of Laodicea who developed the heretical position concerning the nature of Christ called Apollinarianism. With his father, Apollinaris the Elder, he reproduced the Old Testament in the form of Homeric and Pindaric poetry and the New Testament in the style of

Apollinaris The Younger was a bishop of Laodicea who developed the heretical position concerning the nature of Christ called Apollinarianism. With his father, Apollinaris the Elder, he reproduced the Old Testament in the form of Homeric and Pindaric poetry and the New Testament in the style of

Idfū, town on the west bank of the Nile River in Aswān muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Upper Egypt. The chief god of the city of ancient times was Horus of the Winged Disk, called the Behdetite. His consort was Hathor of Dandarah, whose statue during the late empire was brought to Idfū annually by boat on

Michelangelo: Other projects and writing: …of this date are the Apollo or David (its identity is problematic), used as a gift to a newly powerful political figure, and the Victory, a figure trampling on a defeated enemy, an old man. It was probably meant for the never-forgotten tomb of Pope Julius, because the motif had…

Apollo, in Greco-Roman mythology, a deity of manifold function and meaning, one of the most widely revered and influential of all the ancient Greek and Roman gods. Though his original nature is obscure, from the time of Homer onward he was the god of divine distance, who sent or threatened from

George Balanchine: The European years: …notably in the world repertoire: Apollo (1928), the first example of his individual neoclassical style, and Le Fils prodigue (The Prodigal Son, 1929).

Apollo, project conducted by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the 1960s and ’70s that landed the first humans on the Moon. All told, 24 Apollo astronauts visited the Moon and 12 of them walked on its surface. Additional NASA astronauts are scheduled to return to the

Apollo 11, U.S. spaceflight during which commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Edwin (“Buzz”) Aldrin, Jr., on July 20, 1969, became the first people to land on the Moon and walk the lunar surface. Apollo 11 was the culmination of the Apollo program and a massive national commitment by the

rock art: Africa: …working in the Apollo 11 Cave in southern Namibia (named for the 1969 NASA mission that first put people on the Moon) found rock fragments with drawings of animal figures in black, red, and white. The art was dated to some 30,000 years ago. Archaeologists believed that the Apollo 11…

Apollo 13, U.S. spaceflight, launched on April 11, 1970, that suffered an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon, threatening the lives of three astronauts—commander Jim Lovell, lunar module pilot Fred Haise, and command module pilot Jack Swigert. Apollo 13 was launched from Cape Kennedy,

Kevin Bacon: Breakthrough in Footloose and later film career: …Tom Hanks, in Ron Howard’s Apollo 13.

Edgar Mitchell: During the Apollo 14 mission, Mitchell, Shepard, and Roosa, set records for the most time (33 hours) and longest distance traversed on the lunar surface. They also collected 42.6 kg (94 pounds) of rock and soil samples to be studied.

David Scott: …Worden were launched on the Apollo 15 flight. After a 31/2-day trip Scott and Irwin landed on the Moon, at the base of the Apennine Mountains near a gorge called Hadley Rille. Using the Lunar Roving Vehicle, they covered about 28 km (18 miles) on three separate treks and spent…

Apollo 17, U.S. crewed spaceflight to the Moon, launched on December 7, 1972, and successfully concluded on December 19, 1972. It was the final flight of the Apollo program, and Apollo 17 astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt were the last humans to walk on the Moon. Cernan, the mission

Walter Cunningham: …and civilian participant in the Apollo 7 mission (October 11–22, 1968), in which the first crewed flight of Apollo Command and Service modules was made.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini: Early years: …to the hallucinatory vision of Apollo and Daphne (1622–24), which was intended to be viewed from one spot as if it were a relief. In his David (1623–24), Bernini depicts the figure casting a stone at an unseen adversary. Several portrait busts that Bernini executed during this period, including that…

space station: Early concepts and plans: …strategies as part of an Apollo Applications Program, which would exploit vehicles built for the Moon race for more general orbital activities.

asteroid: Near-Earth asteroids: …to be discovered were the Apollo asteroids, named for (1862) Apollo, which was discovered in 1932 but was lost shortly thereafter and not rediscovered until 1978. The mean distances of Apollo asteroids from the Sun are greater than or equal to 1 AU, and their perihelion distances are less than…

Cape Canaveral: Apollo Beach, the northernmost, is accessible from New Smyrna Beach and has a visitors’ centre. Klondike Beach, in the middle, is accessible only by foot, horseback, or bicycle. Playalinda Beach and other southern areas can be reached by road from Titusville but are occasionally closed…

Belvedere Torso, Hellenistic sculpture fragment of a male nude (5 feet 2 58 inches [1.59 m] high) in the Vatican Museum; the work is signed by the Athenian sculptor Apollonius the son of Nestor and was long thought to be a 1st-century-bc original. It is now believed that Apollonius copied a

parnassian butterfly: The parnassian (Parnassius), also known as apollo, found in mountainous alpine regions in Asia, Europe, and North America, is a medium-sized butterfly, generally with translucent white, yellow, or gray wings with dark markings and usually a red or orange spot on the hindwing.

Ictinus: The Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae (in Arcadia, near Phigalia) was said to be modeled after the Temple of Athena Alea (by Scopas) at Tegea, the most beautiful temple in the Peloponnese, which incorporated the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders in novel ways. Most of…

The Apollo missions were any of various spaceflights that were part of the Apollo space program, conducted by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the 1960s and ’70s, which landed the first humans on the Moon. All told, 24 Apollo astronauts visited the Moon, and 12 of

asteroid: Near-Earth asteroids: …to be discovered were the Apollo asteroids, named for (1862) Apollo, which was discovered in 1932 but was lost shortly thereafter and not rediscovered until 1978. The mean distances of Apollo asteroids from the Sun are greater than or equal to 1 AU, and their perihelion distances are less than…

Apollo, project conducted by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the 1960s and ’70s that landed the first humans on the Moon. All told, 24 Apollo astronauts visited the Moon and 12 of them walked on its surface. Additional NASA astronauts are scheduled to return to the

Praxiteles: …various Roman copies is the Apollo Sauroctonus, in which the god is shown as a boy leaning against a tree trunk, about to kill a lizard with an arrow.

Skylab: Its main scientific instrument, the Apollo Telescope Mount, incorporated a number of component telescopes and other devices for observing the Sun over a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum, from visible light through X-rays.

François Girardon: …his most famous work, the Apollo Tended by the Nymphs, for the Grotto of Thetis at Versailles. The inspiration for this pictorial sculptural work (later moved and its grouping altered) seems to derive partly from Hellenistic sculpture (particularly the Apollo Belvedere) and partly from Nicolas Poussin’s paintings. Of his other…

Apollo Theater, theatre established in 1913 at 253 West 125th Street in the Harlem district of New York City. It has been a significant venue for African American popular music. The Apollo was the central theatre on Harlem’s main commercial street, and its position reflects its central role in

Cyrene: …been excavated: the fountain and sanctuary of Apollo, where the Venus of Cyrene and a colossal statue of Apollo were found; the upper city, site of a forum and basilica modelled on the Kaisareion of Alexandria, and a large 2nd-century house with fine mosaics; and the centre of the Roman…

Western architecture: Stylistic development: …the 3rd century, and the Temple of Apollo at Pompeii, of about 120 bce, had approximately the Greek single-cella, peripheral (having a single row of columns surrounding the building) plan; the latter retained the Italic podium and open porch, and it had pronounced modifications of the Greek Ionic order. Buildings…

Corinth: …are the remains of the Temple of Apollo (c. 550 bce). The remains of other temples, villas, a theatre, shops, public baths, pottery factories, a gymnasium, a large triumphal arch, and other buildings dot the site, which since 1896 has been extensively excavated.

acroterion: …of statuary, as at the Temple of Apollo (420 bc) on the island of Delos; the crowning group is dominated by Eos, the dawn, being lifted up by the handsome god Cephalus. At first, acroteria were made of terra-cotta, as were the roof tiles; later they were made of stone.…

Delphi: …was later housed in the Temple of Apollo. According to legend, the oracle at Delphi originally belonged to Gaea, the Earth goddess, and was guarded by her child Python, the serpent. Apollo is said to have slain Python and founded his own oracle there.

Western painting: Archaic period (c. 625–500 bc): …decoration, however, comes from the temple of Apollo at Thermon, in central Greece, and dates from the later 7th century bc. The temple roof was decorated with a series of square terra-cotta frieze plaques, called metopes, bearing mythological scenes. Although there are several similarities to contemporary vases, there are also…

Apollo Theater, theatre established in 1913 at 253 West 125th Street in the Harlem district of New York City. It has been a significant venue for African American popular music. The Apollo was the central theatre on Harlem’s main commercial street, and its position reflects its central role in

Vance Brand: …named command pilot for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP).

Apollodorus was an Athenian painter thought to have been the first to gradate light and colour, that is, to shade his paintings. For this reason he was known, in his own day, as “Sciagraphos,” or “Shadow Painter.” Pliny called him the “first to give his figures the appearance of reality.”

history of Mesopotamia: The Seleucid period: Another popular author was Apollodorus of Artemita (a town near Seleucia), who wrote under the Parthians a history of Parthia in Greek as well as other works on geography. Greek continued to be a lingua franca used by educated people in Mesopotamia well into the Parthian period.

Apollodorus of Athens was a Greek scholar of wide interests who is best known for his Chronika (Chronicle) of Greek history. Apollodorus was a colleague of the Homeric scholar Aristarchus of Samothrace (both served as librarians of the great library in Alexandria, Egypt). Apollodorus left

Terence: …models of those plays by Apollodorus of Carystus of the 3rd century bc. Nevertheless, in some important particulars he reveals himself as something more than a translator. First, he shows both originality and skill in the incorporation of material from secondary models, as well as occasionally perhaps in material of…

Apollodorus of Damascus was a Damascus-born Greek engineer and architect who worked primarily for the Roman emperor Trajan (reigned 98–117). He was banished by the emperor Hadrian—perhaps following a disagreement about a temple design—and executed about 130. Apollodorus is credited with the design

Nikolay Stepanovich Gumilyov: …became a founding member of Apollon, which became the leading poetry journal in Russia in the years before the war. In 1910 he married the poet Anna Akhmatova, but the couple separated less than a year later and were divorced in 1918.

George Balanchine: The European years: …notably in the world repertoire: Apollo (1928), the first example of his individual neoclassical style, and Le Fils prodigue (The Prodigal Son, 1929).

weightlifting: History: …George Hackenschmidt of Russia, and Louis Apollon of France, who performed in circuses and theatres. By 1891 there was international competition in London. The revived Olympic Games of 1896 included weightlifting events, as did the Games of 1900 and 1904, but thereafter these events were suspended until 1920. In that…

Albania: The Greeks: …were Epidamnus (modern Durrës) and Apollonia (near modern Vlorë). The presence of Greek colonies on their soil brought the Illyrians into contact with a more advanced civilization, which helped them to develop their own culture while they in turn influenced the economic and political life of the colonies. In the…

Delia, ancient quadrennial festival of the Ionians, held on Delos (hence the name) in honour of the Greek god Apollo. The local title was Apollonia, which seems always to have been used for the corresponding yearly festival. It later declined along with the political importance of Ionia but was

North Africa: The Greeks in Cyrenaica: Apollonia, the port of Cyrene, became a city in its own right; Euhesperides was refounded as Berenice, and a new city, Ptolemais (Ṭulmaythah), was founded, while Barce declined; the term Pentapolis came to be used for the five cities Apollonia, Cyrene, Ptolemais, Taucheira, and Berenice.…

Herzliyya, city, west central Israel, on the Plain of Sharon and the Mediterranean Sea, at the north of the Tel Aviv–Yafo metropolitan area. Founded in 1924 with the financial backing of American Zionists, it was named for Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern political Zionism. The original

Siphnus: The main town, Apollonía, lies just southeast of the west-coast port of Kamáres. On the east coast, the village of Kástro is on the site of the ancient capital. Chief industries are pottery making and fishing. Pop. (2001) 2,574; (2011) 2,625.

Apollonian, of, relating to, or resembling the god Apollo. Friedrich Nietzsche used the term in his book The Birth of Tragedy to describe one of the two opposing tendencies or elements in Greek tragedy. According to Nietzsche, the Apollonian attributes are reason, culture, harmony, and restraint.

irrationalism: …is usually assessed as rationalistic—a Dionysian (i.e., instinctive) strain can be discerned in the works of the poet Pindar, in the dramatists, and even in such philosophers as Pythagoras and Empedocles and in Plato. In early modern philosophy—even during the ascendancy of Cartesian rationalism—Blaise Pascal turned from reason to an…

Apollonius Dyscolus was a Greek grammarian who was reputedly the founder of the systematic study of grammar. His life was passed at Alexandria during the reigns of the Roman emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. Priscian, the Latin grammarian, styled him grammaticorum princeps (“prince of

Apollonius of Perga was a mathematician, known by his contemporaries as “the Great Geometer,” whose treatise Conics is one of the greatest scientific works from the ancient world. Most of his other treatises are now lost, although their titles and a general indication of their contents were passed

Apollonius of Rhodes was a Greek poet and grammarian who was the author of the Argonautica. The two lives contained in the Laurentian manuscript of the Argonautica say that Apollonius was a pupil of Callimachus; that he gave a recitation of the Argonautica at Alexandria; and that when this proved a

Apollonius Of Tralles was a Greek sculptor from the province of Caria, in Asia Minor, known for his execution in collaboration with his brother Tauriscus of a marble group known as the “Farnese Bull.” The work represented Zethus and Amphion, the twin builders of Thebes, tying their stepmother,

Apollonius Of Tyana was a Neo-Pythagorean who became a mythical hero during the time of the Roman Empire. Empress Julia Domna instructed the writer Philostratus to write a biography of Apollonius, and it is speculated that her motive for doing so stemmed from her desire to counteract the influence

Apollonius of Tyre, chief personage in a medieval Latin romance of unknown authorship, which may be assumed to derive from a lost Greek original. The story enjoyed long and widespread popularity in European literature, and versions of it exist in many languages. The story tells of the separation of

Apollonius The Athenian was a sculptor known only by his signatures on the marble “Belvedere Torso,” now in the Vatican, and the bronze “Boxer,” now in the Museo Nazionale Romano of Rome. At one time these sculptures were thought to be 1st-century originals. Now it is believed they are fine

apologetics, in Christianity, the intellectual defense of the truth of the Christian religion, usually considered a branch of theology. In Protestant usage, apologetics can be distinguished from polemics, in which the beliefs of a particular Christian church are defended. Roman Catholics, however,