Vulgar Latin: …the first is the so-called Appendix Probi (3rd–4th centuries ce; “Appendix to Probus[’s Grammar]”), which lists correct and incorrect forms of 227 words, probably as an orthographic aid to scribes. That work illustrates some phonological changes that may have already occurred in the spoken language (e.g., loss of unstressed penultimate…

János Bolyai: In 1831 he published “Appendix Scientiam Spatii Absolute Veram Exhibens” (“Appendix Explaining the Absolutely True Science of Space”), a complete and consistent system of non-Euclidean geometry as an appendix to his father’s book on geometry, Tentamen Juventutem Studiosam in Elementa Matheseos Purae Introducendi (1832; “An Attempt to Introduce Studious…

Robert De Torigni: …and 1175—which greatly enhanced his Appendix to Sigebert (a continuation of the chronicle of Sigebert de Gembloux, which had ended in 1112), covering England (and France) under Henry II from 1154 to 1186.

Virgil: Literary career: …him and known as the Appendix Vergiliana, but it is unlikely that many of these are genuine. His earliest certain work is the Eclogues, a collection of 10 pastoral poems composed between 42 and 37 bce. Some of them are escapist, literary excursions to the idyllic pastoral world of Arcadia…

Apennine Range, series of mountain ranges bordered by narrow coastlands that form the physical backbone of peninsular Italy. From Cadibona Pass in the northwest, close to the Maritime Alps, they form a great arc, which extends as far as the Egadi Islands to the west of Sicily. Their total length is

Apennine Range, series of mountain ranges bordered by narrow coastlands that form the physical backbone of peninsular Italy. From Cadibona Pass in the northwest, close to the Maritime Alps, they form a great arc, which extends as far as the Egadi Islands to the west of Sicily. Their total length is

Apennine Range, series of mountain ranges bordered by narrow coastlands that form the physical backbone of peninsular Italy. From Cadibona Pass in the northwest, close to the Maritime Alps, they form a great arc, which extends as far as the Egadi Islands to the west of Sicily. Their total length is

Appenzell, capital of the Halbkanton (demicanton) of Appenzell Inner-Rhoden, northeastern Switzerland, in the Sitter Valley, south of Sankt Gallen. Originally a possession of the abbey of Sankt Gallen, it was the traditional capital of the Appenzell region and became the capital of Inner-Rhoden

Appenzell, canton, northeastern Switzerland, consisting of two autonomous half cantons. Appenzell is entirely surrounded by present-day Sankt Gallen canton. It was first mentioned by name in 1071 as Abbatis Cella, in reference to its rulers, the abbots (later prince abbots) of Sankt Gallen. As

Appenzell Ausser-Rhoden, Halbkanton (demicanton), comprising the northern and western parts of former Appenzell canton, northeastern Switzerland. It has an area of 94 square miles (243 square km) and was divided for religious reasons from Appenzell Inner-Rhoden demicanton in 1597. Its constitution

Appenzell Inner-Rhoden, Halbkanton (demicanton), comprising the southern part of former Appenzell canton, northeastern Switzerland, at the north foot of the Säntis Peak. It has an area of 67 square miles (172 square km) and was divided from Appenzell Ausser-Rhoden demicanton in 1597 for religious

Appenzell Inner-Rhoden, Halbkanton (demicanton), comprising the southern part of former Appenzell canton, northeastern Switzerland, at the north foot of the Säntis Peak. It has an area of 67 square miles (172 square km) and was divided from Appenzell Ausser-Rhoden demicanton in 1597 for religious

Appenzell Ausser-Rhoden, Halbkanton (demicanton), comprising the northern and western parts of former Appenzell canton, northeastern Switzerland. It has an area of 94 square miles (243 square km) and was divided for religious reasons from Appenzell Inner-Rhoden demicanton in 1597. Its constitution

Appenzell Ausser-Rhoden, Halbkanton (demicanton), comprising the northern and western parts of former Appenzell canton, northeastern Switzerland. It has an area of 94 square miles (243 square km) and was divided for religious reasons from Appenzell Inner-Rhoden demicanton in 1597. Its constitution

Appenzell Inner-Rhoden, Halbkanton (demicanton), comprising the southern part of former Appenzell canton, northeastern Switzerland, at the north foot of the Säntis Peak. It has an area of 67 square miles (172 square km) and was divided from Appenzell Ausser-Rhoden demicanton in 1597 for religious

attention: 19th-century roots: …attention within the context of apperception (the mechanism by which new ideas became associated with existing ideas). Thus Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz suggested that one’s loss of awareness of the constant sound of a waterfall illustrates how events can cease to be apperceived (that is, represented in consciousness) without specific attention.…

agnosia: Types of agnosia: Apperceptive visual agnosias, also known as visual space agnosias, are characterized by the inability to perceive the structure or shape of an object. Persons with apperceptive agnosias have difficulty matching objects of similar form. In most cases of associative or apperceptive visual agnosia, visual acuity…

Nicolas Appert: …the first commercial cannery, the House of Appert, at Massy, which operated from 1812 until 1933.

Nicolas Appert was a French chef, confectioner, and distiller who invented the method of preserving food by enclosing it in hermetically sealed containers. Inspired by the French Directory’s offer of a prize for a way to conserve food for transport, Appert began a 14-year period of experimentation

Nicolas Appert was a French chef, confectioner, and distiller who invented the method of preserving food by enclosing it in hermetically sealed containers. Inspired by the French Directory’s offer of a prize for a way to conserve food for transport, Appert began a 14-year period of experimentation

appetite, the desire to eat. Appetite is influenced by a number of hormones and neurotransmitters, which have been classified as appetite stimulants or appetite suppressants. Many of these substances are involved in mediating metabolic processes. For example, the gastrointestinal substance known as

Guns N’ Roses: …followed by the landmark album Appetite for Destruction in 1987. The music’s sizzling fury, with Rose’s wildcat howls matched by Slash’s guitar pyrotechnics, made the album a smash hit, with sales of more than 17 million.

Richard Dawkins: In the memoir An Appetite for Wonder: The Making of a Scientist (2013), Dawkins chronicled his life up to the publication of The Selfish Gene. A second volume of memoir, Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science (2015), recorded episodes from the latter part of his…

appetizer, food eaten to pique the appetite or to moderate the hunger stimulated by drink. Cocktails, especially apéritifs, the characteristic “dryness” of which allegedly stimulates the appetite, are customarily served with appetizers. Hors d’oeuvres, small portions of savoury foods, often highly

Jonathan Maccabeus was a Jewish general, a son of the priest Mattathias, who took over the leadership of the Maccabean revolt after the death of his elder brother Judas. A brilliant diplomat, if not quite so good a soldier as his elder brother, Jonathan refused all compromise with the superior

Adolphe Appia was a Swiss stage designer whose theories, especially on the interpretive use of lighting, helped bring a new realism and creativity to 20th-century theatrical production. Although his early training was in music, Appia studied theatre in Dresden and Vienna from the age of 26. In 1891

Appius Claudius Caecus: …completed the construction of the Aqua Appia, Rome’s first aqueduct, bringing in water from the Sabine Hills. He also initiated the Via Appia, the great military and commercial road between Rome and Capua. Both of these projects were named for him, the first time such an honour had been conferred.…

Appian Way, the first and most famous of the ancient Roman roads, running from Rome to Campania and southern Italy. The Appian Way was begun in 312 bce by the censor Appius Claudius Caecus. At first it ran only 132 miles (212 km) from Rome south-southeastward to ancient Capua, in Campania, but by

Kwame Anthony Appiah is a British-born American philosopher, novelist, and scholar of African and African American studies, best known for his contributions to political philosophy, moral psychology, and the philosophy of culture. Appiah was the son of Joseph Appiah, a Ghanaian-born barrister, and

Kwame Anthony Appiah is a British-born American philosopher, novelist, and scholar of African and African American studies, best known for his contributions to political philosophy, moral psychology, and the philosophy of culture. Appiah was the son of Joseph Appiah, a Ghanaian-born barrister, and

Christology: Contemporary Christology: ” African theologians, such as Kofi Appiah-Kubi from Ghana, see Jesus as providing the weapons of the spirit in the fight against disease and discord and even as encouraging people to reverence departed ancestors, who are seen as custodians of morality. Jesus is a source of both healing and spirituality.…

Appian of Alexandria was a Greek historian of the conquests by Rome from the republican period into the 2nd century ad. Appian held public office in Alexandria, where he witnessed the Jewish insurrection in ad 116. After gaining Roman citizenship he went to Rome, practiced as a lawyer, and became a

Appian Way, the first and most famous of the ancient Roman roads, running from Rome to Campania and southern Italy. The Appian Way was begun in 312 bce by the censor Appius Claudius Caecus. At first it ran only 132 miles (212 km) from Rome south-southeastward to ancient Capua, in Campania, but by

Neoclassical art: Italy: Important painters outside Rome include Andrea Appiani the Elder in Milan, who became Napoleon’s official painter and executed some of the best frescoes in northern Italy. He was also a fine portraitist. One of his pupils was Giuseppe Bossi. Another leading Lombard painter was Giovanni Battista dell’Era, whose encaustic paintings…

Jeff Beck: With former Vanilla Fudge members Carmine Appice and Tim Bogert, Beck released Beck, Bogert & Appice in 1973. After its negative reception the trio disbanded, and Beck embarked on a solo career. The critically acclaimed Blow by Blow (1975), produced by Beatles collaborator George Martin, featured an all-instrumental, jazz fusion

Rouben Mamoulian: …between 1929, when he made Applause, and 1957, when he returned from a long hiatus to make Silk Stockings, yet his limited body of work was so stylish, deft, and imaginative that he left an indelible mark on film history. In between he enjoyed an active career as one of…

apple, (Malus domestica), domesticated tree and fruit of the rose family (Rosaceae), one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. Apples are predominantly grown for sale as fresh fruit, though apples are also used commercially for vinegar, juice, jelly, applesauce, and apple butter and are canned

aphid: Types of aphids: The apple aphid (Aphis pomi) is yellow-green with dark head and legs. It overwinters as a black egg on its only host, the apple tree. It produces honeydew that supports growth of a sooty mold.

brandy: Apple brandies, produced from fermented cider, include calvados, from the Calvados region of France, and the American applejack. The Alsatian area of France is known for framboise, distilled from raspberries, and fraise, distilled from strawberries. Other fruit brandies, often characterized by a bitter-almond flavour contributed…

George Bernard Shaw: Works after World War I: Then he produced The Apple Cart (performed 1929), a futuristic high comedy that emphasizes Shaw’s inner conflicts between his lifetime of radical politics and his essentially conservative mistrust of the common man’s ability to govern himself. Shaw’s later, minor plays include Too True to Be Good (performed 1932),…

Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company that revolutionized the technology sector through its innovation of computer software, personal computers, mobile tablets, smartphones, and computer peripherals. One of the most recognizable brands in the world, Apple created the first

James Taylor: …in 1968 on the Beatles’ Apple label.

Steve Jobs: Founding of Apple: The Apple I, as they called the logic board, was built in the Jobses’ family garage with money they obtained by selling Jobs’s Volkswagen minibus and Wozniak’s programmable calculator.

Internet: Two agendas: …with the introduction of the Apple II, the first affordable computer for individuals and small businesses. Created by Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.), the Apple II was popular in schools by 1979, but in the corporate market it was stigmatized as a game machine. The task of cracking the…

computer: Apple Inc.: In 1980 the Apple III was introduced. For this new computer Apple designed a new operating system, though it also offered a capability known as emulation that allowed the machine to run the same software, albeit much slower, as the Apple II. After several months on the market…

Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company that revolutionized the technology sector through its innovation of computer software, personal computers, mobile tablets, smartphones, and computer peripherals. One of the most recognizable brands in the world, Apple created the first

cider, the expressed juice of a fruit—typically apples—used as a beverage. Pears that are used in this manner produce a cider better known as perry. In most European countries the name is restricted to fermented juice. In North America the freshly expressed juice that has not been subjected to any

leafhopper: The apple leafhopper (Empoasca maligna) causes apple foliage to pale and become specked with white spots. The adult insects are greenish white, and they are host specific for either apple or rose. There is one generation per year.

graphical user interface: Macintosh to Windows: …ideas into two new computers, Lisa and Macintosh, then in the design stage. Each product came to have a bit-mapped screen and a sleek, palm-sized mouse (though for simplicity this used a single command button in contrast to the multiple buttons on the SRI and PARC versions). The software interface…

fruit fly: The apple maggot, the larva of Rhagoletis pomonella, burrows into apples, causing the fruit to become spongy and discoloured. This species and the closely related cherry fruit fly (R. cingulata) cause extensive losses in the northeastern United States.

apple moss, (Bartramia pomiformis), moss of the family Bartramiaceae that has apple-shaped capsules (spore cases) and forms wide deep cushions in moist rocky woods throughout the Northern Hemisphere. It is one of some 70 species in the genus Bartramia; more than 10 are found in North America. An

plant bug: The apple red bug (Lygus mendax) is red and black and about 6 mm long. The front part of the thorax and the wings are usually red, and the posterior thorax and the inner edge of the wings are usually black. It is an important apple…

apple scab, disease of apple trees caused by the ascomycete fungus Venturia inaequalis. Apple scab is found wherever apples and crabapples are grown but is most severe where spring and summer are cool and moist. The disease can cause high crop losses and is thus of economic import to apple growers.

serviceberry: Common species: The apple serviceberry (Amelanchier ×grandiflora), a natural hybrid of A. arborea and A. laevis, grows up to 9 metres (29.5 feet) and has larger individual blossoms, pinkish on some trees. Running serviceberry (A. spicata) is a spreading shrub about 1 metre (3.3 feet) tall that is…

gastropod: Classification: …(Viviparidae) and tropical regions (Ampullariidae); frequently used in freshwater aquariums with tropical fish. Superfamily Littorinacea Periwinkles, on rocky shores (Littorinidae) of all oceans; land snails of the West Indies, part of Africa, and Europe (Pomatiasidae). Superfamily Rissoacea

Rosales: Evolution: In the subfamily Maloideae, fruit and seed remains have been recognized from the genera Crataegus and Pyrus. Leaf fossils are described for Cydonia, Amelanchier, and Crataegus. In the subfamily Rosoideae, fruits of Potentilla and Rubus are known from the Pliocene Epoch (about 5.3 to 2.6 million years ago)…

Robert Hass: The Apple Trees at Olema: New and Selected Poems was published in 2010. Four years later Hass received the Wallace Stevens Award from the Academy of American Poets. Summer Snow: New Poems appeared in 2020. His nonfiction included What Light Can Do: Essays on Art,…

branch and twig borer: The apple twig, or grape cane, borer (Amphicerus bicaudatus) bores into living fruit-tree branches and grape vines but breeds in dead wood. The lead-cable borer, or short-circuit beetle (Scobicia declivis), bores into the lead covering of older telephone cables. Moisture entering through the hole can cause…

Apple Inc.: 2011–present: Tim Cook as CEO and the first trillion-dollar company: …Apple introduced a smartwatch, the Apple Watch, which marked the company’s entry into wearable technology. Integrating fitness, health monitoring, and online and iPhone connectivity, the Apple Watch became a major business segment within the company’s expansive suite of products.

Paul Thomas Anderson: …various musicians and groups, including Fiona Apple, Radiohead, and HAIM.

Max Apple is an American writer known for the comic intelligence of his stories, which chronicle pop culture and other aspects of American life. Apple’s first language was Yiddish. Educated at the University of Michigan (B.A., 1963; Ph.D., 1970), Apple taught at Reed College from 1970 to 1971 and

Max Apple is an American writer known for the comic intelligence of his stories, which chronicle pop culture and other aspects of American life. Apple’s first language was Yiddish. Educated at the University of Michigan (B.A., 1963; Ph.D., 1970), Apple taught at Reed College from 1970 to 1971 and

Jack Gelber: The Apple (1961), Gelber’s second play, also was written expressly for the Living Theatre. Its subject is the growing madness of an actor during a play rehearsal. With its second act written from the mad actor’s point of view, this play too broke with the…

Constance M.K. Applebee was a British athlete who introduced and promoted the sport of women’s field hockey in the United States. Applebee was a frail child and received her education at home from local clergymen. She studied physical education, in part, to improve her health, ultimately graduating

William Pitt, the Younger: Early life: …provided with a seat for Appleby in Westmorland, on condition that he should resign it should his views and those of his patron diverge. Pitt made a successful maiden speech and, in March 1782, when it was clear that a new ministry would soon be formed, announced with astonishing self-confidence…

James Tate was an American poet noted for the surreal imagery, subversive humour, and unsettling profundity of his writing. Tate earned a B.A. (1965) at Kansas State College of Pittsburg (now Pittsburg State University) and an M.F.A. (1967) from the University of Iowa, where he studied in the

J.I.M. Stewart: …created the character of Inspector John Appleby, a British detective known for his suave humour and literary finesse.

fundamentalism: The study of fundamentalism: Marty and R. Scott Appleby. Marty and Appleby viewed fundamentalism primarily as the militant rejection of secular modernity. They argued that fundamentalism is not just traditional religiosity but an inherently political phenomenon, though this dimension may sometimes be dormant. Marty and Appleby also contended that fundamentalism is…

Christina Applegate is an American actress who rose to fame as the airheaded teenage character Kelly Bundy on the sitcom Married... with Children (1987–97). Applegate enjoyed a prolific career, starring in a number of movies and TV shows, including Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (2004) and

Johnny Appleseed was an American missionary nurseryman of the North American frontier who helped prepare the way for 19th-century pioneers by supplying apple-tree nursery stock throughout the Midwest. Although the legendary character of “Johnny Appleseed” is known chiefly through fiction, John

Johnny Appleseed was an American missionary nurseryman of the North American frontier who helped prepare the way for 19th-century pioneers by supplying apple-tree nursery stock throughout the Midwest. Although the legendary character of “Johnny Appleseed” is known chiefly through fiction, John

Appleton, city, Outagamie, Winnebago, and Calumet counties, seat (1852) of Outagamie county, east-central Wisconsin, U.S. The city lies along the Fox River just north of Lake Winnebago, about 30 miles (50 km) southwest of Green Bay. Menominee, Fox, and Ho-Chunk Nation (Winnebago) Indians originally

Appleton layer, upper layer (called F2) of the F region of the ionosphere. The layer was named for British physicist Sir Edward Victor

Jane Pierce was the American first lady (1853–57), the wife of Franklin Pierce, 14th president of the United States. Jane Appleton was the third of six children born to Jesse Appleton, a Congregational minister and president of Bowdoin College, and Elizabeth Means Appleton. Although the details of

Sir Edward Victor Appleton was a British winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1947 for his discovery of the so-called Appleton layer of the ionosphere, which is a dependable reflector of radio waves and as such is useful in communication. Other ionospheric layers reflect radio waves

Howard R. Garis was an American author, creator of the Uncle Wiggily series of children’s stories. Garis began his career as a newspaperman with the Newark Evening News in 1896. Shortly after, he began writing a daily bedtime story about Uncle Wiggily—a rabbit hero—and his friends. He averaged a

Heaven’s Gate: Founders Marshall H. Applewhite (1932–1997) and Bonnie Nettles (1927–1985) met in 1972 and soon became convinced that they were the two “endtime” witnesses mentioned in Revelation 11. In 1975 they held gatherings in California and Oregon that attracted their initial followers. Those who attached themselves to…

solar cell: Development of solar cells: In 1891 R. Appleyard wrote of

information system: Information systems controls: Application controls are specific to a given application and include such measures as validating input data, logging the accesses to the system, regularly archiving copies of various databases, and ensuring that information is disseminated only to authorized users.

application lace, lace produced by the application, by stitching, of design motifs (typically floral) to a background net made either by hand or by machine. This technique was common in the second half of the 18th century and throughout the 19th century. The only handmade net commonly used was made

firewall: …a new generation of “application layer” firewalls emerged; though more cumbersome to set up and operate, they performed a more thorough inspection. In the early 21st century, most firewalls were hybrids of these two primary types.

firewall: …a new generation of “application layer” firewalls emerged; though more cumbersome to set up and operate, they performed a more thorough inspection. In the early 21st century, most firewalls were hybrids of these two primary types.

application software, software designed to handle specific tasks for users. Such software directs the computer to execute commands given by the user and may be said to include any program that processes data for a user. Application software thus includes word processors, spreadsheets, database

API, sets of standardized requests that allow different computer programs to communicate with each other. APIs establish the proper way for a developer to request services from a program. They are defined by the receiving programs, make working with other applications easier, and allow programs to

cloud computing: Early development: …a number of companies, called application service providers (ASPs), were founded to supply computer applications to companies over the Internet. Most of the early ASPs failed, but their model of supplying applications remotely became popular a decade later, when it was renamed cloud computing.

application software, software designed to handle specific tasks for users. Such software directs the computer to execute commands given by the user and may be said to include any program that processes data for a user. Application software thus includes word processors, spreadsheets, database

integrated circuit: Application-specific ICs: An application-specific IC (ASIC) can be either a digital or an analog circuit. As their name implies, ASICs are not reconfigurable; they perform only one specific function. For example, a speed controller IC for a remote control car is hard-wired to do one…

spaceflight: Kinds of spacecraft: Applications spacecraft have utilitarian tasks, such as telecommunications, Earth observation, military reconnaissance, navigation and position-location, power transmission, and space manufacturing.

Giuseppe Peano: In Applicazioni geometriche del calcolo infinitesimale (1887; “Geometrical Applications of Infinitesimal Calculus”), Peano introduced the basic elements of geometric calculus and gave new definitions for the length of an arc and for the area of a curved surface. Calcolo geometrico (1888; “Geometric Calculus”) contains his first…

artificial intelligence: Artificial general intelligence (AGI), applied AI, and cognitive simulation: Applied AI, also known as advanced information processing, aims to produce commercially viable “smart” systems—for example, “expert” medical diagnosis systems and stock-trading systems. Applied AI has enjoyed considerable success.

drawing: Applied drawings: Applied and technical drawings differ in principle from art drawings in that they record unequivocally an objective set of facts and on the whole disregard aesthetic considerations. The contrast to the art drawing is sharpest in the case of technical project drawings, the…

anthropology: Applied anthropology: Applied anthropology is the aspect of anthropology that serves practical community or organizational needs. In Europe this subfield started in the 19th and early 20th centuries, when ethnographic information was collected and used by colonial Belgian, French, British, Dutch, and Russian administrators. In…

cultural anthropology: Applied studies: …to clear the air the Society for Applied Anthropology published in 1951 a carefully worded code of ethics. It appealed to the social conscience of the individual research worker and to his responsibility at all times to uphold the moral tenets of civilization—respect for the individual and for human rights…

artificial intelligence: Artificial general intelligence (AGI), applied AI, and cognitive simulation: Applied AI, also known as advanced information processing, aims to produce commercially viable “smart” systems—for example, “expert” medical diagnosis systems and stock-trading systems. Applied AI has enjoyed considerable success.

Hussein Chalayan: …head of fashion at the University of Applied Arts Vienna from 2014 to 2019. In 2006 he was named a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for his contributions to the fashion industry.

drawing: Applied drawings: Applied and technical drawings differ in principle from art drawings in that they record unequivocally an objective set of facts and on the whole disregard aesthetic considerations. The contrast to the art drawing is sharpest in the case of technical project drawings, the…

applied ethics, the application of normative ethical theories—i.e., philosophical theories regarding criteria for determining what is morally right or wrong, good or bad—to practical problems. (Read Peter Singer’s Britannica entry on ethics.) From Plato (428/427–348/347 bce) onward, Western moral

geography: Applied geography: One area that some have set apart from the various subdisciplinary divisions concerns the application of geographical scholarship. Geography was always applied, long before it became an identified academic discipline; much geographical knowledge was created for specific purposes. Since the discipline was established,…

Danny Hillis: Walt Disney, the Long Now, and Applied Minds: …he founded the spinoff company Applied Invention.

linguistics: Applied linguistics: In the sense in which the term applied linguistics is most commonly used nowadays it is restricted to the application of linguistics to language teaching. Much of the expansion of linguistics as a subject of teaching and research in the second half of…