Arkhangelsk, city and administrative center of Arkhangelsk oblast (province), Russia, on the Northern Dvina River, 30 miles (50 km) from the White Sea. With its suburbs, Solombala and Ekonomiya, the city extends for 10 miles (16 km) along the river. Founded in 1584 as the fortified monastery of the

archangel, any of several chiefs, rulers, or princes of angels in the hierarchy of angels of the major Western religions, especially Judaism, Christianity, and Islām, and of certain syncretic religions, such as Gnosticism. See

Moscow: The Kremlin of Moscow: Michael the Archangel, was rebuilt in 1505–08; in it are buried the princes of Moscow and the tsars of Russia (except Boris Godunov) up to the founding of St. Petersburg.

Iron Guard, Romanian fascist organization that constituted a major social and political force between 1930 and 1941. In 1927 Corneliu Zelea Codreanu founded the Legion of the Archangel Michael, which later became known as the Legion or Legionary Movement; it was committed to the “Christian and

Vladimir Mitrofanovich Purishkevich: …splinter group known as the Union of the Archangel Michael. A vigorous supporter of the Russian war effort during World War I, Purishkevich was one of the conspirators in the murder of Grigory Rasputin in December 1916.

wood tar: Pine-wood tar, commonly called Stockholm, or Archangel, tar, is made extensively in the forests of Russia, Sweden, and Finland. It is the residue after the turpentine has been distilled, usually with the aid of steam. It is widely used in manufacturing tarred ropes and twine…

archbishop, in the Christian church, a bishop who, in addition to his ordinary episcopal authority in his own diocese, usually has jurisdiction (but no superiority of order) over the other bishops of a province. The functions of an archbishop developed out of those of the metropolitan, a bishop

Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton: His first book was Archbishop Laud, 1573–1645 (1940), a biography of the archbishop of Canterbury and adviser to King Charles I. During World War II, Trevor-Roper was an intelligence officer and helped investigate Hitler’s death. In 1947 his book The Last Days of Hitler was published, and it quickly…

Arthur Miller: The Archbishop’s Ceiling, produced in Washington, D.C., in 1977, dealt with the Soviet treatment of dissident writers. The American Clock, a series of dramatic vignettes based on Studs Terkel’s Hard Times (about the Great Depression), was produced at the 1980 American Spoleto Festival in Charleston,…

bowerbird: …made by Archbold’s bowerbird (Archboldia papuensis). The stagemaker, or tooth-billed catbird (Scenopoeetes dentirostris), of forests of northeastern Australia, arranges leaves silvery-side up (withered ones are carried aside) to form a “circus ring.”

bowerbird: …made by Archbold’s bowerbird (Archboldia papuensis). The stagemaker, or tooth-billed catbird (Scenopoeetes dentirostris), of forests of northeastern Australia, arranges leaves silvery-side up (withered ones are carried aside) to form a “circus ring.”

diplomatics: The royal chanceries of medieval France and Germany: …of the chancery were the archchancellors, but the office was entirely honorary and soon came to be automatically held, as far as Germany was concerned, by whoever was archbishop of Mainz. When the German kings or emperors established administrations in Italy, Italian bishops were at first made archchancellors for Italy,…

archdeacon, in the Christian church, originally the chief deacon at the bishop’s church; during the European Middle Ages, a chief official of the diocese; an honorary title in the modern Roman Catholic church. The name was first used in the 4th century, although a similar office existed in the very

history of Europe: Ecclesiastical organization: The archdiocese was divided into dioceses, each ruled by a bishop, who supervised his own administration and episcopal court. In ecclesiastical tradition, bishops were considered the successors of the Apostles, and a strong sense of episcopal collegiality between pope and bishops survived well into the age…

archduke, a title, proper in modern times for members of the house of Habsburg. The title of archduke Palatine (Pfalz-Erzherzog) was first assumed by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, on the strength of a forged privilege, in the hope of gaining for the dukes of Austria an equal status with the electors

archduke, a title, proper in modern times for members of the house of Habsburg. The title of archduke Palatine (Pfalz-Erzherzog) was first assumed by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, on the strength of a forged privilege, in the hope of gaining for the dukes of Austria an equal status with the electors

David Teniers, the Younger: , The Archduke Leopold William in His Picture Gallery in Brussels, c. 1651; Kunsthistoriches Museum, Vienna). He also made many small-scale individual copies of paintings in the archduke’s collection by foreign artists, especially Italians. Of these, 244 were engraved in 1660 under the title Theatrum Pictorium.…

Archduke Trio, trio for piano, violin, and cello by Ludwig van Beethoven, which premiered on April 11, 1814, in Vienna. The premiere of the Archduke Trio was one of Beethoven’s final concert performances as a pianist, because of his increasing deafness. Dedicated to Archduke Rudolf of

Western philosophy: Monistic cosmologies: Thus, the term arche, which originally simply meant “beginning,” acquired the new meaning of “principle,” a term that henceforth played an enormous role in philosophy down to the present. This concept of a principle that remains the same through many transmutations is, furthermore, the presupposition of the idea…

Archean Eon, the earlier of the two formal divisions of Precambrian time (about 4.6 billion to 541 million years ago) and the period when life first formed on Earth. The Archean Eon began about 4 billion years ago with the formation of Earth’s crust and extended to the start of the Proterozoic Eon

Australia: Chronological summary: Archean rocks (those more than 2.5 billion years old) crop out within the two-thirds of Australia that lies west of the Tasman Line. Individual blocks of Archean rocks became embedded in Proterozoic fold belts (those from about 2.5 billion to 541 million years old) to…

stringed instrument: Morphology: The arched belly (or soundboard) of the violin and its relatives is supported in a curiously unorthodox and individual way, quite different from the regular barring of instruments with flat soundboards. The sound post is a loose stick of pine, carefully cut to size, that is…

arched harp, musical instrument in which the neck extends from and forms a bow-shaped curve with the body. One of the principal forms of harp, it is apparently also the most ancient: depictions of arched harps survive from Sumer and Egypt from about 3000 bc. Both areas had harps played in vertical

archegonium, the female reproductive organ in ferns and mosses. An archegonium also occurs in some gymnosperms, e.g., cycads and conifers. A flask-shaped structure, it consists of a neck, with one or more layers of cells, and a swollen base—the venter—which contains the egg. Neck-canal cells,

archegonium, the female reproductive organ in ferns and mosses. An archegonium also occurs in some gymnosperms, e.g., cycads and conifers. A flask-shaped structure, it consists of a neck, with one or more layers of cells, and a swollen base—the venter—which contains the egg. Neck-canal cells,

Herod Archelaus was the son and principal heir of Herod I the Great as king of Judaea, deposed by Rome because of his unpopularity with the Jews. Named in his father’s will as ruler of the largest part of the Judaean kingdom—Judaea proper, Idumaea, and Samaria—Archelaus went to Rome (4 bc) to

Archelaus was the last king of Cappadocia (reigned 36 bc–c. ad 17), a Roman client during the late republic and the early empire. Although granted the kingdom by Mark Antony, Archelaus retained his crown by making peace with Octavian (later the emperor Augustus) after Antony’s defeat at the Battle

Archelaus was the king of Macedonia from 413 to 399. Although he acceded to power illegally, Archelaus was a capable and beneficent ruler. His father was King Perdiccas II (reigned c. 450–413) and his mother a slave. Archelaus seized the throne after murdering his uncle, his cousin, and his half

Archelaus was the last king of Cappadocia (reigned 36 bc–c. ad 17), a Roman client during the late republic and the early empire. Although granted the kingdom by Mark Antony, Archelaus retained his crown by making peace with Octavian (later the emperor Augustus) after Antony’s defeat at the Battle

Archelon, extinct giant sea turtle known from fossilized remains found in North American rocks of the Late Cretaceous epoch (100 million to 66 million years ago). Archelon, protected by a shell similar to that found in modern sea turtles, reached a length of about 3.5 m (12 feet). The front feet

human digestive system: Embryonic development: …entoderm), surrounds a cavity, the archenteron, which has an opening to the exterior at the point at which invagination occurred; this opening is called the blastopore. The archenteron eventually becomes the cavity of the digestive tract, and the blastopore becomes the anus; the mouth arises as a new opening.

archaeology, the scientific study of the material remains of past human life and activities. These include human artifacts from the very earliest stone tools to the man-made objects that are buried or thrown away in the present day: everything made by human beings—from simple tools to complex

Archean Eon, the earlier of the two formal divisions of Precambrian time (about 4.6 billion to 541 million years ago) and the period when life first formed on Earth. The Archean Eon began about 4 billion years ago with the formation of Earth’s crust and extended to the start of the Proterozoic Eon

Sagittarius, in astronomy, zodiacal constellation in the southern sky lying between Capricornus and Scorpius, at about 19 hours right ascension and 25° south declination. The centre of the Milky Way Galaxy lies in the radio source Sagittarius A*. Near the western border of Sagittarius is the winter

rocket and missile system: Air-to-air: The AA-11 Archer was a short-range missile used in combination with the Amos and Alamo.

Patricia A. Woertz: …of the agricultural processing corporation Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM) from 2006 to 2014.

archer fish, any of seven species of Indo-Pacific fishes of the family Toxotidae (order Perciformes) noted for their ability to knock their insect prey off overhanging vegetation by “shooting” it with drops of water expelled from the fish’s mouth. The insect falls into the water, where it can be

Detroit: History of Detroit: …of efforts by Young’s successor, Dennis Archer, to rebrand the city as a desirable destination for suburbanites, millions of dollars were spent on infrastructure, casino gambling was legalized along the Detroit River, and new stadiums were erected for the Lions (who had played in suburban Pontiac since 1975) and for…

Frederick Archer was a British jockey who reigned as national champion for 13 consecutive years (1874–86). In 1867, Archer began his apprenticeship with trainer Matthew Dawson at Newmarket in Cambridgeshire. In his brief 17-season career, he won more than one third of all his races, totaling 2,748

Frederick Scott Archer was an English inventor of the first practical photographic process by which more than one copy of a picture could be made. Archer, a butcher’s son, began his professional career as an apprentice silversmith in London, then turned to portrait sculpture. To assist him in this

Martha’s Vineyard: …1602 by Bartholomew Gosnold and Gabriel Archer; the two explorers named it for its many vines and for Martha, Gosnold’s daughter. Purchased by Thomas Mayhew in 1641 and settled the following year, it was considered part of New York but was ceded in 1692 to Massachusetts. In 1695 it was…

Isabel Archer, title character of the novel The Portrait of a Lady (1881) by Henry James. A penniless young American, Isabel ventures to England in pursuit of cultural broadening and attracts the attention of numerous suitors. Her decision to marry the reclusive aesthete Gilbert Osmond eventually

Lew Archer, fictional private investigator (P.I.) featured in the hard-boiled detective novels of Ross Macdonald. Archer made his first appearance in The Moving Target (1949). In this and subsequent books, including The Galton Case (1959), The Goodbye Look (1969), and The Underground Man (1971),

Riversleigh fossils: Since the Australian paleontologist Michael Archer began intensive explorations of the area in 1983, Riversleigh has yielded the remains of more than 200 previously unknown species of vertebrates. Most of the specimens lived in the Miocene Epoch (23 million to 5.3 million years ago) or in the succeeding Pliocene…

Thomas Archer was a British architect and practitioner of what was, for England, an extraordinarily extravagant Baroque style, marked by lavish curves, large scale, and bold detail. Archer, the son of a Warwickshire squire, was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, and then spent four years abroad.

William Archer was a Scottish drama critic whose translations and essays championed Henrik Ibsen to the British public. While studying law at Edinburgh, Archer began his journalistic career on the Edinburgh Evening News. After a world tour (1876–77), in 1878 he moved to London and in 1879 became

archer fish, any of seven species of Indo-Pacific fishes of the family Toxotidae (order Perciformes) noted for their ability to knock their insect prey off overhanging vegetation by “shooting” it with drops of water expelled from the fish’s mouth. The insect falls into the water, where it can be

Archermus was an ancient Greek sculptor from the island of Chios who was known for his treatment of draped female figures. Associated with his father, Micciades, and his sons Bupalus and Athenis, Archermus executed his works in native marble and is said to have been the first sculptor to represent

The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp: …formed the partnership known as the Archers.

archery, sport involving shooting arrows with a bow, either at an inanimate target or in hunting. From prehistoric times, the bow was a principal weapon of war and of the hunt throughout the world, except in Australia. Recreational archery also was practiced, along with military, among the ancient

Arches National Park, desert area of sandstone formations in eastern Utah, U.S., on the Colorado River just north of Moab and northeast of Canyonlands National Park. It was established as a national monument in 1929 and as a national park in 1971, and it has an area of 120 square miles (310 square

cooking: Ancient Greece: …mock epic poem written by Archestratus of Gela (Sicily) about 350 bce. It is preserved in excerpts quoted in Athenaeus’s Deipnosophistai (c. 200 ce; “The Gastronomers”; Eng. trans. The Deipnosophists). Archestratus toured the cosmopolitan centres of the ancient Greek world from the Black Sea to southern Italy, recording their cuisines.…

bow, in music, curved stick with tightly held fibres that produces sound by friction when drawn across the strings of a chordophone, such as a rebab, violin, or erhu. The most common material is rosined horsehair; some African bows used strips cut from rubber inner tubes, and the Korean ajaeng, a

archetype, (from Greek archetypos, “original pattern”), in literary criticism, a primordial image, character, or pattern of circumstances that recurs throughout literature and thought consistently enough to be considered a universal concept or situation. The term was adopted and popularized by

Stanley Tigerman: In 1994 he cofounded Archeworks, an influential alternative postgraduate design school in Chicago that specializes in using architecture and design to address social needs. His passion for using architecture in a social cause is demonstrated in his design of Chicago’s Pacific Garden Mission (completed 2007).

Conradus Celtis was a German scholar known as Der Erzhumanist (“The Archhumanist”). He was also a Latin lyric poet who stimulated interest in Germany in both classical learning and German antiquities. Celtis studied at the universities of Cologne and Heidelberg and was crowned poet laureate by the

Caucasian languages: The Lezgian languages: … (about 15,000); Tsakhur (about 11,000); Archi (fewer than 1,000); Kryz (about 6,000); Budukh (about 2,000); Khinalug (about 1,500); and Udi (about 3,700). The majority of Lezgi languages are spoken in southern Dagestan, but some of them (Kryz, Budukh, Khinalug, Udi) are spoken chiefly in Azerbaijan; and one village of Udi…

annelid: Annotated classification: Order Archiannelida Minute, primitive, with ciliated epidermis; prostomium small, with or without appendages; parapodia absent; septa reduced or absent; size, minute. Contains 4 groups of poorly known species considered separate orders by some (Nerillida, Dinophilida, Polygordiida, Protodrilida); genera include

Syracuse: …Corinthians led by the aristocrat Archias, and the city soon dominated the coastal plain and hill country beyond. The original Greek settlers of the city formed an elite (gamoroi), while the Sicel natives (Siculi) worked the land as an oppressed class. In the early 5th century bce, the Syracusans were…

Aulus Licinius Archias was an ancient Greek poet who came to Rome, where he was charged in 62 bc with having illegally assumed the rights of a Roman citizen. He was defended by Cicero in the speech known as Pro Archia, but the issue of the trial is unknown. A number of epigrams in the Greek

Harry Mulisch: His first novel, Archibald Strohalm (1952), won a literary prize. His novel Het stenen bruidsbed (1959; The Stone Bridal Bed), in which an American pilot involved in the bombing of Dresden returns to the city years later, won him an international audience. Twee vrouwen (1975; Two Women; filmed…

Sacramento Kings: …on-court heroics of All-Star guard Nate (“Tiny”) Archibald at the beginning of its 13-season tenure in Kansas City, the team was mostly mediocre during this period, qualifying for the playoffs five times and advancing past its first playoff series just once, a surprising run to the 1981 conference finals after…

Sacramento Kings: …on-court heroics of All-Star guard Nate (“Tiny”) Archibald at the beginning of its 13-season tenure in Kansas City, the team was mostly mediocre during this period, qualifying for the playoffs five times and advancing past its first playoff series just once, a surprising run to the 1981 conference finals after…

nervous system: Encephalization: …oldest part of the cerebellum—the archicerebellum—is concerned with equilibrium and connected with the inner ear and the lateral-line system. The anterior lobe of the cerebellum represents the paleocerebellum, an area that regulates equilibrium and muscle tone. It constitutes the main mass of the cerebellum in fish, reptiles, and birds. In…

ancient Greek civilization: Sparta’s role: …the first half of the Archidamian War (431–421), named after the Spartan king Archidamus II, unfairly in view of the wariness he is said to have expressed at the outset. Athens moved its flocks from Attica across to Euboea, whose economic importance was thus raised further still. As if in…

Archidamus I was the 12th king of Sparta of the Eurypontid line. The son of Anaxidamus, he ruled shortly after the close of the second Messenian War (c. 660 bc) and toward the outset of the long war between Sparta and Tegea (the Tegean War). His reign was described by the geographer Pausanias as

Archidamus II was the king of Sparta from about 469. A member of the Eurypontid house (one of the two royal families of Sparta), he succeeded to the throne of his grandfather, Leotychides. When the Messenian helots (serfs) revolted against their Spartan masters following a severe earthquake about

Archidamus III was the king of Sparta, 360–338, succeeding his father, Agesilaus II. Archidamus headed the force sent to aid the Spartan army after its defeat by the Thebans at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 and was commander later during the confused fighting in the Peloponnese. He scored a victory

Archidamus IV was a king of Sparta, son of Eudamidas I, and grandson of Archidamus III. The dates of his accession and death are unknown. In 294 bc he was defeated by Demetrius I Poliorcetes of Macedonia in a battle at Mantinea, and Sparta was saved only because Demetrius I was called away by the

Archidamus V was the 27th Spartan king of the Eurypontids, son of Eudamidas II, and grandson of Archidamus IV. He fled to Messenia after the murder of his brother Agis IV in 241 bc. In 227 he was recalled by Cleomenes III, who was then reigning without a colleague, but shortly after his return

bryophyte: Annotated classification: Subclass Archidiidae Sporophyte with no seta; sporangia containing a restricted number of large spores (sometimes 4), lacking columella, opening by decomposition of the jacket; gametophore small, leaves with midrib; attached to substratum by rhizoids; of scattered distribution in temperate to subtropical climates; 1 order, a single…

bryophyte: Annotated classification: …1 order, a single genus, Archidium, with approximately 26 species. Division Marchantiophyta (liverworts) Protonema generally reduced to a few cells, with gametophore differentiated early after spore germination; rhizoids unicellular; gametophore leafy or thallose and generally flattened; sex organs lacking paraphyses; leaves

search engine: History: …Deutsch—created the first search engine, Archie (short for archive). Archie did not seek out Web pages, since the World Wide Web would not exist for another year, but the names of files hosted on FTP (file transfer protocol) servers. And, as there were so few even of those at the…

Carroll O’Connor: …Family (1971–79) and its sequel Archie Bunker’s Place (1979–83). Although Bunker was outspoken in his beliefs in ethnic and gender stereotypes, O’Connor brought out the character’s humanity and made sympathetic his bewilderment at the rapidly changing society he was attempting to cope with.

orchil, a violet dye obtained from some lichens by fermentation. It is also the term for any lichen that yields orchil (Roccella, Lecanora, Ochrolechin, and Evernia) and refers to any colour obtained from this

Archilochus was a poet and soldier, the earliest Greek writer of iambic, elegiac, and personal lyric poetry whose works have survived to any considerable extent. The surviving fragments of his work show him to have been a metrical innovator of the highest ability. Archilochus’s father was

hummingbird: Only the ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) breeds in eastern North America, where it is found from Nova Scotia to Florida. The northernmost hummingbird is the rufous (Selasphorus rufus), which breeds from southeastern Alaska to northern California. The broad-tailed hummingbird (S. platycercus) breeds in the western United States…

Archimedes: His works: …of refraction; on the 13 semiregular (Archimedean) polyhedra (those bodies bounded by regular polygons, not necessarily all of the same type, that can be inscribed in a sphere); and the “Cattle Problem” (preserved in a Greek epigram), which poses a problem in indeterminate analysis, with eight unknowns. In addition to…

Archimedes screw, machine for raising water, allegedly invented by the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes for removing water from the hold of a large ship. One form consists of a circular pipe enclosing a helix and inclined at an angle of about 45 degrees to the horizontal with its lower end dipped

Archimedes was the most famous mathematician and inventor in ancient Greece. He is especially important for his discovery of the relation between the surface and volume of a sphere and its circumscribing cylinder. He is known for his formulation of a hydrostatic principle (known as Archimedes’

Archimedes screw, machine for raising water, allegedly invented by the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes for removing water from the hold of a large ship. One form consists of a circular pipe enclosing a helix and inclined at an angle of about 45 degrees to the horizontal with its lower end dipped

puzzle: A history of puzzles: The Stomachion puzzle, also called Archimedes’ Box, was a dissection puzzle with a square divided into 14 pieces. It challenged readers to make as many different arrangements as possible. Thanks to computational geometry, it is now known that there are 17,152 solutions. Archimedes’ Box is considered…

Archimedes’ proofs of formulas for areas and volumes set the standard for the rigorous treatment of limits until modern times. But the way he discovered these results remained a mystery until 1906, when a copy of his lost treatise The Method was discovered in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey).

Archimedes’ principle, physical law of buoyancy, discovered by the ancient Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes, stating that any body completely or partially submerged in a fluid (gas or liquid) at rest is acted upon by an upward, or buoyant, force, the magnitude of which is equal to the

puzzle: A history of puzzles: The Stomachion puzzle, also called Archimedes’ Box, was a dissection puzzle with a square divided into 14 pieces. It challenged readers to make as many different arrangements as possible. Thanks to computational geometry, it is now known that there are 17,152 solutions. Archimedes’ Box is considered…

mathematics: Analytic geometry: The Archimedean spiral, for example, was generated by a point moving on a line as the line rotated uniformly about the origin. The ratio of the circumference to the diameter did not permit exact determination:

Ahmadu Seku: Louis Archinard took the offensive against him in 1888 and by 1891 had seized most of his strongholds.

Wolffian duct, one of a pair of tubes that carry urine from primitive or embryonic kidneys to the exterior or to a primitive bladder. In amphibians the reproductive system encroaches on the Wolffian duct; in some species the duct carries both urine and sperm, but most amphibians develop a separate

archinephros, ancestral vertebrate kidney, retained by larvae of hagfish and of some caecilians and occurring in the embryos of higher animals. Two tubes, the archinephric, or Wolffian, ducts, extend between the body cavity and the back and lead to the exterior. A series of tubules, one pair for

Antarctica: The term Antarctic region refers to all area—oceanic, island, and continental—lying in the cold Antarctic climatic zone south of the Antarctic Convergence, an important boundary around 55° S, with little seasonal variability, where warm subtropical waters meet and mix with cold polar waters (see also polar ecosystem).

nervous system: Dominance of the cerebrum: …the paleopallium (olfactory lobe), the archipallium, and the basal nuclei. All three areas receive olfactory stimuli and discharge impulses to the brainstem. The archipallium is a correlation centre and a forerunner of the mammalian hippocampus. The basal nuclei are equivalent to the corpus striatum and function as association areas with…

archipelagic apron, layers of volcanic rock that form a fanlike slope around groups of ancient or recent islands, most commonly in the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The aprons typically have a slope of 1° to 2°, with the slope decreasing near the shore; the upper parts may be indented by

East Indies, the islands that extend in a wide belt along both sides of the Equator for more than 3,800 miles (6,100 km) between the Asian mainland to the north and west and Australia to the south. Historically, the term East Indies is loosely applied to any of three contexts. The most restrictive

Greece: The islands: …remained the centre of the Latin duchy of the Archipelago, established in 1207 among the Cyclades by Marco Sanudo, a relative of the Venetian doge, or magistrate, with a body of plundering merchants and nobles. Initially under the overlordship of the Latin emperor at Constantinople, the duchy later transferred its…

Alexander Archipenko was a Ukrainian American artist best known for his original Cubist-inspired sculptural style. After studying in Kyiv, in 1908 Archipenko briefly attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, but he quickly abandoned formal studies to become part of more radical circles,

linguistics: Modifications in Chomsky’s grammar: …Prague school linguists labelled “archiphonemes,” being unspecified for any feature that is contextually redundant or predictable. For instance, the first segment of the phonological representation of “man” will not include the feature [+ voice]; because nasal consonants are always phonetically voiced in this position in English, the feature [+…

millipede: The giant African millipede (Archispirostreptus gigas), which is native to subtropical Africa, is the largest extant species, achieving lengths up to 280 mm (11 inches). The extinct invertebrate Arthropleura, a relative of centipedes and millipedes, lived during the Carboniferous Period (359.2 million to 299 million years…

amygdala, region of the brain primarily associated with emotional processes. The name amygdala is derived from the Greek word amygdale, meaning “almond,” owing to the structure’s almondlike shape. The amygdala is located in the medial temporal lobe, just anterior to (in front of) the hippocampus.

Fernando Arrabal: …L’Architecte et l’empereur d’Assyrie (1967; The Architect and the Emperor of Assyria), in which the two characters assume each other’s personae, and Et ils passèrent des menottes aux fleurs (1969; And They Put Handcuffs on the Flowers), more overtly political than his previous plays; its theme of freedom from oppression…

Fernando Arrabal: …L’Architecte et l’empereur d’Assyrie (1967; The Architect and the Emperor of Assyria), in which the two characters assume each other’s personae, and Et ils passèrent des menottes aux fleurs (1969; And They Put Handcuffs on the Flowers), more overtly political than his previous plays; its theme of freedom from oppression…