Aravalli Range, hill system of northern India, running northeasterly for 350 miles (560 km) through Rajasthan state. Isolated rocky offshoots continue to just south of Delhi. The series of peaks and ridges, with breadths varying from 6 to 60 miles (10 to 100 km), are generally between 1,000 and

Alejandro Aravena is a Chilean architect known for his socially conscious building projects that attempt to break down economic inequality in urban areas. In 2016, he became the first Chilean to win the Pritzker Prize. Aravena earned a degree in architecture in 1992 from Pontifical Catholic

Aravidu dynasty, fourth and last dynasty of the Hindu empire of Vijayanagar in southern India. Its founder was Tirumala, whose brother Rama Raya had been the masterful regent of the Sadasiva Raya of the Tuluva dynasty. Rama Raya’s death at the Battle of Rakasa-Tangadi (also known as Talikota) in

Sri Aurobindo was a yogi, seer, philosopher, poet, and Indian nationalist who propounded a philosophy of divine life on earth through spiritual evolution. Aurobindo’s education began in a Christian convent school in Darjeeling (Darjiling). While still a boy, he was sent to England for further

Arawa, town, southeast coast of Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. Arawa is a planned suburban town on flatland near Arawa Bay. It was built to house the employees of Bougainville Copper Ltd., a mining company established in the late 1960s to run an open-pit mine at nearby Panguna. After Papua

Arawak, American Indians of the Greater Antilles and South America. The Taino, an Arawak subgroup, were the first native peoples encountered by Christopher Columbus on Hispaniola. It was long held that the island Arawak were virtually wiped out by Old World diseases to which they had no immunity

Arawakan languages, most widespread of all Indigenous South American language groups. Before the Spanish conquest, Arawakan languages were spoken in a number of disconnected areas from what is now Cuba and the Bahamas southward to the present Gran Chaco and the sources of the Xingu River in

arawana, (species Osteoglossum bicirrhosum), freshwater fish of tropical South America in the family Osteoglossidae (order Osteoglossiformes). Arawanas seldom reach lengths of more than 60 cm (2 feet) but are regarded as superb sports fish and highly edible. In appearance they have large scales and

Pwyll: He became a friend of Arawn, king of Annwn (the underworld), and exchanged shapes and kingdoms with him for a year and a day, thus gaining the name Pwyll Pen Annwn (“Head of Annwn”). With the aid of the goddess Rhiannon, who loved him, Pwyll won her from his rival,…

Aras River, river rising south of Erzurum in the Bingöl Dağları (mountains) of Turkey; it flows eastward, forming for approximately 275 miles (440 km) the international boundary between Armenia and Azerbaijan on the north and Turkey and Iran on the south. Below the eastern boundary of Armenia, the

Costa Rica: Costa Rica in the 21st century: …also prompted his runoff opponent, Johnny Araya of the PLN—longtime mayor of San José and the leading contender to replace the deeply unpopular Chinchilla—to withdraw from the contest. The PAC won only 13 of the 57 available legislative seats but was able to form a ruling coalition.

Aras River, river rising south of Erzurum in the Bingöl Dağları (mountains) of Turkey; it flows eastward, forming for approximately 275 miles (440 km) the international boundary between Armenia and Azerbaijan on the north and Turkey and Iran on the south. Below the eastern boundary of Armenia, the

tapestry: 16th century: The Arrazeria Medicea founded in 1546 in Florence by the Medici grand duke Cosimo I (1519–74) was the most important tapestry factory instituted in Italy during the 16th century and survived into the early 18th century. It was headed initially by the famous mid-15th-century Flemish weavers…

Larache, Atlantic port city, northern Morocco, at the mouth of the Loukkos (Lucus) River. The ruins of ancient Lixus, successively a Phoenician, Carthaginian, and Roman settlement, are 2 miles (3 km) northeast on the river’s north bank. Larache was under Spanish rule from 1610 to 1689 and from 1912

Erbil, city, capital of Erbil muḥāfaẓah (governorate), northern Iraq. The city is also the capital of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq and is among the largest cities in that country. It is one of the most ancient cities in the world, dating back at least to 2300 bce. Erbil has long

sea urchin: …the genus Arbacia, such as A. punctulata, the common urchin from Cape Cod to the West Indies, are familiar subjects in embryology; a female may release several million eggs at a time. In the West Indies, sea eggs—the ovaries of Tripneustes ventricosus—are eaten raw or fried; in the Mediterranean region,…

Italian literature: Experimentalism and the new avant-garde: …critic, antinovelist, and vitriolic essayist Alberto Arbasino, whose Fratelli d’Italia (the title, meaning “Brothers of Italy,” alludes ironically, not to say derisively, to the Italian national anthem), first published in 1963, had a second, amplified edition in 1976 and a third, running to 1,371 pages, in 1993; and Luigi Malerba,…

Moscow: The inner city: …to this bustling thoroughfare is Arbat Prospekt (also called Old Arbat), one of the most picturesque streets of Moscow and now closed to vehicular traffic.

arbaʿ kanfot, religious undergarment in Judaism that possibly came into use during times of persecution as a substitute for the larger and more conspicuous prayer shawl (ṭallit). Both garments have fringes (tzitzit) on the four corners, increasing the likelihood that one was a conscious imitation

arbaʿ kanfot, religious undergarment in Judaism that possibly came into use during times of persecution as a substitute for the larger and more conspicuous prayer shawl (ṭallit). Both garments have fringes (tzitzit) on the four corners, increasing the likelihood that one was a conscious imitation

Joseph ben Ephraim Karo: …Bet Yosef on the codification Arbaʿa ṭurim (1475; “Four Rows”) of Jacob ben Asher. Following Asher’s topical arrangement, Karo brought together the legal decisions of three leading representative Talmudists: Moses Maimonides, Isaac Alfasi, and Asher ben Jehiel. When he found disagreement among the three, Karo took the majority opinion as…

Rab, island in the Adriatic Sea in western Croatia. It forms the northernmost part of Dalmatia. Rab reaches a maximum elevation of 1,339 feet (408 metres) at Mount Kamenjak and comprises three ridges of limestone. More than 300 freshwater springs provide a valuable water supply to the population of

Thoinot Arbeau was a theoretician and historian of the dance, whose Orchésographie (1588) contains carefully detailed, step-by-step descriptions of 16th-century and earlier dance forms. Ordained a priest in 1530, he became a canon at Langres (1547), where he was encouraged to pursue his studies by

Luxembourg: Manufacturing and trade: …the late 1970s ARBED (Aciéries Réunies de Burbach-Eich-Dudelange) SA was Luxembourg’s only remaining steelmaker. In 2001 ARBED merged with the Spanish company Aceralia and the French company Usinor to form Arcelor, which subsequently joined Mittal to create ArcelorMittal, the world’s largest steel company at the time of its formation…

Victor Adler: …after its ban, published the Arbeiter Zeitung (“Workers’ Paper”), which became the socialists’ main organ. He was chiefly responsible for founding the united Social Democratic Party of Austria (December 1888–January 1889), in which he remained a leading figure, and he made it into a multinational party advocating federalism and autonomy…

John Heartfield: …works were created for the Arbeiter-Illustrierte Zeitung (AIZ; “Workers’ Illustrated Newspaper”), a widely circulated left-wing weekly that he worked for from 1927 to 1938. Because he was a regular contributor to journals and newspapers, his work was gaining a lot of exposure—so much so that in 1929 an entire room…

Wilhelm Emmanuel, baron von Ketteler: …comprehensively expressed in his book Die Arbeiterfrage und das Christenthum (1864; “The Labourer Question and Christianity”), which strongly stimulated the interest of German Roman Catholics in social problems. Ketteler’s paramount concern for the need of a Christian foundation supplied the quintessence of his other writings and his sermons. His most…

Lujo Brentano: …England that resulted in his Die Arbeitergilden der Gegenwart (1871–72; “Workers’ Guilds of the Present”). In it he argued that modern trade unions were the successors of the medieval guilds. The book soon became an authoritative source on industrial-era work associations. His other works, which are of a more theoretical…

Germany: Broadcasting: …form one evening television offering, ARD (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Öffentlich-Rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten Deutschlands). This is complemented by a second television network, ZDF (Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen), which is based in Mainz. A third channel is operated by ARD but is organized and broadcast regionally, with special emphasis placed on local and regional events…

Erbil, city, capital of Erbil muḥāfaẓah (governorate), northern Iraq. The city is also the capital of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq and is among the largest cities in that country. It is one of the most ancient cities in the world, dating back at least to 2300 bce. Erbil has long

Battle of Gaugamela, (October 1, 331 bce) clash between the forces of Alexander the Great of Macedonia and Darius III of Persia that decided the fate of the Persian Achaemenian Empire. From his accession in 336 bce at age 20, Alexander had set his mind on the conquest of Persia. Indeed, he had

Jacobo Arbenz was a soldier, politician, and president of Guatemala (1951–54) whose nationalistic economic and social reforms alienated conservative landowners, conservative elements in the army, and the U.S. government and led to his overthrow. Arbenz, the son of a Swiss pharmacist who had

Jacobo Arbenz was a soldier, politician, and president of Guatemala (1951–54) whose nationalistic economic and social reforms alienated conservative landowners, conservative elements in the army, and the U.S. government and led to his overthrow. Arbenz, the son of a Swiss pharmacist who had

Agnes Arber was a botanist noted chiefly for her studies in comparative anatomy of plants, especially monocotyledons. She attended the universities of London (B.Sc., 1899; D.Sc., 1905) and Cambridge (M.A.) and in 1909 married Edward Alexander Newell Arber, a paleobotanist who had been her teacher

Edward Arber was a scholar whose editing, and publication at reasonable prices, of Elizabethan and Restoration texts first made detailed study of them possible to the ordinary student. An Admiralty clerk, he studied literature and entered academic life, serving as professor of English at Birmingham

Werner Arber is a Swiss microbiologist, corecipient with Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Othanel Smith of the United States of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for 1978. All three were cited for their work in molecular genetics, specifically the discovery and application of enzymes that break

Albanian literature: The Arbëresh writers, as they are commonly called, profited from the absence of state-imposed restrictions in Italy and published freely to preserve and celebrate their ethnic Albanian heritage. (The term Arbëresh denotes both their dialect and their ethnic origins; it is derived from the word Arbëria,…

Albania, country in southern Europe, located in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula on the Strait of Otranto, the southern entrance to the Adriatic Sea. The capital city is Tirana (Tiranë). Albanians refer to themselves as shqiptarë—often taken to mean “sons of eagles,” though it may well

Darqāwā: …18th century by Mawlāy al-ʿArbī ad-Darqāwī (c. 1737–1823) in Morocco. An offshoot of the Shadhīlī Ṣūfīs, the order brought together individuals of varied social class. Its doctrine is orthodox, emphasizing devotion to, contemplation of, and union with God, attainable by frequent solitary prayer or in communal sessions where phrase…

Erbil, city, capital of Erbil muḥāfaẓah (governorate), northern Iraq. The city is also the capital of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq and is among the largest cities in that country. It is one of the most ancient cities in the world, dating back at least to 2300 bce. Erbil has long

Susan Sarandon: …husband’s duplicity in the thriller Arbitrage, as a housewife arrested for the radical activities of her past in The Company You Keep, and as multiple characters in the mosaic-like epic Cloud Atlas. The following year she played a hard-nosed district attorney in the action-filled drama Snitch and had a role…

arbitrage, business operation involving the purchase of foreign exchange, gold, financial securities, or commodities in one market and their almost simultaneous sale in another market, in order to profit from price differentials existing between the markets. Opportunities for arbitrage may keep

What do the theories of an 18th century Scottish economist and philosopher have to do with the price of consumer goods, financial assets like stocks and bonds, and even how to use Airbnb to make money from a property you don’t own? Surprisingly, quite a bit. The economist in question is Adam Smith,

arbitration, nonjudicial legal technique for resolving disputes by referring them to a neutral party for a binding decision, or “award.” An arbitrator may consist of a single person or an arbitration board, usually of three members. Arbitration is most commonly used in the resolution of commercial

Belgium: Justice: The Arbitration Court, established in 1984, deals with disputes that develop between and among national, regional, and community executive or legislative authorities.

arbitration: Arbitration of interests: Arbitration of the terms of a new contract, referred to as arbitration of interests, may be instituted if management and the labour union are unable to agree on a new contract. However, in most countries, management and union are seldom inclined to…

arbitration: Arbitration of rights: Arbitration of rights under the terms of a collective-bargaining agreement is employed in the United States far more frequently than in most other countries. Outside the United States, labour courts, industrial courts, or conciliation and arbitration commissions perform the function of arbitrating…

arbitration, nonjudicial legal technique for resolving disputes by referring them to a neutral party for a binding decision, or “award.” An arbitrator may consist of a single person or an arbitration board, usually of three members. Arbitration is most commonly used in the resolution of commercial

Spain: Spain in 1600: The arbitristas (literally, “projectors”) were writers who combined an economic analysis of the social ills of Spain with projects for economic recovery and social and moral regeneration. They saw clearly the central weakness of Spain: the attitude of mind that despised productive work and those who…

Frances Burney was an English novelist and letter writer, who was the author of Evelina, a landmark in the development of the novel of manners. Burney was the daughter of musician and historian Charles Burney. She educated herself by omnivorous reading at home. Her literary apprenticeship was much

Sweden: The Kalmar Union: …1435 a national meeting in Arboga named Engelbrekt captain of the realm. Erik agreed to change his policies and was again acknowledged as king of Sweden by the council. Erik’s agreement was not fulfilled to the Swedes’ satisfaction, however, and in 1436 a new meeting at Arboga renounced allegiance to…

Arbogast was a barbarian general of the Roman Empire, the first to establish a Roman nominee of his own as a puppet emperor and attempt a pagan revival in his name. Probably of Frankish descent, he rose to the rank of magister equitum (“master of the cavalry”) in the Western Roman army and was sent

Spanish literature: Novels and essays: …árbol de la ciencia (1911; The Tree of Knowledge), which tells the story of the education of the protagonist, a medical student; it depicts the shortcomings of those teaching medicine, the callousness of many doctors treating Spanish society’s most vulnerable, and the abject poverty and filth in the village where…

mandrel, cylinder, usually steel, used to support a partly machined workpiece while it is being finished, or as a core around which parts may be bent or other material forged or molded. As a support during machining, the mandrel is usually slightly tapered so that when firmly pressed into a

clock: The wheelwork: …with a larger wheel), whose arbor (a turning rod to which gears are attached) is attached to the second wheel that, in its turn, engages with the next pinion, and so on, down through the train to the escapement. The gear ratios are such that one arbor, usually the second…

arbor, garden shelter providing privacy and partial protection from the weather. The name is used for a modest garden building of any material; it has been applied to examples as varied as a wrought-iron shelter at Melbourne Hall, Derbyshire, Eng., and houses constructed of pebbles, brick, or

Arbor Day, holiday observed in many countries by planting trees. It was first proposed in the 19th century by J. Sterling Morton, an American journalist and politician, who famously wrote, “Other holidays repose upon the past; Arbor Day proposes for the future.” “Other holidays repose upon the

Nebraska City: …Arbor Day [1872]) is in Arbor Lodge State Historical Park at the city’s western edge, where a festival celebrating the holiday is held each April. Nebraska City is on the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail. Inc. 1856. Pop. (2000) 7,228; (2010) 7,289.

Vicente Martín y Soler: …or Beauty and Honesty”), and L’arbore di Diana (1787; “The Tree of Diana”). Although Da Ponte is best known for his later work with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in his memoirs he assigned a significant role to his work with Martín y Soler in the maturation of his style of libretto…

locomotion: Arboreal and aerial locomotion: The adaptation for climbing is unique for each group of arboreal animals. All climbers must have strong grasping abilities, and they must keep their centre of gravity as close as possible to the object being climbed. Because arthropods are generally…

vole: Arboreal red and Sonoma tree voles (Arborimus longicaudus and A. pomo, respectively) are found only in humid coastal old-growth forests of northern California and Oregon, where they live and nest in the tops of Douglas fir, grand fir, and Sitka spruce trees and eat the…

rice rat: …to as rice rats, including arboreal rice rats (Oecomys), dark rice rats (Melanomys), small rice rats (Microryzomys), and pygmy rice rats (Oligoryzomys), among others. All belong to the subfamily Sigmodontinae of the “true” mouse and rat family Muridae within the order Rodentia.

shrub: …between shrubs and trees are arborescences, or treelike shrubs, from 3 to 6 m tall. Trees are generally defined as woody plants more than 6 m tall, having a dominant stem, or trunk, and a definite crown shape. These distinctions are not reliable, however, for there are some shrubs, such…

arboretum, place where trees, shrubs, and sometimes herbaceous plants are cultivated for scientific and educational purposes. An arboretum may be a collection in its own right or a part of a botanical garden. Important U.S. arboretums include the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University (Jamaica

arboriculture, cultivation of trees, shrubs, and woody plants for shading and decorating. Arboriculture includes propagating, transplanting, pruning, applying fertilizer, spraying to control insects and diseases, cabling and bracing, treating cavities, identifying plants, diagnosing and treating

vole: Arboreal red and Sonoma tree voles (Arborimus longicaudus and A. pomo, respectively) are found only in humid coastal old-growth forests of northern California and Oregon, where they live and nest in the tops of Douglas fir, grand fir, and Sitka spruce trees and eat the…

vole: Arboreal red and Sonoma tree voles (Arborimus longicaudus and A. pomo, respectively) are found only in humid coastal old-growth forests of northern California and Oregon, where they live and nest in the tops of Douglas fir, grand fir, and Sitka spruce trees and eat the outer parts of…

arborvitae, (genus Thuja), (Latin: “tree of life”), any of the five species of the genus Thuja, resinous, evergreen ornamental and timber conifers of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), native to North America and eastern Asia. A closely related genus is false arborvitae. Arborvitae are trees or

Louise Arbour is a Canadian attorney and judge who served as the chief prosecutor of war crimes before the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and for the former Yugoslavia (1996–99) and as the United Nations (UN) high commissioner for human rights (2004–08). Arbour earned a degree in civil

Louise Arbour is a Canadian attorney and judge who served as the chief prosecutor of war crimes before the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and for the former Yugoslavia (1996–99) and as the United Nations (UN) high commissioner for human rights (2004–08). Arbour earned a degree in civil

Orange River: Study and exploration: …by the French Protestant missionaries Thomas Arbousset and François Daumas in 1836.

arbovirus, acronym derived from arthropod-borne virus, any of a group of RNA viruses that develop in arthropods (chiefly blood-sucking mosquitoes and ticks), in which they cause no apparent harm, and are subsequently transmitted by bites to vertebrate hosts, in which they establish infections and

Arbroath, royal burgh (town), North Sea fishing port, and holiday resort, Angus council area and historic county, Scotland. Arbroath Abbey, once the richest in Scotland, was founded in 1178 by King William I (the Lion) of Scotland, who is buried there. The Declaration of Arbroath, asserting the

Arbroath: Arbroath Abbey, once the richest in Scotland, was founded in 1178 by King William I (the Lion) of Scotland, who is buried there. The Declaration of Arbroath, asserting the independence of Scotland following Robert the Bruce’s victory over the English at Bannockburn (1314), was composed…

Arbroath: The Declaration of Arbroath, asserting the independence of Scotland following Robert the Bruce’s victory over the English at Bannockburn (1314), was composed by the Scottish Parliament in Arbroath Abbey and sent to the pope at Avignon, France. Engineering, packaging, oil-related industries, food processing, and tourism are…

Arbuckle orogeny, period of high-angle block faulting, some thrusting and tilting of strata, and deposition of coarse clastic sediments in adjacent basins in the Wichita-Arbuckle System of western Oklahoma and the Texas panhandle. The faulting began in the Middle Pennsylvanian, culminated in the

Roscoe Arbuckle was a rotund American comedian and film director of the silent era whose successful career was halted by the first of the major Hollywood scandals. (Read Lillian Gish’s 1929 Britannica essay on silent film.) Arbuckle began entering five-dollar amateur shows in his preteen years, and

Roscoe Arbuckle was a rotund American comedian and film director of the silent era whose successful career was halted by the first of the major Hollywood scandals. (Read Lillian Gish’s 1929 Britannica essay on silent film.) Arbuckle began entering five-dollar amateur shows in his preteen years, and

Roscoe Arbuckle was a rotund American comedian and film director of the silent era whose successful career was halted by the first of the major Hollywood scandals. (Read Lillian Gish’s 1929 Britannica essay on silent film.) Arbuckle began entering five-dollar amateur shows in his preteen years, and

Estonian literature: The Arbujad group (which also took its name from a word with origins in mythology) of the mid-1930s, on the other hand, stressed intellectual and aesthetic aspects of literature. Leading poets were Betti Alver, whose skillful use of symbolic imagery was shown in Tolm ja tuli…

Diane Arbus was an American photographer, best known for her compelling, often disturbing, portraits of people from the edges of society. Diane Nemerov was the daughter of Gertrude Russek and David Nemerov, proprietors of a department store. Her older brother was the poet and critic Howard Nemerov.

Warrumbungle Range, mountain chain in northern New South Wales, Australia. Extending northwest for 80 mi (130 km) and volcanic in origin, the massif rises abruptly from a plain to an average elevation of 2,000 ft (600 m) culminating in Mt. Exmouth (3,953 ft). It was crossed in 1818 by the explorer

John Arbuthnot was a Scottish mathematician, physician, and occasional writer, remembered as the close friend of Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, and John Gay and as a founding member of their famous Scriblerus Club, which aimed to ridicule bad literature and false learning. After taking a medical

arbutus, (genus Arbutus), genus of about 11 species of broad-leaved evergreen shrubs or trees of the heath family (Ericaceae). The plants are native to southern Europe and western North America, and several species are cultivated as ornamentals. Arbutus species are characterized by white or pink

arbutus: Major species: Variously known as madrona, Pacific madrona, laurelwood, and Oregon laurel, A. menziesii occurs in western North America from British Columbia to California. It grows about 23 metres (75 feet) tall. The dark oblong glossy leaves are 5–15 cm (2–6 inches) long and are coloured grayish green beneath. The…

arbutus: Major species: The strawberry tree, A. unedo, is native to southwestern Europe but was introduced into warm regions of western North America. It grows 3–9 metres (10–30 feet) tall, with one to several trunks, and has lustrous elliptic or oblong leaves about 9 cm (3.5 inches) long. The…

fast food: Criticism and response: For example, American sandwich chain Arby’s adopted the descriptor “Fast crafted” in the mid-2010s, and ice-cream chain Dairy Queen revealed the slogan “Fan food, not fast food” about the same time. The industry itself largely uses the term quick-service restaurant, or QSR.

geoid: The ancients: Knowing the length of an arc (l) and the size of the corresponding central angle (a) that it subtends, one can obtain the radius of the sphere from the simple proportion that length of arc to size of the great circle (or circumference, 2πR, in which R is Earth’s radius)…

human sexual activity: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: …to as AIDS-related complex (ARC) and include fever, rashes, weight loss, and wasting. Opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, neoplasms such as Kaposi sarcoma, and central nervous system dysfunction are also common complications. The patient eventually dies, unable to mount an immunologic defense against the constant onslaught of…

Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC), U.S. federal-state agency established by Congress in 1965 to promote development in Appalachia. The region, which lies across the spine of the Appalachian Mountains, runs from southern New York to northern Mississippi. As defined by the commission, it has an

Arc de Triomphe, massive triumphal arch in Paris, France, one of the world’s best-known commemorative monuments. The Arc de Triomphe is an iconic symbol of French national identity and took 30 years to build. The Tour de France bicycle race ends near it each year, and the annual military parade

Arc de Triomphe, massive triumphal arch in Paris, France, one of the world’s best-known commemorative monuments. The Arc de Triomphe is an iconic symbol of French national identity and took 30 years to build. The Tour de France bicycle race ends near it each year, and the annual military parade

Paris: The Triumphal Way: Northwest from the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel (Carrousel Triumphal Arch), located in the courtyard between the open arms of the Louvre, extends one of the most remarkable perspectives to be seen in any modern city. It is sometimes called la Voie Triomphale (“the Triumphal Way”). From the…

arc furnace, type of electric furnace (q.v.) in which heat is generated by an arc between carbon electrodes above the surface of the material (commonly a metal) being

arc lamp, device for producing light by maintaining an electric arc across a gap between two conductors; light comes from the heated ends of the conductors (usually carbon rods) as well as from the arc itself. Arc lamps are used in applications requiring great brightness, as in searchlights, large

Steve Winwood: His next album, Arc of a Diver (1980), scored well with critics and the public and spawned the hit single “While You See a Chance.” Both Talking Back to the Night (1982) and Back in the High Life (1986), which contained the Grammy-winning song “Higher Love,” achieved platinum…

Isère River: The Arc River, which rises in the Mont Levanna glaciers to the southwest of the Isère on the Italian frontier and flows along the Maurienne Valley through Modane and Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, joins it from the west, midway along the Combe de Savoie depression. The combined stream crosses…

trigonometry: Analytic trigonometry: …the sine function is written arcsin or sin−1, thus sin−1(sin x) = sin (sin−1 x) = x. The other trigonometric inverse functions are defined similarly.

arc welding, use of a sustained luminous electrical discharge (arc) as a source of heat for melting the filler metal (welding rod) and the metals being welded. See

electric arc, continuous, high-density electric current between two separated conductors in a gas or vapour with a relatively low potential difference, or voltage, across the conductors. The high-intensity light and heat of arcs are utilized in welding, in carbon-arc lamps and arc furnaces that