acacia: Major species: The babul tree (Vachellia nilotica, formerly A. arabica), of tropical Africa and across Asia, yields both an inferior type of gum arabic and a tannin that is extensively used in India. Sweet acacia (V. farnesiana, formerly A. farnesiana) is native to the southwestern United States and…

Nepal: Plant life: These forests consist mainly of khair (Acacia catechu), a spring tree with yellow flowers and flat pods; sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo), an East Indian tree yielding dark brown durable timber; and sal (Shorea robusta), an East Indian timber tree with foliage providing food for lac insects (which deposit lac, a resinous…

angiosperm: Contribution to food chain: …petioles of bull’s-horn thorn (Acacia collinsii; Fabaceae). Ants live inside the hollow modified spinous structures of bull’s-horn thorn and feed on the nectar. In return for this food source, they attack and destroy animals of all sizes as well as other plants that contact the acacia plant. In doing…

acacia: Major species: decurrens), and the silver wattle (A. dealbata). A few species produce valuable timber, among them the Australian blackwood (A. melanoxylon); the yarran (A. omalophylla), also of Australia; and A. koa of Hawaii. Many of the Australian acacia species have been widely introduced elsewhere as cultivated small trees valued…

acacia: Major species: pycnantha), the green wattle (A. decurrens), and the silver wattle (A. dealbata). A few species produce valuable timber, among them the Australian blackwood (A. melanoxylon); the yarran (A. omalophylla), also of Australia; and A. koa of Hawaii. Many of the Australian acacia species have been widely introduced…

acacia: Major species: Sweet acacia (V. farnesiana, formerly A. farnesiana) is native to the southwestern United States and Mexico.

gum arabic, dried water-soluble exudate that comes primarily from two species of acacia in sub-Saharan Africa, Acacia senegal and A. seyal, and that has numerous applications, particularly in the food industry and in areas such as ceramics, painting, photography, and printmaking. Humans have in

acacia: Major species: melanoxylon); the yarran (A. omalophylla), also of Australia; and A. koa of Hawaii. Many of the Australian acacia species have been widely introduced elsewhere as cultivated small trees valued for their spectacular floral displays.

conservation: Secondary extinctions: …mainly on large koa (Acacia koa) trees (see acacia). Today, however, few koa forests remain, because the trees have been overharvested for their attractive wood. Yet another Hawaiian honeycreeper, a seed-eating species called the palila (Loxioides bailleui), is endangered because it depends almost exclusively on the seeds of one…

acacia: Major species: …valuable timber, among them the Australian blackwood (A. melanoxylon); the yarran (A. omalophylla), also of Australia; and A. koa of Hawaii. Many of the Australian acacia species have been widely introduced elsewhere as cultivated small trees valued for their spectacular floral displays.

grassland: Biota: …invaded by the African shrub Acacia nilotica, introduced by humans.

acacia: Major species: …of tannin, among them the golden wattle (A. pycnantha), the green wattle (A. decurrens), and the silver wattle (A. dealbata). A few species produce valuable timber, among them the Australian blackwood (A. melanoxylon); the yarran (A. omalophylla), also of Australia; and A. koa of Hawaii. Many of the

acacia: Major species: Gum acacia (Acacia senegal), native to the Sudan region in Africa, yields true gum arabic, a substance used in adhesives, pharmaceuticals, inks, confections, and other products. The bark of most acacias is rich in tannin, which is used in tanning and in dyes, inks, pharmaceuticals, and other…

Acacian Schism, (484–519), in Christian history, split between the patriarchate of Constantinople and the Roman see, caused by an edict by Byzantine patriarch Acacius that was deemed inadmissible by Pope Felix III. With the support of the Byzantine emperor Zeno, Acacius in 482 drew up an edict, the

Saint Felix III: Felix excommunicated Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople, in 484 for publishing with the emperor Zeno a document called the Henotikon, which appeared to favour Monophysitism, a doctrine that had been denounced at the Council of Chalcedon (451). The excommunication created the 35-year Acacian Schism. Felix’ Lateran Council of…

Homoean: …Christian Church, a follower of Acacius, bishop of Caesarea. The Homoeans taught a form of Arianism that asserted that the Son was distinct from, but like (Greek homoios), the Father, as opposed to the Nicene Creed, which stated that the Son is “of one substance” (Greek homoousios) with the Father.

Academy, in ancient Greece, the academy, or college, of philosophy in the northwestern outskirts of Athens where Plato acquired property about 387 bce and used to teach. At the site there had been an olive grove, a park, and a gymnasium sacred to the legendary Attic hero Academus (or Hecademus).

Academy, in ancient Greece, the academy, or college, of philosophy in the northwestern outskirts of Athens where Plato acquired property about 387 bce and used to teach. At the site there had been an olive grove, a park, and a gymnasium sacred to the legendary Attic hero Academus (or Hecademus).

Academy Bay, bay at the south end of Santa Cruz (Indefatigable) Island (one of the Galapagos Islands), in the eastern Pacific Ocean about 600 miles (965 km) west of mainland Ecuador. Named in 1905 by the California Academy of Sciences Expedition, it is the site of the Charles Darwin Research

encyclopaedia: CD-ROM encyclopaedias: , issued its Academic American Encyclopedia on CD-ROM. This text-only version received still illustrations in 1990, and in 1992, with the addition of audio and video, it became the New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Multimedia enhancement had been introduced in 1989 by Compton’s MultiMedia Encyclopedia, owned by Encyclopædia Britannica,…

degree, in education, any of several titles conferred by colleges and universities to indicate the completion of a course of study or the extent of academic achievement. The hierarchy of degrees dates back to the universities of 13th-century Europe, which had faculties organized into guilds.

Academic Festival Overture, Op. 80, overture composed by Johannes Brahms on the occasion of his receiving an honorary doctorate of music from the University of Breslau (now the University of Wrocław in Wrocław, Poland). The work was composed in 1880 and first performed on January 4, 1881. No doubt

academic freedom, the freedom of teachers and students to teach, study, and pursue knowledge and research without unreasonable interference or restriction from law, institutional regulations, or public pressure. Its basic elements include the freedom of teachers to inquire into any subject that

Cicero: Philosophy of Cicero: …conversion; the difficult Academica (Academic Philosophy), which defends suspension of judgment; De finibus, (is it pleasure, virtue, or something more complex?); and De officiis (Moral Obligation). Except in the last book of De officiis, Cicero lays no claim to originality in these works. Writing to Atticus, he says of…

epistemology: Ancient Skepticism: The first, Academic Skepticism, arose in the Academy (the school founded by Plato) in the 3rd century bce and was propounded by the Greek philosopher Arcesilaus (c. 315–c. 240 bce), about whom Cicero (106–43 bce), Sextus Empiricus (flourished 3rd century ce), and

Cicero: Philosophy of Cicero: …conversion; the difficult Academica (Academic Philosophy), which defends suspension of judgment; De finibus, (is it pleasure, virtue, or something more complex?); and De officiis (Moral Obligation). Except in the last book of De officiis, Cicero lays no claim to originality in these works. Writing to Atticus, he says of…

higher education: Systems of higher education in France and Germany: French educational districts, called académies, are under the direction of a rector, an appointee of the national government who also is in charge of the university in each district. The uniformity in curriculum throughout the country leaves each university with little to distinguish itself. Hence, many students prefer to…

Academy of Sciences, institution established in Paris in 1666 under the patronage of Louis XIV to advise the French government on scientific matters. This advisory role has been largely taken over by other bodies, but the academy is still an important representative of French science on the

French Academy, French literary academy, established by the French first minister Cardinal Richelieu in 1634 and incorporated in 1635. It has existed, except for an interruption during the era of the French Revolution, to the present day. The original purpose of the French Academy was to maintain

Marin Mersenne: …Mersenne formed the informal, private Académie Parisienne (the precursor to the French Academy of Sciences), where many of the leading mathematicians and natural philosophers of France shared their research. He used this forum to disseminate the ideas of René Descartes, who had moved to the Netherlands in 1629. He also…

Academy of Sciences, institution established in Paris in 1666 under the patronage of Louis XIV to advise the French government on scientific matters. This advisory role has been largely taken over by other bodies, but the academy is still an important representative of French science on the

École des Beaux-Arts, school of fine arts founded (as the Académie Royale d’Architecture) in Paris in 1671 by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, minister of Louis XIV; it merged with the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture (founded in 1648) in 1793. The school offered instruction in drawing, painting,

Jacques-Louis David: Formative years: …in the school of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. After four failures in the official competitions and years of discouragement that included an attempt at suicide (by the stoic method of avoiding food), he finally obtained, in 1774, the Prix de Rome, a government scholarship that not only…

Paris Opéra Ballet, ballet company established in France in 1661 by Louis XIV as the Royal Academy of Dance (Académie Royale de Danse) and amalgamated with the Royal Academy of Music in 1672. As part of the Théâtre National de l’Opéra, the company dominated European theatrical dance of the 18th and

Academy, in ancient Greece, the academy, or college, of philosophy in the northwestern outskirts of Athens where Plato acquired property about 387 bce and used to teach. At the site there had been an olive grove, a park, and a gymnasium sacred to the legendary Attic hero Academus (or Hecademus).

academy, a society of learned individuals organized to advance art, science, literature, music, or some other cultural or intellectual area of endeavour. From its original reference in Greek to the philosophical school of Plato, the word has come to refer much more generally to an institution of

mathematics: Institutional background: The academy was the predominant institution of science until it was displaced by the university in the 19th century. The leading mathematicians of the period, such as Leonhard Euler, Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, and Joseph-Louis Lagrange, pursued academic careers at St. Petersburg, Paris, and London.

Academy Award, any of a number of awards presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, located in Beverly Hills, California, U.S., to recognize achievement in the film industry. The awards were first presented in 1929, and winners receive a gold-plated statuette commonly

Academy Award for best actor, award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, located in Beverly Hills, California. It honors the male actor in a leading role who delivered the most outstanding performance in a movie of a given year, as determined by the academy’s

Academy Award for best actress, award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, located in Beverly Hills, California. It honours the actress in a leading role who delivered the most outstanding performance in a movie of a given year, as determined by the academy’s

The Academy Award for best adapted screenplay is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, located in Beverly Hills, California. It honors outstanding achievement by screenwriters for a screenplay adapted from another work, such as a play or novel, from a given

award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, located in Beverly Hills, California. It honors outstanding achievement by a cinematographer in a movie from a given year, as determined by the academy’s voting members. At the inaugural Academy Awards ceremony, in 1929,

Academy Award for best director, award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, located in Beverly Hills, California. It honors outstanding achievement by a director in a movie from a given year, as determined by the academy’s voting members. At the first Academy

The Academy Award for best original screenplay is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, located in Beverly Hills, California. It honors outstanding achievement by screenwriters for an original screenplay (not one adapted from another work, such as a play or

Academy Award for best picture, award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, located in Beverly Hills, California, U.S. It honors the film deemed the best of a given year—as determined by the academy’s voting members—and is typically regarded as the most prestigious

Each year the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honors the man who delivered the most outstanding performance in a supporting role in a movie of a given year, as determined by the academy’s voting members. The winning actor is given a gold-plated statuette known as an Oscar at the annual

Each year the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honours the actress in a supporting role who delivered the most outstanding performance in a movie of a given year. The winning actress is given a gold-plated statuette known as an Oscar at the annual ceremony. The first Academy Awards

Academy Award, any of a number of awards presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, located in Beverly Hills, California, U.S., to recognize achievement in the film industry. The awards were first presented in 1929, and winners receive a gold-plated statuette commonly

Academy Bay, bay at the south end of Santa Cruz (Indefatigable) Island (one of the Galapagos Islands), in the eastern Pacific Ocean about 600 miles (965 km) west of mainland Ecuador. Named in 1905 by the California Academy of Sciences Expedition, it is the site of the Charles Darwin Research

motion-picture technology: Sound reproduction: …Electrical Characteristic of 1938, or Academy Curve, so that frequencies above 8,000 hertz (Hz) are “rolled off.” This practice dates from an era when sound tracks had a large degree of ground noise and vacuum tube amplifiers produced an audible hiss concentrated in the upper frequencies. A treble boost is…

Renzo Piano: …York City; and the long-delayed Academy Museum of Motion Pictures (2021), Los Angeles. His portfolio remained diverse, however, and he designed a new building for the Paris Courthouse (2017); a school building (2019) in Shenzhen, China; a residential tower (565 Broome Soho; 2019) in New York, New York; and the…

Crusca Academy, Italian literary academy founded in Florence in 1582 for the purpose of purifying Tuscan, the literary language of the Italian Renaissance. Partially through the efforts of its members, the Tuscan dialect, particularly as it had been employed by Petrarch and Boccaccio, became the

Galleries of the Academy of Venice, museum of art in Venice housing an unrivaled collection of paintings from the Venetian masters of the 13th through 18th century. There are outstanding works by Giovanni Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Rosalba Carriera, and

Giacomo Antonio Domenico Quarenghi: …of academic structures, including the Academy of Sciences (1785–90), the Catherine Institute (1804–07; now the Saltykov-Shchedrin Library), and the Smolny Institute (1806–08). At the royal residence of Tsarskoye Selo (now Pushkin), Quarenghi designed the baths, concert hall, church, the Alexander Palace, and other structures.

Academy of Sciences, highest scientific society and principal coordinating body for research in natural and social sciences, technology, and production in Russia. The organization was established in St. Petersburg, Russia, on February 8 (January 28, Old Style), 1724. Membership in the academy is by

Ukraine: Education: …single scientific organization is the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Founded in 1918 (when Ukraine was briefly an independent state), the academy grew as an institution of research and learning during the Soviet period. Following Soviet leader Joseph Stalin’s purges of the 1930s, the academy’s humanities and social science sections…

Akademii Nauk Range, mountain range, western Pamirs, central Tajikistan. The mountains, extending north-south, are approximately 68 miles (110 km) in length and are composed mostly of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, together with some granite. Glaciation from permanent snowcaps extends over an

Galleries of the Academy of Venice, museum of art in Venice housing an unrivaled collection of paintings from the Venetian masters of the 13th through 18th century. There are outstanding works by Giovanni Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Rosalba Carriera, and

film: Framing: …most common, known as the Academy ratio, is 1.33 to 1, or 4 to 3, a ratio corresponding to the dimensions of the frame of 35-mm film. By using 70-mm film or a special CinemaScope lens, an image with wider horizontal and shorter vertical dimensions is achieved—a proportion of about…

Acadia, North American Atlantic seaboard possessions of France in the 17th and 18th centuries. Centred in what are now New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, Acadia was probably intended to include parts of Maine (U.S.) and Quebec. The first organized French settlement in Acadia was

Acadia National Park, national park on the Atlantic coast of Maine, U.S., astride Frenchman Bay. It has an area of 65 square miles (168 square km) and was originally established as Sieur de Monts National Monument (1916), named for Pierre du Guast, sieur (lord) de Monts. It became the first

Acadia University, Privately endowed university in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada. Founded in 1838, it took its current name and status in 1891. It has faculties of arts, professional studies, science, theology, education, and graduate studies. Acadia ranks among the country’s top undergraduate

Acadian, descendant of the French settlers of Acadia (French: Acadie), the French colony on the Atlantic coast of North America in what is now the Maritime Provinces of Canada. In 1604 Acadia was visited by Samuel de Champlain and Pierre du Gua, sieur de Monts, and the French established a colony

North America: The Eastern Upland forest: Also known as the Acadian forest in Canada, the Eastern Upland forest covers much of the central and northern Appalachians and New England; there, polar continental air is pronounced, while elevation modifies the tropical maritime winds. The growing season ranges from 90…

Acadian orogeny, a mountain-building event that affected an area from present-day New York to Newfoundland during the Devonian Period (416 to 359.2 million years ago). Originally a depositional fore-arc basin formed from what was formerly known as the Appalachian Geosyncline; subsequent

Gulf of Saint Lawrence: …most important, known as the Acadian Platform, occupies a large semicircle between the Gaspé Peninsula and Cape Breton. The relief of this area is not at all uniform because it includes depressions such as the Chaleurs Trough, shelves such as the Bradelle Bank, the Northumberland Strait, and above-water sections such…

Acadia, North American Atlantic seaboard possessions of France in the 17th and 18th centuries. Centred in what are now New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, Acadia was probably intended to include parts of Maine (U.S.) and Quebec. The first organized French settlement in Acadia was

acai, (Euterpe oleracea), species of palm cultivated for both its fruit and edible hearts of palm. Native to tropical South and Central America, acai palms are common along the Amazon River estuary and are cultivated on floodplains, especially in the state of Pará in Brazil. The plant has long been

acai, (Euterpe oleracea), species of palm cultivated for both its fruit and edible hearts of palm. Native to tropical South and Central America, acai palms are common along the Amazon River estuary and are cultivated on floodplains, especially in the state of Pará in Brazil. The plant has long been

Acajutla, Pacific seaport, southwestern El Salvador. Spanish conquistadores defeated the indigenous people there in 1524, and it subsequently flourished as a colonial port. The old town has been rebuilt inland in order to make room for new port facilities. Acajutla is El Salvador’s principal port

Fudō Myō-ō, in Japanese Buddhist mythology, the fierce form of the Buddha Vairocana, and the most important of the Myō-ō class of deities. See

bhūmi: …nirvana), (7) dūraṅgamā (“far-going”), (8) acalā (“immovable”), (9) sādhumatī (“good-minded”), and (10) dharmameghā (showered with “clouds of dharma,” or universal truth).

Fudō Myō-ō, in Japanese Buddhist mythology, the fierce form of the Buddha Vairocana, and the most important of the Myō-ō class of deities. See

cucumber beetle: The striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vittatum) has two black stripes on each wing cover (elytron), and the spotted cucumber beetle (D. undecimpunctata) has black spots on each wing cover. They both feed on garden plants, and their larvae feed on the roots. The green-colored D. longicornis…

copperleaf: Major species: Another ornamental species, the chenille plant, also called bristly copperleaf or red hot cattail (A. hispida), reaches a height of 3 metres (10 feet) and is grown for its long tail-like pendent flower spikes that are rust-red in colour. It is native to tropical eastern Asia. A. godseffiana, which…

copperleaf: Major species: …is also widely known as Jacob’s coat and as match-me-if-you-can. The copperleaf is native to Polynesia. It reaches about 3 metres (10 feet) in height, though one variety attains a height of about 6 metres (20 feet).

dipteran: Annotated classification: Section Acalyptrata Thoracic squamae (i.e., calypters that join base of wing to thorax) are small or evanescent; small soft-bodied flies; major families well established; placement of genera uncertain; families can be grouped according to food preferences of larvae. Flies breeding in vegetable compost and dung Family…

smallpox: History: The new vaccine, called ACAM2000, is produced using basic cell-culture techniques that allow it to be made quickly and in sufficient quantity in the event of a national smallpox emergency.

Soli: …War by the Attic hero Acamas, perhaps reflecting the Sea Peoples’ occupation of Cyprus (c. 1193 bc). According to another legend, however, the city was named for the Athenian lawgiver Solon (flourished 6th century bc), who was supposed to have visited Cyprus. Soli was probably an ally of Assyria in…

Acámbaro, city, southeastern Guanajuato estado (state), central Mexico. Acámbaro lies along the Lerma River in the southern portion of the Mesa Central at 6,388 feet (1,947 metres) above sea level. A Spanish settlement was founded there in 1526 on the site of a small Tarascan Indian village. With

alcoholism: Physiological therapies: …naltrexone (an opiate antagonist) and acamprosate, or calcium acetylhomotaurinate (a modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA] and N-methyl-D-aspartate [NMDA] receptors), have, like disulfiram, been effective in reducing relapse over periods up to a year. But there is no evidence that either of these agents reduces the risk of relapse over the…

Alalakh, ancient Syrian city in the Orontes (Asi) valley, southern Turkey. Excavations (1936–49) by Sir Leonard Woolley uncovered numerous impressive buildings, including a massive structure known as the palace of Yarim-Lim, dating from c. 1780 bce, when Alalakh was the chief city of the district

Acanthaceae, one of 24 families in the mint order (Lamiales) of flowering plants, containing approximately 220 genera and nearly 4,000 species distributed predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The greater part of the Acanthaceae family are herbs or shrubs, but vines and

protozoan: Annotated classification: Acanthamoebidae Uninucleate cells. Form nonadhesive uroids. Glycocalyx is thin. Subpseudopodia are prominent. Cysts are double-walled. Entamoebida Lack flagella, centrioles, mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, and peroxisomes. Mitosis is closed. Possess reduced Golgi dictyosomes.

marine ecosystem: Plankton: radiolarians, acantharians, and ciliates. Many of these protists are important consumers and a food source for zooplankton.

crown-of-thorns starfish, (Acanthaster planci), reddish and heavy-spined species of the phylum Echinodermata. The adult has from 12 to 19 arms, is typically 45 centimetres (18 inches) across, and feeds on coral polyps. Beginning about 1963 it increased enormously on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef.

spiny-headed worm: Natural history.: …a new stage called an acanthella. The acanthella, a miniature version of the adult, withdraws its armed proboscis before entering a resting stage during which it is known as a cystacanth. Once again, no further development occurs unless the cystacanth is ingested by its definitive host, a vertebrate. If ingested,…

linnet, (Carduelis, sometimes Acanthis, cannabina), seed-eating European finch of the family Fringillidae (order Passeriformes). It is 13 cm (5 inches) long and brown streaked, with a white-edged forked tail; the crown and breast of the male are red. It is a hedgerow singer, and flocks forage for

rifleman, (Acanthisitta chloris), a New Zealand wren of the family

Xenicidae, bird family of the order Passeriformes; its members are commonly known as New Zealand wrens. The three living species are the rock wren (Xenicus gilviventris) and the rare bush wren (X. longipes) on South Island and, common to both islands, the rifleman (Acanthisitta chloris). A fourth

acanthite, a silver sulfide mineral (Ag2S) that is the most important ore of silver. It is abundant, with other silver minerals, in the sulfide mineral deposits of Kongsberg, Nor.; Kremnica, Slovakia; Zacatecas, Mex.; and the Comstock Lode, Nev., U.S. Argentite is the high-temperature form of

passeriform: Annotated classification: Family Acanthizidae (Australian warblers) Tiny to small songbirds 8–12 cm (3.1–4.7 inches), some with beautiful songs. The weebill is Australia’s smallest bird. Mostly drab brown and gray in colour and difficult to identify. Includes thornbills (Acanthiza) and fairy warblers (Gerygone). About 15 genera, 62 species. Australia, New…

annelid: Annotated classification: ); size, small; genera include Acanthobdella. Order Rhynchobdellida An eversible pharynx used to penetrate host tissue; jawless; distinct blood vessels contain colourless blood; freshwater or marine inhabitants; size, minute to 20 cm; examples of genera: Glossisphonia, Piscicola,

annelid: Annotated classification: Order Acanthobdellida Primitive group; setae present on 5 anterior segments; no anterior sucker; parasitic on fish in Lake Baikal (U.S.S.R.); size, small; genera include Acanthobdella. Order Rhynchobdellida An eversible pharynx used to penetrate host tissue; jawless; distinct blood vessels contain colourless blood;

spiny-headed worm, any animal of the invertebrate phylum Acanthocephala. A proboscis, or snout, which bears hooks, gives the group its name. There are about 1,150 recorded species, all of which parasitize vertebrates (usually fish) as adults and arthropods (usually insects or crustaceans) as

spiny-headed worm, any animal of the invertebrate phylum Acanthocephala. A proboscis, or snout, which bears hooks, gives the group its name. There are about 1,150 recorded species, all of which parasitize vertebrates (usually fish) as adults and arthropods (usually insects or crustaceans) as

filariasis: Types of filariasis: …of filariasis are caused by Acanthocheilonema perstans and Mansonella ozzardi and are not in most cases associated with specific symptoms. The prevention of filariasis relies heavily on insecticides and insect repellents.

wahoo, (Acanthocybium solanderi), swift-moving, powerful, predacious food and game fish of the family Scombridae (order Perciformes) found worldwide, especially in the tropics. The wahoo is a slim, streamlined fish with sharp-toothed, beaklike jaws and a tapered body ending in a slender tail base

heliozoan: …similar species commonly called the green sun animalcule because its body is coloured by harmless symbiotic green algae (zoochlorellae). Actinosphaerium species are multinucleate, often reaching a diameter of 1 mm (0.04 inch).

red blood cell: …appearance in the hereditary disorder acanthocytosis. The number of red cells and the amount of hemoglobin vary among different individuals and under different conditions; the number is higher, for example, in persons who live at high altitudes and in the disease polycythemia. At birth the red cell count is high;…