Ards, former district (1973–2015) within the former County Down, now in the Ards and North Down district, eastern Northern Ireland. The former district extended northward from just south of the village of Killinchy along the western shoreline of Strangford Lough (inlet of the sea) to the town of

MERS: Complications include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), kidney failure, and pericarditis (inflammation of the membranous sac that envelops the heart). More than 60 percent of infected persons who develop serious illness require hospitalization, and individuals die in more than 30 percent of reported…

Ards and North Down, district, eastern Northern Ireland. It is bounded to the north by Belfast Lough, to the east by the Irish Sea, to the south by the Newry, Mourne and Down district, to the west by the Lisburn and Castlereagh City district, and to the northwest by the Belfast City district. Much

Henry II: …into northern Italy to subdue Arduin of Ivrea, who had styled himself king of Italy. His sudden interference led to bitter fighting and atrocities, and although Henry was crowned king in Pavia on May 15, 1004, he returned home, without defeating Arduin, to pursue his campaigns against Bolesław. In 1003…

Giovanni Arduino was the father of Italian geology, who established bases for stratigraphic chronology by classifying the four main layers of the Earth’s crust as Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary. From an early age, Arduino showed an interest in mining, establishing a reputation

ancient Iranian religion: Cosmography: …down which flowed the river Ardvī. The earth was divided into six continents surrounding the central continent, Khvaniratha, the locus of Aryāna Vaijah, the Aryan land (i.e., Iran).

Saraswati, Hindu goddess of learning, the arts, and music. She first appears in Vedic sources, as the personification of the sacred river Saraswati, which might have been a physical river, though later texts describe it as having disappeared. As Hinduism developed, Saraswati became identified with

Anāhiti, ancient Iranian goddess of royalty, war, and fertility; she is particularly associated with the last. Possibly of Mesopotamian origin, her cult was made prominent by Artaxerxes II, and statues and temples were set up in her honour throughout the Persian empire. A common cult of the various

Anatolia: The Cimmerians, Lydia, and Cilicia, c. 700–547 bce: Ardys, his successor on the Lydian throne (651–c. 615), again attacked Miletus and took Priene. During his reign Sardis was taken a second time, that time by the Treres, a Thracian tribe that operated in close connection with the Cimmerians. According to Assyrian sources, Ardys…

are, unit of area in the metric system, equal to 100 square metres and the equivalent of 0.0247 acre. Its multiple, the hectare (equal to 100 ares), is the principal unit of land measurement for most of the world. The are was the basic unit of area when the metric system was first decreed in France

You know you’re supposed to save for retirement, and if your employer offers a 401(k) plan, building a nest egg can be a cinch. But the fees charged by some 401(k) plans can take a toll on the returns your retirement account should be racking up, leaving you to wonder, “Where’d the money go?”

If you’ve been following cryptocurrency news or news on macroeconomic developments, you’ve probably come across the term “central bank digital currency” (CBDC). What is a CBDC? A central bank digital currency is a form of digital money that’s pegged to a nation’s fiat currency (e.g. the U.S.

One of the most controversial topics in finance is the efficient-market hypothesis, developed by Eugene Fama in 1965. In a nutshell, the theory says that the financial markets are efficient, so no one can gain an edge in them. Fama’s paper “The Behavior of Stock-Market Prices,” which was published

Penguins tend to be monogamous and many species form long-term pair bonds. For instance, macaroni penguins are mostly monogamous and engage in what researchers call an “ecstatic display,” which includes neck arching and beak thrusting, when reuniting with their partners. Galapagos penguins are also

Wesley Ruggles: The sound era: …then made the socially conscious Are These Our Children? (1931), a cautionary tale of a youth (played by Eric Linden) who turns to a life of crime and ends up sentenced to death. His films from 1932 include No Man of Her Own, a solid romance with Clark Gable and…

Ice Cube: Film and TV career: …We There Yet? (2005) and Are We Done Yet? (2007), both of which also featured him in a lead role. He coproduced the highly successful N.W.A biopic Straight Outta Compton (2015), in which his son, O’Shea Jackson, Jr., played Ice Cube. Ice Cube and his wife, Kimberly Woodruff, whom he…

Ice Cube: Film and TV career: …credits on several more, including Are We There Yet? (2005) and Are We Done Yet? (2007), both of which also featured him in a lead role. He coproduced the highly successful N.W.A biopic Straight Outta Compton (2015), in which his son, O’Shea Jackson, Jr., played Ice Cube. Ice Cube and…

Jimi Hendrix: …followed before their first album, Are You Experienced?, was released in the summer of 1967, when it was second in impact only to the Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. Its immediate successor, Axis: Bold as Love, followed that December. On Paul McCartney’s recommendation, Hendrix was flown to California…

Matthew Weiner: …the poorly received comedy film Are You Here (2013), which chronicles the misadventures of two dissipated layabouts, played by Owen Wilson and Zach Galifianakis.

Do you dream of early retirement? If so, you’re not alone. It’s tantalizing to think of ditching the rat race early to enjoy more of your life. Key Points There are several potential strategies for those who’d like to opt out of working before their 60s. But is retiring early always the way to go?

quiz show: …Be a Millionaire (1999–2020), and Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? (2007–10, 2015, 2019– ).

Judy Blume: …literature with the publication of Are You There God? It’s Me, Margaret, a preteen novel told from the perspective of Margaret Simon, an 11-year-old girl whose family has moved to a new town. Margaret, who has a Christian mother and a Jewish father, struggles to understand her developing body and…

Chelsea Handler: Books and other work: Are You There, Chelsea?, an NBC sitcom based on Handler’s books, aired in 2012. Handler served as executive producer for the show and appeared in a supporting role. Her later books include Life Will Be the Death of Me:…and You Too! (2019), which chronicles her…

Chelsea Handler: Books and other work: Handler’s second book, Are You There, Vodka? It’s Me, Chelsea (2008) debuted at the top of the New York Times nonfiction best-seller list. It was followed by Chelsea Chelsea Bang Bang (2010) and Lies That Chelsea Handler Told Me (2011), a collection of anecdotes written by her friends…

Oceanic music and dance: The Solomon Islands: The ‘Are‘are people of Malaita, in the Solomon Islands, distinguish four types of panpipe ensemble and more than 20 musical types. The music of panpipe ensembles enjoys the highest prestige among the ‘Are‘are. They have an extensive system of thought about music that centres on ‘au,…

length, area, and volume: segment (see distance formulas), area is the size of a closed region in a plane, and volume is the size of a solid. Formulas for area and volume are based on lengths. For example, the area of a circle equals π times the square of the length of its…

Mundelein, village, Lake county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. A suburb of Chicago, it lies 35 miles (55 km) north-northwest of downtown. Before settlement the area was inhabited by Potawatomi Indians. The village was founded in 1835 and was successively known as Mechanics Grove, for the English

human eye: Cortical neurons: …of responses from neurons in area 17 there was an interesting change in the nature of the receptive fields; there was still the organization into excitatory (on) and inhibitory (off) zones, but these were linearly arranged, so that the best stimulus for evoking a response was a line, either white…

Area 51, secret U.S. Air Force military installation located at Groom Lake in southern Nevada. It is administered by Edwards Air Force Base in southern California. The installation has been the focus of numerous conspiracies involving extraterrestrial life, though its only confirmed use is as a

Sir Arthur Travers Harris, 1st Baronet: …Air Marshal Harris developed the saturation technique of mass bombing—that of concentrating clouds of bombers in a giant raid on a single city, with the object of completely demolishing its civilian quarters. Conducted in tandem with American precision bombing of specific military and industrial sites by day, saturation bombing was…

solid-waste management: Constructing the landfill: …topography or groundwater conditions, the area method may be practiced, resulting in a mound or hill rising above the original ground. Since no ground is excavated in the area method, soil usually must be hauled to the site from some other location. Variations of the area method may be employed…

strip mining: …strip-mining techniques are classified as area mining or contour mining on the basis of the deposit geometry and type. The cycle of operations for both techniques consists of vegetation clearing, soil removal, drilling and blasting of overburden (if needed), stripping, removal of the coal or other mineral commodity, and reclamation.

human nervous system: Vasopressin and cardiovascular regulation: The area postrema, which lies on the floor of the fourth ventricle in the medulla oblongata, is also involved as a special chemical sensor of the plasma.

area rule, aircraft design principle formulated by American engineer Richard Whitcomb which stated that the drag on an airplane flying at high speed is a function of the aircraft’s entire cross-sectional area. Bodies which pass through the so-called transonic zone—the zone separating speeds below

statistics: Sample survey methods: …of cluster sampling is called area sampling, where the clusters are counties, townships, city blocks, or other well-defined geographic sections of the population.

coal mining: Mining methods: …(1) contour strip mining, (2) area strip mining, (3) open-pit mining, and (4) auger mining.

area studies, multidisciplinary social research focusing on specific geographic regions or culturally defined areas. The largest scholarly communities in this respect focus on what are loosely defined as Asian, African, Latin American, or Middle Eastern studies, together with a variety of subfields

culture area, in anthropology, geography, and other social sciences, a contiguous geographic area within which most societies share many traits in common. Delineated at the turn of the 20th century, it remains one of the most widely used frameworks for the description and analysis of cultures.

Law of the Sea: …seas is known as the International Seabed Area (also known as “the Area”), for which the 1982 convention established a separate and detailed legal regime. In its original form this regime was unacceptable to developed countries, principally because of the degree of regulation involved, and was subsequently modified extensively by…

The combined area of the Great Lakes (some 94,250 square miles [244,106 square km]) represents the largest surface of fresh water in the world. The lakes—Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario—are located in east-central North America and provide a natural border between Canada and the United

Kepler’s second law of planetary motion, in astronomy and classical physics, one of three laws describing the motions of the planets in the solar system and which states that a radius vector joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal lengths of time. The validity of Kepler’s

betel: …seed of the areca, or betel, palm (Areca catechu)—in a betel pepper leaf (Piper betle) along with slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) to cause salivation and release stimulating alkaloids. In some cases cardamom, turmeric, or another aromatic is added for flavor and stimulation. In India, for example, betel quids known as…

betel: …wrapping a small piece of betel nut—the seed of the areca, or betel, palm (Areca catechu)—in a betel pepper leaf (Piper betle) along with slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) to cause salivation and release stimulating alkaloids. In some cases cardamom, turmeric, or another aromatic is added for flavor and stimulation. In…

betel: …seed of the areca, or betel, palm (Areca catechu)—in a betel pepper leaf (Piper betle) along with slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) to cause salivation and release stimulating alkaloids. In some cases cardamom, turmeric, or another aromatic is added for flavor and stimulation. In India, for example, betel quids known as…

palm: Characteristic morphological features: …may rarely be 3 (Areca triandra, Geonoma triandra, Nypa fruticans) or more numerous, ranging from 6 to 36 in Heterospathe, to more than 200 in such groups as Caryota, Phytelephas, and Veitchia. Sterile stamens may differ only slightly from fertile stamens, or they may consist of a filament alone…

palm, any member of the Arecaceae, or Palmae, the single family of monocotyledonous flowering plants of the order Arecales. The great centres of palm distribution are in America and in Asia from India to Japan and south to Australia and the islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans, with Africa and

Arecales, order of flowering plants that contains only one family, Arecaceae (also known as Palmae), which comprises the palms. Nearly 2,400 species in 189 genera are known. The order includes some of the most important plants in terms of economic value. The members of the Arecales are distinctive

Arecibo, town, northern Puerto Rico. It lies on a small inlet near the mouth of the Arecibo River. One of the oldest municipalities in the commonwealth, it was authorized in 1537 by the Spanish crown and settled in 1556. In 1616 it was chartered as a town and in 1778 received the royal title villa.

Arecibo Observatory, astronomical observatory located 16 km (10 miles) south of the town of Arecibo in Puerto Rico. It was the site of the world’s largest single-unit radio telescope until FAST in China began observations in 2016. This instrument, built in the early 1960s, employed a 305-metre

Arecibo River, river in west-central Puerto Rico. The Arecibo River rises in the Cordillera Central just east of Mount Guilarte. It flows north-northeast about 40 miles (65 km) through a coffee-growing region and descends across the northern coastal plain to empty into the Atlantic Ocean just east

Volcae: …around Tolosa (Toulouse), and the Arecomici, of the right bank of the Rhône River with their centre at Nemausus (Nîmes). Both areas were included in the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul (later Narbonensis) in 121 bce.

Native American religions: Forms of religious authority: Among the Arecuna and Taulipang, Cariban groups of Venezuela and Brazil, the shamanic novitiate is reported to last from 10 to 20 years. In other traditions, by contrast, knowledge might be transmitted to the novice in relatively brief but intense periods of ecstasy. The knowledge imparted may…

Islamic arts: Persian literatures: …they printed were several by ʿĀref Qazvīnī (died 1934), one of the first truly modern writers. They also published the first short stories of Muhammad ʿAli Jamalzadah (died 1997), whose outspoken social criticism and complete break with the traditional inflated and pompous prose style inaugurated a new era of modern…

Islamic arts: Parodies of classic forms: …o-chowgān (“Ball and Polo-stick”) by ʿĀrefī (died 1449); the latter work is an elaboration of the cliché that the lover is helpless before the will of his beloved, just as the ball is subject to the will of the polo-stick (“the head of the lover in the polo-stick of the…

Spain: Franco’s Spain, 1939–75: … and the new foreign minister, José Maria de Areilza, who wished to “open” the regime by limited democratization from above, and the “bunker” mentality of nostalgic Francoists. Although Arias Navarro promised liberalization in a February 1974 speech, he eventually sided with the hard-line Francoists, and his Law of Associations proved…

Greece: Justice: …are the Supreme Court (Areios Pagos), which deals with civil and criminal cases, and the Council of State (Symvoulion Epikrateias), which is responsible for administration disputes. A Court of State Auditors has jurisdiction in a number of financial matters. A Special Supreme Tribunal deals with disputes over the interpretation…

Celtic literature: The Middle Ages: …stylistics presaged the later decadent areithiau (“rhetorics”), which were in part parodies of the Mabinogion. Three of the Mabinogion tales, “Owain” (or “The Lady of the Fountain”), “Geraint and Enid,” and “Peredur Son of Efrawg,” represented a transition from purely native tales to those composed under Norman influence. These romances…

Latin American music: Pre-Columbian patterns: …Spanish observers reported that the areito music-dance ceremony in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico involved the performance of chants in call-and-response style, accompanied by rattles of the maracas type, scrapers (güiro), and a hollow slit drum (known as a mayohuacán). Any possibility of musical continuity

Arles, city, Bouches-du-Rhône département, Provence–Alpes–Côte d’Azur région, southeastern France. It is situated on the Camargue plain where the Rhône River divides to form its delta, northwest of Marseille. Already important in the days of the Ligurian tribes, Arles became a leading city of the

Armorica, (from Celtic ar, “on,” and mor, “sea”), Latin name for the northwestern extremity of Gaul, now Brittany. In Celtic, Roman, and Frankish times Armorica also included the western part of what later became Normandy. In Julius Caesar’s time it was the home of five principal tribes, the most

arena, central area of an amphitheatre

El Salvador: Civil war: …a new political organization, the Nationalist Republican Alliance (Alianza Republicana Nacionalista; Arena), led by retired major Roberto D’Aubuisson Arrieta.

Brazil: Political parties: …a single government party, the National Renewal Alliance, and a lone opposition party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement. The government abolished these two organizations in 1979 and allowed more parties to participate but still under restrictive regulations. After civilian government was restored in 1985, Brazil again legalized all political parties, and…

animal social behaviour: Social interactions involving sex: …at communal display sites (leks), and a wide variety of insects species whose mating is brief and pairing is transient.

Arena Chapel, (consecrated March 25, 1305) small chapel built in the first years of the 14th century in Padua, Italy, by Enrico Scrovegni and containing frescoes by the Florentine painter Giotto (see photograph). A “Last Judgment” covers the entire west wall. The rest of the chapel is covered with

American football: Showmanship on the field: …League (1983–85)—and invested in the Arena Football League (an indoor version of the sport that was played on a shortened field during the NFL’s off-season from 1987 to 2008 and again from 2010 in a new incarnation) and expanded into Europe in 1991 with the World League of American Football…

polo: Indoor, or arena, polo.: The indoor game was introduced in the United States and is played predominantly there, thus allowing polo in winter. The field is 100 yards long and 50 yards wide, with wooden boards 4–4 12 feet (1.2–1.4 m) high to keep the…

rock: Corporate rock: The 1970s began as the decade of the rock superstar. Excess became the norm for bands such as the Rolling Stones, not just in terms of their private wealth and well-publicized decadence but also in terms of stage and studio effects and costs.…

directing: Directorial styles: Pioneering theatres such as the Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., and the Alley Theatre in Houston, Texas, provided forums not only for a wide repertoire of world theatre but also for new playwrights and directors. As Broadway continued its decline, the regional theatres continued to grow in importance; “schools” of…

theatre-in-the-round, form of theatrical staging in which the acting area, which may be raised or at floor level, is completely surrounded by the audience. It has been theorized that the informality thus established leads to increased rapport between the audience and the actors.

Arnhem: …of the Roman settlement of Arenacum, it was first mentioned in 893. Chartered and fortified in 1233 by Otto II, count of Geldern, it joined the Hanseatic League in 1443. As the residence of the dukes of Geldern, it was often attacked by their Burgundian rivals and in 1543 fell…

Nolan Arenado is a professional baseball player considered to be one of the best all-around third basemen in Major League Baseball (MLB). An elite infielder, Arenado won the Gold Glove Award in each of his first 10 seasons. He made his MLB debut with the Colorado Rockies in 2013 and quickly became

Nolan Arenado is a professional baseball player considered to be one of the best all-around third basemen in Major League Baseball (MLB). An elite infielder, Arenado won the Gold Glove Award in each of his first 10 seasons. He made his MLB debut with the Colorado Rockies in 2013 and quickly became

Cordillera de Guanacaste: The Arenal Volcano erupted in 1968, covering the area with hot ash, destroying pasture, wiping out two villages, and forcing the slaughter of about 100,000 head of cattle. The volcano is still active but less threatening. A visitor’s centre in Arenal Volcano National Park offers the…

turnstone, either of two species of shorebirds (genus Arenaria) that constitute the subfamily Arenariinae (family Scolopacidae). The birds use their short, flattened bills, which are slightly recurved (upturned at the tip), to overturn pebbles and shells in search of food. Turnstones grow to a

ruddy turnstone, shorebird species of the genus Arenaria. See

turnstone: The black turnstone (A. melanocephala), which breeds in Arctic Alaska and winters as far south as Mexico, has a black and white wing pattern but is otherwise dark.

Washington Wizards: …by the play of All-Stars Gilbert Arenas, Antawn Jamison, and Caron Butler, but fell back to the lower echelons of the league in the 2008–09 season and traded most of their star players over the following years.

Reinaldo Arenas was a Cuban-born writer of extraordinary and unconventional novels who fled persecution and immigrated to the United States. As a teenager Arenas joined the revolution that brought Fidel Castro to power in 1959. He moved to Havana in 1961 and became a researcher in the José Martí

arenavirus, any virus belonging to the family Arenaviridae. The name of the family is derived from the Latin arenosus, meaning “sandy,” which describes the grainy appearance of arenavirus ribosomes (protein-synthesizing particles). Arenaviruses have spherical, enveloped virions (virus particles)

arenavirus, any virus belonging to the family Arenaviridae. The name of the family is derived from the Latin arenosus, meaning “sandy,” which describes the grainy appearance of arenavirus ribosomes (protein-synthesizing particles). Arenaviruses have spherical, enveloped virions (virus particles)

arenavirus: …consists of a single genus, Arenavirus, which contains more than 20 different species. Arenaviruses are widely distributed in animals and can cause serious disease in humans. The arenaviruses are evolutionarily adapted to specific rodent hosts, which generally show no signs of viral infection and thus act as reservoirs for the…

Arendal, town and port, southern Norway. Its excellent harbour is on Tromøy Sound, a protected sound sheltered by the offshore island of Tromøy. A port since the 14th century, Arendal had the largest fleet in Norway before the steamship era. From the 16th century it prospered from timber exports.

Hannah Arendt was a German-born American political scientist and philosopher known for her critical writing on Jewish affairs and her study of totalitarianism. Arendt grew up in Hannover, Germany, and in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). Beginning in 1924 she studied philosophy at the

hydrocarbon: Arenes: These compounds are hydrocarbons that contain a benzene ring as a structural unit. In addition to benzene, other examples include toluene and naphthalene.

palm: Ecology: …civets (Paradoxurus) devour fruits of Arenga and Caryota in Asia. Studies of fruit dispersal are in their infancy, but a large number of interesting associations have been noted.

palm: Economic importance: …of the sugar palm (Arenga pinnata), the palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer), the wild date (Phoenix sylvestris), the toddy palm (Caryota urens), the nipa palm, and the gebang and talipot palms (Corypha elata and C. umbraculifera). Wine is made from species of the

palm: Economic importance: …of the sugar palm (Arenga pinnata), the palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer), the wild date (Phoenix sylvestris), the toddy palm (Caryota urens), the nipa palm, and the gebang and talipot palms (Corypha elata and C. umbraculifera). Wine is made from species of the

lugworm, (genus Arenicola), any of several marine worms (class Polychaeta, phylum Annelida) that burrow deep into the sandy sea bottom or intertidal areas and are often quite large. Fishermen use them as bait. Adult lugworms of the coast of Europe (e.g., A. marina) attain lengths of about 23 cm (9

lugworm: …the coasts of North America (A. cristata) ranges in length from 7.5 to 30 cm.

lugworm, (genus Arenicola), any of several marine worms (class Polychaeta, phylum Annelida) that burrow deep into the sandy sea bottom or intertidal areas and are often quite large. Fishermen use them as bait. Adult lugworms of the coast of Europe (e.g., A. marina) attain lengths of about 23 cm (9

lugworm: , A. marina) attain lengths of about 23 cm (9 inches). The lugworm of the coasts of North America (A. cristata) ranges in length from 7.5 to 30 cm.

arenite, any sedimentary rock that consists of sand-sized particles (0.06–2 millimetres [0.0024–0.08 inch] in diameter), irrespective of composition. More formal nomenclature of such rocks is based on composition, particle size, and mode of origin—e.g., sandstone, quartzite, lithic arenite, and

Arenosol, one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Arenosols are sandy-textured soils that lack any significant soil profile development. They exhibit only a partially formed surface horizon (uppermost layer) that is low in humus, and

art criticism: Avant-garde art comes to America: ” Yet the millionaire Walter Arensberg supported Duchamp, a gesture that was a harbinger of the coziness that would develop between art and money, fueled in part by the possibilities of speculation in the unregulated art market. Major private collections of avant-garde art emerged—perhaps most noteworthily that of Albert…

Ann Bancroft: …she and Norwegian polar explorer Liv Arensen became the first women to complete a transcontinental crossing there. Their roughly 1,700-mile (2,750-km) journey skiing and sailing took 94 days. In recognition of her achievements, she was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in 1995, and she also received several…

Anton Arensky was a Russian composer known especially for his chamber music and songs. Although he was a composition student under Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, Arensky’s work was more akin to that of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky; the predominant moods of his music are lyrical and elegiac. Of his three

Anton Arensky was a Russian composer known especially for his chamber music and songs. Although he was a composition student under Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, Arensky’s work was more akin to that of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky; the predominant moods of his music are lyrical and elegiac. Of his three

Aert de Gelder was the only Dutch artist of the late 17th and early 18th century to paint in the tradition of Rembrandt’s late style. De Gelder spent his life in Dordrecht, except for a period of time about 1661 when he was Rembrandt’s pupil in Amsterdam. His biblical paintings—e.g., Scenes from

pregnancy: Breasts: …the lightly pigmented area (areola) around each nipple becomes first florid or dusky in colour and then appreciably darker; during the later months the areola takes on a hue that is deep bronze or brownish black, depending on the woman’s natural pigmentation. The veins beneath the skin over the…