penguin: Classification: Genus Aptenodytes 2 species: emperor and king. Genus Eudyptula (blue penguin) 1 species, also called little, or fairy, penguin. Genus Megadyptes

emperor penguin, (Aptenodytes forsteri), largest member of the penguin order (Sphenisciformes), which is known for its stately demeanor and black-and-white coloration. The species gathers together into approximately 50 colonies that settle on ice shelves and landfast ice along the coastline of

king penguin, (Aptenodytes patagonicus), second largest member of the penguin order (Sphenisciformes), characterized by its dignified, upright posture, long bill, and vivid coloration. Although many ornithologists divide the species into two subspecies, Aptenodytes patagonicus patagonicus and A.

king penguin, (Aptenodytes patagonicus), second largest member of the penguin order (Sphenisciformes), characterized by its dignified, upright posture, long bill, and vivid coloration. Although many ornithologists divide the species into two subspecies, Aptenodytes patagonicus patagonicus and A.

feather: …areas of bare skin (apteria) between. The latter may contain the small soft feathers called down.

apterygote, broadly, any of the primitive wingless insects, distinct from the pterygotes, or winged insects. Used in this sense, the term apterygote commonly includes the primitive insects of the following groups: proturans, collembolans (springtails), diplurans, and species in the orders

apterygote, broadly, any of the primitive wingless insects, distinct from the pterygotes, or winged insects. Used in this sense, the term apterygote commonly includes the primitive insects of the following groups: proturans, collembolans (springtails), diplurans, and species in the orders

kiwi, any of five species of flightless birds belonging to the genus Apteryx and found in New Zealand. The name is a Maori word referring to the shrill call of the male. Kiwis are grayish brown birds the size of a chicken. They are related to the extinct moas. Kiwis are unusual in many respects:

kiwi: …of kiwis are recognized: the tokoeka kiwi (A. australis), which includes the Haast tokoeka, Stewart Island tokoeka, Southern Fiordland tokoeka, and the Northern Fiordland tokoeka; the little spotted kiwi (A. oweni); the great spotted kiwi (A. haasti); the Okarito brown kiwi (A. rowi), also called the Rowi kiwi; and the…

kiwi: oweni); the great spotted kiwi (A. haasti); the Okarito brown kiwi (A. rowi), also called the Rowi kiwi; and the brown kiwi (A. mantelli), also called the North Island brown kiwi.

kiwi: mantelli), also called the North Island brown kiwi.

kiwi: …the Northern Fiordland tokoeka; the little spotted kiwi (A. oweni); the great spotted kiwi (A. haasti); the Okarito brown kiwi (A. rowi), also called the Rowi kiwi; and the brown kiwi (A. mantelli), also called the North Island brown kiwi.

kiwi: rowi), also called the Rowi kiwi; and the brown kiwi (A. mantelli), also called the North Island brown kiwi.

Herbert Aptheker was an American historian who wrote and lectured extensively on black history and on his Marxist political views. Aptheker graduated with a doctorate in history from Columbia University in 1943. Because of his membership in the Communist Party of the United States, which he joined

Sarah Wentworth Apthorp Morton was an American poet whose verse, distinctively American in character, was admired in her day. Sarah Apthorp was the daughter of a well-to-do merchant and evidently acquired an unusually thorough education. In 1781 she married Perez Morton. She had formed the habit of

Aptian Stage, fifth of six main divisions (in ascending order) in the Lower Cretaceous Series, representing rocks deposited worldwide during the Aptian Age, which occurred 125 million to 113 million years ago during the Cretaceous Period. Rocks of the Aptian Stage overlie those of the Barremian

aptitude test, examination that attempts to determine and measure a person’s ability to acquire, through future training, some specific set of skills (intellectual, motor, and so on). The tests assume that people differ in their special abilities and that these differences can be useful in

Clark L. Hull: …to his first major publication, Aptitude Testing (1928). He became interested in hypnosis, conducting experiments in the field after joining the Institute of Human Relations at Yale University in 1929. The results of his rigorous scientific studies formed the basis of Hypnosis and Suggestibility (1933).

aptronym, a name that fits some aspect of a character, as in Mr. Talkative and Mr. Worldly Wiseman in John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress or Mrs. Malaprop in Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s play The Rivals. The term aptronym was allegedly coined by the American newspaper columnist Franklin P. Adams,

Inca: People and society: …god and culture hero, and Apu Illapu, the rain god. Under the empire the Inca religion was a highly organized state religion, but, while worship of the sun god and the rendering of service were required of subject peoples, their native religions were tolerated. Inca rituals included elaborate forms of…

pre-Columbian civilizations: The beginnings of external expansion: His brothers Vicaquirao (Wika-k’iraw) and Apo Mayta (’Apu Mayta) were able military leaders and incorporated lands south and east of Cuzco into the Inca domain. Yahuar Huacac’s principal wife was apparently an Ayarmaca, indicating that at that time sister marriage was not the rule (see below Civil war on the…

Inti, in Inca religion, the sun god; he was believed to be the ancestor of the Incas. Inti was at the head of the state cult, and his worship was imposed throughout the Inca empire. He was usually represented in human form, his face portrayed as a gold disk from which rays and flames extended.

Italy: Mountain ranges: …include, to the west, the Apuane Alps, which are famous for their marbles; farther south, the Metallifere Mountains (more than 3,380 feet [1,030 meters]), abundant in minerals; then various extinct volcanoes occupied by crater lakes, such as that of Bolsena; then cavernous mountains, such as Lepini and Circeo, and the…

Italy: Mountain ranges: …include, to the west, the Apuane Alps, which are famous for their marbles; farther south, the Metallifere Mountains (more than 3,380 feet [1,030 meters]), abundant in minerals; then various extinct volcanoes occupied by crater lakes, such as that of Bolsena; then cavernous mountains, such as Lepini and Circeo, and the…

Lucius Apuleius was a Platonic philosopher, rhetorician, and author remembered for The Golden Ass, a prose narrative that proved influential long after his death. The work, called Metamorphoses by its author, narrates the adventures of a young man changed by magic into an ass. Apuleius, who was

Lucius Apuleius was a Platonic philosopher, rhetorician, and author remembered for The Golden Ass, a prose narrative that proved influential long after his death. The work, called Metamorphoses by its author, narrates the adventures of a young man changed by magic into an ass. Apuleius, who was

Apuli, ancient Italic tribe, one of the populations that inhabited the southeastern extremity of the Italian peninsula. The ancients often called this group of tribes Iapyges (whence the geographic term Iapygia, in which “Apulia” [modern Puglia] may be recognized). The territory of Apulia included

Puglia, regione, southeastern Italy. It extends from the Fortore River in the northwest to Cape Santa Maria di Leuca at the tip of the Salentine Peninsula (the “heel” of Italy) and comprises the provincie of Bari, Barletta-Andria-Trani, Brindisi, Foggia, Lecce, and Taranto. The northern third of

Apuli, ancient Italic tribe, one of the populations that inhabited the southeastern extremity of the Italian peninsula. The ancients often called this group of tribes Iapyges (whence the geographic term Iapygia, in which “Apulia” [modern Puglia] may be recognized). The territory of Apulia included

Puglia: …led to construction of the Apulian Aqueduct (1906–39), largest of its kind in Italy, which supplies the region with water from the Sele River on the western slope of the Apennine watershed.

Italy: The plains: …the Po valley and the Apulian Plain, are ancient sea gulfs filled by alluvium. Others, such as the Lecce Plain in Puglia, flank the sea on rocky plateaus about 65 to 100 feet (20 to 30 meters) high, formed of ancient land leveled by the sea and subsequently uplifted. Plains…

Alba Iulia: The remains of Apulum, an important city in Roman Dacia mentioned by Ptolemy in the 2nd century ad, are 6 miles (10 km) from Alba Iulia, and the Regional Museum has a rich collection of Roman antiquities. From the 9th to the 11th century the town bore the…

Satyajit Ray: The Apu Trilogy: …Unvanquished) and Apur Sansar (1959; The World of Apu). Pather Panchali and its sequels tell the story of Apu, the poor son of a Brahman priest, as he grows from childhood to manhood in a setting that shifts from a small village to the city of Calcutta. Western influences impinge…

Apure, estado (state) in the Llanos (plains) of southwestern Venezuela. It is bounded on the north by Táchira, Barinas, and Guárico states and the Apure River, on the east by Bolívar state and the Orinoco River, and on the south and west by Colombia. The state is famous for its llaneros (cowboys),

Apure River, river in western Venezuela. The major navigable tributary of the Orinoco River, it arises in the Cordillera de Mérida and flows for 510 miles (820 km) northeast and east through the heart of the Llanos (plains), Venezuela’s most important cattle-raising area. The river’s principal

Apure River, river in western Venezuela. The major navigable tributary of the Orinoco River, it arises in the Cordillera de Mérida and flows for 510 miles (820 km) northeast and east through the heart of the Llanos (plains), Venezuela’s most important cattle-raising area. The river’s principal

Apurímac River, river in southern Peru. Owing to its lengthy Andean tributaries, it is the farthermost source of the Amazon River. Arising at roughly 17,000 feet (5,200 m) from the snowmelts of Mount Mismi in Arequipa departamento, Peru, it flows northwest through the Andes, descending to less than

Apurímac River, river in southern Peru. Owing to its lengthy Andean tributaries, it is the farthermost source of the Amazon River. Arising at roughly 17,000 feet (5,200 m) from the snowmelts of Mount Mismi in Arequipa departamento, Peru, it flows northwest through the Andes, descending to less than

Indian philosophy: Ethics: The Bhattas recognize apurva, the supersensible efficacy of actions to produce remote effects, as a supersensible link connecting the moral action performed in this life and the supersensible effect (such as going to heaven) to be realized afterward. Prabhakara understood by apurva only the action that ought to…

Apus, constellation in the southern sky at about 16 hours right ascension and 80° south in declination. Its brightest star is Alpha Apodis, with a magnitude of 3.8. This constellation was invented by Pieter Dircksz Keyser, a navigator who joined the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies in 1595

apodiform: Reproduction and life cycle: India’s population of the house swift has two breeding seasons per year. It is one of the few birds in the world in which this phenomenon has been demonstrated. Adult males are in full breeding condition in late January and again in May and June; eggs are laid in…

animal behaviour: Function: …European, or common, swift (Apus apus). At first glance, swifts appear to voluntarily restrict their own reproduction. When Lack removed the eggs laid each day from a pair’s nest he discovered that the female could lay up to 72 or more eggs in a season. Yet, surprisingly, she usually…

swift: The white-rumped swift (Apus caffer), soft-tailed and black with white markings, is resident throughout Africa south of the Sahara. The white-throated swift (Aeronautes saxatalis), soft-tailed and black with white markings, breeds in western North America and winters in southern Central America, nesting on vertical rock cliffs.

Apuseni Mountains, large mountain chain, a subgroup of the Carpathians, lying north of the Mureş River, northwestern Romania. The Apuseni (Western) Mountains are not high—reaching a maximum elevation of only 6,066 feet (1,849 m)—but as a uniform, imposing group they dominate the low surrounding

Apuseni Mountains, large mountain chain, a subgroup of the Carpathians, lying north of the Mureş River, northwestern Romania. The Apuseni (Western) Mountains are not high—reaching a maximum elevation of only 6,066 feet (1,849 m)—but as a uniform, imposing group they dominate the low surrounding

igloo, temporary winter home or hunting-ground dwelling of Canadian and Greenland Inuit (Eskimos). The term igloo, or iglu, from Eskimo igdlu (“house”), is related to Iglulik, a town, and Iglulirmiut, an Inuit people, both on an island of the same name. The igloo, usually made from blocks of snow

Eric Kandel: …centred on the sea slug Apylsia, which has relatively few nerve cells, many of them very large and easy to study. The sea slug also has a protective reflex to guard its gills, which Kandel used to study the basic learning mechanisms. These experiments, combined with his later research on…

Afghanistan: Prehistory: Caves near Āq Kupruk yielded evidence of an early Neolithic (New Stone Age) culture (c. 9000–6000 bce) based on domesticated animals. Archaeological research since World War II has revealed Bronze Age sites, dating both before and after the Indus civilization of the 3rd to the 2nd millennium…

Ak Koyunlu, Turkmen tribal federation that ruled northern Iraq, Azerbaijan, and eastern Anatolia from 1378 to 1508 ce. The Ak Koyunlu were present in eastern Anatolia at least from 1340, according to Byzantine chronicles, and most Ak Koyunlu leaders, including the founder of the dynasty, Kara Osman

Aga Khan, title of the imam of the Nizārī Ismāʿilīs, a community of millions of people within Shiʿi Islam. While the current imam of the community is the 50th in the hereditary lineage, the title “Aga Khan” has been held by the Nizārī Ismāʿilīs’ spiritual leaders since the early 19th century. The

Āqā Mīrak was a Persian painter, an admired portraitist and an excellent colourist, who painted in a sumptuous style. A descendant of the Prophet Muḥammad and a native of Eṣfahān, he worked mostly in Tabrīz, the capital of the Ṣafavid empire. He knew the Persian painter Behzād, who was director of

Rezā ʿAbbāsī was the major Persian painter of the Eṣfahān school and the favourite painter of Shah ʿAbbās I (the Great). He was the son of ʿAlī Asghar of Kashān, who painted at the court of Prince Ibrāhīm Mīrzā, the Ṣafavid viceroy at Meshhed, which was then (1556–77) the leading Iranian centre of

Al-ʿAqabah, port town, extreme southwestern Jordan. It lies on the Gulf of Aqaba, an inlet of the Red Sea, just east of the Jordan-Israel frontier on the gulf. It is Jordan’s only seaport. Because of freshwater springs in the vicinity, it has been settled for millennia; King Solomon’s port and

Gulf of Aqaba, northeastern arm of the Red Sea, penetrating between Saudi Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula. It varies in width from 12 to 17 miles (19 to 27 km) and is 110 miles (177 km) long. The gulf lies in a pronounced cleft between hills rising abruptly to about 2,000 feet (600 metres).

Al-ʿAqabah, port town, extreme southwestern Jordan. It lies on the Gulf of Aqaba, an inlet of the Red Sea, just east of the Jordan-Israel frontier on the gulf. It is Jordan’s only seaport. Because of freshwater springs in the vicinity, it has been settled for millennia; King Solomon’s port and

al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), Yemen-based militant group, formed in 2009 by the merger of radical networks in Saudi Arabia and Yemen and linked to attacks in Yemen, Saudi Arabia, the United States, and France. After a series of deadly al-Qaeda attacks on U.S. and other Western targets

Dur-Kurigalzu, fortified city and royal residence of the later Kassite kings, located near Babylon in southern Mesopotamia (now in Iraq). This city was founded either by Kurigalzu I (c. 1400–c. 1375 bce) or by Kurigalzu II (c. 1332–08). Between 1943 and 1945 ce, Iraqi excavations unearthed a

Amarillo: …is the headquarters of the American Quarter Horse Association, which has a noteworthy museum. West Texas A&M University (1909) is at nearby Canyon. Palo Duro Canyon State Park is 16 miles (26 km) southeast, and Buffalo Lake National Wildlife Refuge, the wintering ground for thousands of waterfowl, is southwest. Inc.…

Aqhat Epic, ancient West Semitic legend probably concerned with the cause of the annual summer drought in the eastern Mediterranean. The epic records that Danel, a sage and king of the Haranamites, had no son until the god El, in response to Danel’s many prayers and offerings, finally granted him a

air quality index (AQI), an online, color-coded index created by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that communicates whether the relative air quality and air pollution level in a given area is healthy or unhealthy. Maps of local AQI values are updated every 8 or 24 hours, depending on

al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), militant Sunni network, active in Iraq after the U.S.-led invasion of 2003, comprising Iraqi and foreign fighters opposed to the U.S. occupation and the Shiʿi-dominated Iraqi government. Al-Qaeda in Iraq first appeared in 2004, when Abū Muṣʿab al-Zarqāwī, a Jordanian-born

ʿāqil, (Arabic: “knowledgeable”), in Islāmic law, one who is in full possession of his mental faculties. Such a person is legally responsible for his actions and punishable for any deviation from religious commandments. ʿĀqil is often used with the adjective bāligh (“grown-up,” or “of age”) in

al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghrib (AQIM), Algeria-based Islamic militant group, active in North Africa and the Sahel region. The organization was founded as the GSPC in 1998 by a former member of the Armed Islamic Group (Groupe Islamique Armé; GIA), an Islamic militant group that participated in

Kazakh literature: …bards: the zhıraw and the aqın. These were primarily—though not exclusively—male professions. The zhıraw performed both the epic zhır and the didactic tolgaw and terme. Prior to the later 18th century, when Kazakhs began to lose their political autonomy, zhıraws were sometimes advisers to sultans and khans, which granted them…

al-ḥudūd: …or ḥadd, Universal Intelligence (al-ʿAql); al-ʿAql generated the Universal Soul (an-Nafs), embodied in Ismāʿīl ibn Muḥammad at-Tamīmī. The Word (al-Kalimah) emanates from an-Nafs and is manifest in the person of Muḥammad ibn Wahb al-Qurashī. The fourth successive principle is the Preceder (as-Sābiq, or Right Wing [al-Janāḥ al-Ayman]), embodied in…

military aircraft: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs): …of this idea was the AQM-34 Firebee, a modification of a standard U.S. target drone built in various versions since about 1951 by the Ryan Aeronautical Company. First flown in 1962, the reconnaissance Firebee saw extensive service in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. It was also used over North…

Islamic arts: Architecture: The mosques of Al-Aqmar (1125) and of Al-Ṣāliḥ (c. 1160) are among the first examples of monumental small mosques constructed to serve local needs. Even though their internal arrangement is quite traditional, their plans were adapted to the space available in the urban centre. These mosques were elaborately…

Astana, city, capital of Kazakhstan. Astana lies in the north-central part of the country, along the Ishim River, at the junction of the Trans-Kazakhstan and South Siberian railways. It was founded in 1824 as a Russian military outpost and became an administrative centre in 1868. Its population had

diabetes insipidus: Types and causes: …in a gene known as AQP2 (aquaporin 2), which encodes a specific form of aquaporin. The vasopressin receptor gene AVPR2 is located on the X chromosome. As a result, affected males have notably more-severe diabetes insipidus than do females.

ʿAbbās Maḥmūd al-ʿAqqād was an Egyptian journalist, poet, and literary critic who was an innovator of 20th-century Arabic poetry and criticism. Born in modest circumstances, al-ʿAqqād continued his education through reading when his formal schooling was cut short. He supported himself throughout

riddah: …a notoriously bloody battle at ʿAqrabāʾ in eastern Najd (May 633), afterward known as the Garden of Death. The encounter cost the Muslims the lives of many anṣār (“helpers”; Medinan Companions of the Prophet) who were invaluable for their knowledge of the Qurʾān, which had been revealed to the Prophet,…

Israel: The second intifada: …to be known as the Aqṣā intifada convinced a majority of Israelis that they lacked a partner in Arafat to end the conflict. Barak paid the political price, losing the premiership to Sharon by nearly 25 percent of the vote in elections held in February 2001. Sharon formed a broadly…

Al-Aqsa Mosque, mosque in Jerusalem, located in the Old City at the terminal point of the Prophet Muhammad’s Isrāʾ journey. According to Islamic sources, the Qurʾān (17:1) indicates that Muhammad was miraculously transported one night from Mecca (al-masjid al-ḥaram, or “the sacred place of

Lake Balkhash: …small rivers as the Qaratal, Aqsū, Ayaguz, and Lepsi feed the eastern part of the lake. With almost equal areas in both parts of the lake, this situation creates a continuous flow of water from the western to the eastern section. The water of the western part was almost fresh…

Kazakhstan: Health and welfare: …especially in Qyzylorda (Kzyl-Orda) and Aqtöbe provinces, Kazakhs suffer from the pollution and salinization of the sea. Its waters are contaminated with pesticides, especially DDT, and with chemical fertilizer fed into it by various rivers. The contraction of the Aral Sea has left a toxic dust in the newly formed…

Aqtöbe, city, northwestern Kazakhstan, on the Ilek River. It was founded in 1869 as Aktyube (“White Hill”), a small Russian fort; the first Russian peasant settlers arrived in 1878. In 1891 it became the capital of an uyezd (canton) and in 1932 of an oblysy (region). During World War II a

Jeanne Gang: …perhaps best known for her Aqua Tower, an 82-story mixed-use skyscraper in downtown Chicago that, when completed in 2010, was one of the tallest buildings in the world designed by a woman.

ammonium hydroxide, solution of ammonia gas in water, a common commercial form of ammonia. It is a colourless liquid with a strong characteristic odour. In concentrated form, ammonium hydroxide can cause burns on contact with the skin; ordinary household ammonia, used as a cleanser, is actually

coordination compound: Aqua complexes: Few ligands equal water with respect to the number and variety of metal ions with which they form complexes. Nearly all metallic elements form aqua complexes, frequently in more than one oxidation state. Such aqua complexes include hydrated ions in aqueous solution as…

nitric acid, (HNO3), colourless, fuming, and highly corrosive liquid (freezing point −42 °C [−44 °F], boiling point 83 °C [181 °F]) that is a common laboratory reagent and an important industrial chemical for the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives. It is toxic and can cause severe burns. The

aqua regia, mixture of concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acids, usually one part of the former to three parts of the latter by volume. This mixture was given its name (literally, “royal water”) by the alchemists because of its ability to dissolve gold. It is a red or yellowish liquid. It is

Jeanne Gang: …perhaps best known for her Aqua Tower, an 82-story mixed-use skyscraper in downtown Chicago that, when completed in 2010, was one of the tallest buildings in the world designed by a woman.

distilled spirit, alcoholic beverage (such as brandy, whiskey, rum, or arrack) that is obtained by distillation from wine or other fermented fruit or plant juice or from a starchy material (such as various grains) that has first been brewed. The alcoholic content of distilled liquor is higher than

Jacques Cousteau: …the first fully automatic compressed-air Aqua-Lung (scuba apparatus), which allowed divers to swim freely underwater for extended periods of time. Cousteau helped to invent many other tools useful to oceanographers, including the diving saucer (an easily maneuverable small submarine for seafloor exploration), in 1959, and a number of underwater cameras.

hydroponics, the cultivation of plants in nutrient-enriched water, with or without the mechanical support of an inert medium such as sand, gravel, or perlite. Plants have long been grown with their roots immersed in solutions of water and fertilizer for scientific studies of their nutrition. Early

aquaculture, the propagation and husbandry of aquatic plants, animals, and other organisms for commercial, recreational, and scientific purposes. Aquaculture is an approximate aquatic equivalent to agriculture—that is, the rearing of certain marine and freshwater organisms to supplement the natural

Baiae, ancient city of Campania, Italy, located on the west coast of the Gulf of Puteoli (Pozzuoli) and lying 10 miles (16 km) west of Naples and 2 1 2 miles (4 km) from Cumae, of which it was a dependency. According to tradition, Baiae was named after Baios, the helmsman of Ulysses. In 178 bce the

Aix-les-Bains, city and Alpine spa, Savoie département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région, southeastern France, southwest of Geneva. A summer and winter resort with a beach on Bourget Lake (France’s largest lake) and an aerial cableway up fir-covered Mount Revard (5,125 feet [1,562 metres]), it is a

Baden, town, Aargau canton, northern Switzerland, on the Limmat River, northwest of Zürich. The hot sulfur springs, mentioned as early as the 1st century ad by the Roman historian Tacitus, still attract large numbers of people. The town, founded by the Habsburgs in 1291, was conquered in 1415 (with

Wiesbaden, city, capital of Hesse Land (state), southern Germany. It is situated on the right (east) bank of the Rhine River at the southern foot of the Taunus Mountains, west of Frankfurt am Main and north of Mainz. The settlement was known as a spa (Aquae Mattiacae) in Roman times. Its earthen

Bath, city, unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset, historic county of Somerset, southwestern England. Bath lies astride the River Avon (Lower, or Bristol, Avon) in a natural arena of steep hills. It was built of local limestone and is one of the most elegant and architecturally

Dax, town, Landes département, Nouvelle-Aquitaine région, southwestern France. It lies on the left bank of the Adour River, 88 miles (142 km) southwest of Bordeaux and 50 miles (80 km) north of the Pyrenees frontier with Spain. The town is a spa resort whose thermal springs and mud baths have been

Teen Titans: …Flash, Wonder Girl, Speedy, and Aqualad were the original Teen Titans in 1964, and many code-name and costume changes later, they and their legacies live on. Created by writer Bob Haney, at the behest of DC Comics editor George Kashdan, the group first appeared with no name in The Brave…

Jacques Cousteau: …the first fully automatic compressed-air Aqua-Lung (scuba apparatus), which allowed divers to swim freely underwater for extended periods of time. Cousteau helped to invent many other tools useful to oceanographers, including the diving saucer (an easily maneuverable small submarine for seafloor exploration), in 1959, and a number of underwater cameras.

Julie Andrews: …Despicable Me 3 (2017), and Aquaman (2018). In 2011 she won a Grammy Award for Julie Andrews’ Collection of Poems, Songs, and Lullabies, a spoken-word album for children, and she was honoured with a special Grammy for lifetime achievement.

Aquaman, American comic strip superhero, defender of the underwater kingdom of Atlantis, and sometime member of the superhero consortium Justice League of America. Aquaman made his debut in 1941 in the anthology series More Fun Comics and since that time has appeared in numerous DC Comics

metalwork: Europe from the Middle Ages: They are known as aquamaniles, a type of ewer used for pouring water for washing one’s hands. Made by bronze casters in France, Germany, England, and Scandinavia, they are usually in the shape of lions—symbols of valor, pride, physical strength, and power. Also common are those shaped like knights…

aquamarine, pale greenish blue or bluish green variety of beryl that is valued as a gemstone. The most common variety of gem beryl, it occurs in pegmatite, in which it forms much larger and clearer crystals than emerald (one completely transparent crystal from Brazil weighed 110 kg [243 pounds]).

Alice Hoffman: … (1997) and the teen books Aquamarine (2001; film 2006) and Incantation (2006). She offered coping mechanisms that she had employed during her battle with breast cancer in Survival Lessons (2013). In 1999 she provided the initial endowment for the establishment of the Hoffman Breast Center at Mount Auburn Hospital in…

Dan Santat: Santat’s other graphic novels include The Aquanaut (2022), which centres on the world of sea creatures. He also continued illustrating books by other authors, including Rodzilla (2017) by Rob Sanders, Dude! (2018) by Aaron Reynolds, and Little Fox and the Wild Imagination (2020) by Jorma Taccone. In addition to writing…