Archibald Campbell, 10th earl and 1st duke of Argyll was one of the Scottish leaders of the Glorious Revolution (1688–89). Campbell was the eldest son of the 9th earl, and he tried to get his father’s attainder reversed by seeking the favour of King James II. Being unsuccessful, however, he went

Archibald Campbell, 1st marquess and 8th earl of Argyll was the leader of Scotland’s anti-Royalist party during the English Civil Wars between King Charles I and Parliament. He guided his country to a brief period of independence from political and religious domination by England. He was the eldest

Archibald Campbell, 1st marquess and 8th earl of Argyll was the leader of Scotland’s anti-Royalist party during the English Civil Wars between King Charles I and Parliament. He guided his country to a brief period of independence from political and religious domination by England. He was the eldest

Archibald Campbell, 3rd duke of Argyll was the brother of the 2nd Duke of Argyll, and a prominent politician during the early Hanoverian period in Britain. Campbell served in the army for a short time under the Duke of Marlborough, but he was appointed treasurer of Scotland in 1705 and the

Archibald Campbell, 3rd duke of Argyll was the brother of the 2nd Duke of Argyll, and a prominent politician during the early Hanoverian period in Britain. Campbell served in the army for a short time under the Duke of Marlborough, but he was appointed treasurer of Scotland in 1705 and the

Archibald Campbell, 5th earl of Argyll was a Scottish Protestant who supported Mary, Queen of Scots. Campbell succeeded his father, Archibald, the 4th earl, in 1558. He was an adherent of John Knox and assisted Lord James Stewart (afterward the regent Moray) in the warfare of the lords of the

Archibald Campbell, 5th earl of Argyll was a Scottish Protestant who supported Mary, Queen of Scots. Campbell succeeded his father, Archibald, the 4th earl, in 1558. He was an adherent of John Knox and assisted Lord James Stewart (afterward the regent Moray) in the warfare of the lords of the

Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll was a Scottish Protestant leader who was executed for his opposition to the Roman Catholic James II of Great Britain and Ireland (James VII of Scotland). In his youth Campbell studied abroad but returned to Scotland in 1649. He fought at Dunbar (Sept. 3, 1650)

Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll was a Scottish Protestant leader who was executed for his opposition to the Roman Catholic James II of Great Britain and Ireland (James VII of Scotland). In his youth Campbell studied abroad but returned to Scotland in 1649. He fought at Dunbar (Sept. 3, 1650)

Campbell family, Scottish noble family. The Campbells of Lochow gained prominence in the later Middle Ages. In 1457 Colin Campbell, Baron Campbell (died 1493), was created 1st earl of Argyll. Archibald (died 1558), 4th earl, was a leading Protestant. Archibald (1532?–1573), 5th earl, was also a

John Campbell, 2nd duke of Argyll was a Scottish supporter of the union with England and commander of the British forces in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715. The son of the 1st Duke of Argyll (in the Scottish peerage), he actively furthered the union of England and Scotland and was created a peer of

John Campbell, 2nd duke of Argyll was a Scottish supporter of the union with England and commander of the British forces in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715. The son of the 1st Duke of Argyll (in the Scottish peerage), he actively furthered the union of England and Scotland and was created a peer of

Henry Cavill: Sherlock Holmes and other roles from the 2020s: …by Bryce Dallas Howard) in Argylle (2024).

Argyllshire, historic county in western Scotland. Argyllshire lies mainly within the Argyll and Bute council area, but northern Argyllshire extends as far as Lochs Shiel, Eil, and Leven in southern Highland council area. In the 2nd century ad Gaelic-speaking Scots invaded Argyllshire from Ireland,

marguerite, (Argyranthemum frutescens), ornamental plant of the aster family (Asteraceae), grown for its daisylike flowers. The plant is native to the Canary Islands and has become naturalized in parts of Europe and North America. The marguerite plant is a short-lived shrubby perennial and is grown

ancient Greek civilization: Social and commercial exchanges: …known as “Silver Shields,” or argyraspides, had taken their name from the conquered Persian treasure of precious metal.

argyrodite, heavy, dark sulfosalt mineral, a silver and germanium sulfide (Ag8GeS6), in which the element germanium was discovered (1886). It is a relatively scarce mineral found in sulfide veins in Germany and in Bolivia. It forms a solid solution series with canfieldite in which tin replaces

Gjirokastër, town, southern Albania. It lies southeast of the Adriatic port of Vlorë and overlooks the Drin River valley from the eastern slope of the long ridge of the Gjerë mountains. The town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2005 for its well-preserved centre built by farmers

Albert C. Barnes: …American inventor of the antiseptic Argyrol (a mild silver protein anti-infective compound for mucous membrane tissues) and a noted art collector, whose collection is a part of the Barnes Foundation Galleries.

water spider, (Argyroneta aquatica), species of aquatic spider that is the only spider known to spend nearly its entire life underwater. The sole member of its genus, the water spider lives in a unique, underwater silk web, which resembles a kind of flexible diving bell. Water spiders are

John Argyropoulos was a Byzantine humanist and active promoter of the revival of Classical learning in the West. As a teacher in Constantinople, Argyropoulos had among his pupils the scholar Constantine Lascaris. Argyropoulos divided his time between Italy and Constantinople; he was in Italy (1439)

South Asian arts: Islāmic architecture in India: period of the Delhi and provincial sultanates: The Aṛhāi-dīn-kā-jhompṛā mosque (c. 1119), built at Ajmer, was similar to the Delhi mosque, the maqṣūrah consisting of engrailed (sides ornamented with several arcs) corbel arches decorated with greater restraint than the Quṭb example. The earliest Islāmic tomb to survive is the Sultān Gharī, built in…

Hemachandra: …King Kumarapala and wrote the Arhanniti, a work on politics from a Jain perspective. A prodigious writer, he produced Sanskrit and Prakrit grammars, textbooks on science and practically every branch of Indian philosophy, and several poems, including the Trishashtishalakapurusha-charita (“Deeds of the 63 Illustrious Men”), a Sanskrit epic of the

arhat, in Buddhism, a perfected person, one who has gained insight into the true nature of existence and has achieved nirvana (spiritual enlightenment). The arhat, having freed himself from the bonds of desire, will not be reborn. The state of an arhat is considered in the Theravada tradition to be

inland water ecosystem: The origin of inland waters: In arheic systems water falls unpredictably in small amounts and follows haphazard drainage patterns. Apart from rivers that arise outside the region (allogenic rivers) and areas fed from underground sources of water, most bodies of water within arheic regions are temporary.

Central American and northern Andean Indian: Traditional culture patterns: …terracing, by the Antillean Arawak, Arhuaco, Chibcha, Jirajara, Páez, and Timote, all of whom showed evidence of other cultural elaborations as well. In contrast with such highly developed groups, a few cultures in the area were based more on hunting or fishing than on even simple farming; among those were…

Århus, city, eastern Jutland, Denmark. It lies along Århus Bay and has an extensive harbour. Its origin is unknown, although traces of a Viking settlement have been found near the outflow of the now-covered Århus stream. The oldest existing charter for the town (1441) refers to a still-earlier

environmental law: The public participation principle: …Rio Declaration and the 1998 Århus Convention, which committed the 40 European signatory states to increase the environmental information available to the public and to enhance the public’s ability to participate in government decisions that affect the environment. During the 1990s the Internet became a primary vehicle for disseminating environmental…

annelid: Annotated classification: Order Arhynchobdellida Pharynx with 3 toothed jaws or none, noneversible; terrestrial or freshwater; bloodsuckers or carnivorous; size, minute to 20 cm; examples of genera: Hirudo, Haemopis, Erpobdella.

Anawrahta: …from the influence of the Ari, a Mahāyāna Tantric Buddhist sect that was at that time predominant in central Myanmar. Primarily through his efforts, Theravāda Buddhism became the dominant religion of Myanmar and the inspiration for its culture and civilization. He maintained diplomatic relations with King Vijayabāhu of Ceylon, who…

Leone Modena: Leone’s major work was Ari nohem (1840; “The Lion Roars”), in which he attempted to demonstrate, with much erudition, that the Zohar, the major text of Kabbala, is not the work of antiquity that its proponents claimed.

Ari Thorgilsson the Learned was an Icelandic chieftain, priest, and historian whose Íslendingabók (Libellus Islandorum; The Book of the Icelanders) is the first history of Iceland written in the vernacular. Composed before 1133 and covering the period from the settlement of Iceland up to 1120, it

Isaac ben Solomon Luria was the eponymous founder of the Lurianic school of Kabbala (Jewish esoteric mysticism). Luria’s youth was spent in Egypt, where he became versed in rabbinic studies, engaged in commerce, and eventually concentrated on study of the Zohar, the central work of Kabbala. In 1570

aria, solo song with instrumental accompaniment, an important element of opera but also found extensively in cantatas and oratorios. The term originated in Italy in the 16th century and first gained currency after 1602, when Giulio Caccini published Le nuove musiche (The New Music), a collection of

ancient Iran: The Seleucids: …eastern provinces of Margiana and Aria suffered an invasion by nomads. But the invasion was repelled, and the nomads were pushed back beyond the Jaxartes. Demodamas, a general to the first two Seleucid kings, crossed the river and even put up altars to Apollo, ancestor of the dynasty. Alexandria in…

Ariadne, in Greek mythology, daughter of Pasiphae and the Cretan king Minos. She fell in love with the Athenian hero Theseus and, with a thread or glittering jewels, helped him escape the Labyrinth after he slew the Minotaur, a beast half bull and half man that Minos kept in the Labyrinth. Here the

Paul Dukas: …scoring; and, in his opera Ariane et Barbe-Bleue (1907), on the play of Maurice Maeterlinck, the atmosphere and musical texture make up for the lack of dramatic impact.

Richard Strauss: Life: Their subsequent operas together were Ariadne auf Naxos (1912; Ariadne on Naxos), Die Frau ohne Schatten (1919; The Woman Without a Shadow), and Die ägyptische Helena (1928; The Egyptian Helen). But in 1929 Hofmannsthal died while working on the opera Arabella, leaving Strauss bereft.

Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg: …the text of a cantata, Ariadne auf Naxos (1767), that was set to music by Johann Adolph Scheibe and Johann Christian Bach and later adapted for a well-known duodrama by Jiří Antonín Benda.

Paul Ernst: …redemption drama, best exemplified by Ariadne auf Naxos (1912).

Richard Strauss: Life: Their subsequent operas together were Ariadne auf Naxos (1912; Ariadne on Naxos), Die Frau ohne Schatten (1919; The Woman Without a Shadow), and Die ägyptische Helena (1928; The Egyptian Helen). But in 1929 Hofmannsthal died while working on the opera Arabella, leaving Strauss bereft.

Patarine: …because, under the leadership of Arialdus (Arialdo), a deacon of Milan, its members used to assemble in the Pataria, or ragmen’s quarter of the city (pates being a dialectal word for “rag”). Viewed by the church as heretical, the Patarines, though short-lived in terms of organized activities, became an impetus…

Patarine: …because, under the leadership of Arialdus (Arialdo), a deacon of Milan, its members used to assemble in the Pataria, or ragmen’s quarter of the city (pates being a dialectal word for “rag”). Viewed by the church as heretical, the Patarines, though short-lived in terms of organized activities, became an impetus…

Battle of Carrhae: Context: Ariamnes was an ally of Pompey, but Plutarch reports that the Parthians had tasked him with diverting the Roman forces away from the river. He successfully persuaded Crassus to do so, and the Romans marched into a plain that grew drier and sandier with each…

Christology: The Arian controversy: The lingering disagreements about which Christological model was to be considered normative burst into the open in the early 4th century in what became known as the Arian controversy, possibly the most-intense and most-consequential theological dispute in early Christianity. The two protagonists,…

Ariane, family of launch vehicles developed as a means of independent access to space for the European Space Agency (ESA) and as a launcher for commercial payloads. Among the many European satellites launched by Ariane have been Giotto, the probe to Halley’s Comet; Hipparcos, the stellar

Paul Dukas: …scoring; and, in his opera Ariane et Barbe-Bleue (1907), on the play of Maurice Maeterlinck, the atmosphere and musical texture make up for the lack of dramatic impact.

Máxima: …December 2003; Princess Alexia and Princess Ariane were born in June 2005 and April 2007, respectively. On April 30, 2013, Willem-Alexander’s mother, Queen Beatrix, formally abdicated, and he became king of the Netherlands. Upon his accession to the throne, Máxima became queen consort, and Catharina-Amalia became princess of Orange and…

launch vehicle: Commercial launch industry: …was Europe, which formed the Arianespace Corporation to market Ariane launches to commercial customers. Arianespace was a mixed public-private corporation with close ties to the French government; the French space agency was a major shareholder.

Arianism, in Christianity, the Christological (concerning the doctrine of Christ) position that Jesus, as the Son of God, was created by God. It was proposed early in the 4th century by the Alexandrian presbyter Arius and was popular throughout much of the Eastern and Western Roman empires, even

Claudio Monteverdi: The Gonzaga court: …disaster occurred when the opera, L’Arianna, was in rehearsal, for the prima donna, a young girl who had been living in Monteverdi’s home, possibly as a pupil of his wife, died of smallpox. Nevertheless, the part was recast, and the opera was finally produced in May 1608. It was an…

Ariano Irpino, town, Campania regione, southern Italy. It is situated on a rocky eminence in the Apennines, east of Benevento, in a fertile district that has often been devastated by earthquakes. There is a castle of Norman origin and a 16th-century cathedral in Ariano Irpino. Cave dwellings can

Roger II: The Assizes of Ariano: After the pacification of South Italy, the king promulgated in 1140 at the so-called Assizes of Ariano a corpus of law covering every aspect of his rule. He then returned to Palermo, which he seldom left again. There he spent his last…

Ariaramnes was an early Achaemenid king of Persia who reigned c. 640–c. 615. The son of the previous king, Teispes, Ariaramnes ruled over Persis (modern Fārs, in southwestern Iran); his brother Cyrus I was given control of Anshan in Elam, north of the Persian Gulf. A campaign by the Medes, however,

Anatolia: Anatolia in the Hellenistic Age (334–c. 30 bce): The Cappadocian leader Ariaramnes (c. 250–225) carved out a kingdom by incorporating into his own possessions the territory of other local dynasts. Pergamum, originally a mountain fortress, eventually became an important continental power through the careful maneuvering of its rulers, Philetaerus (282–263) and later his nephew Eumenes I…

Sharon Olds: …Secret Thing (2008), Odes (2016), Arias (2019), and Balladz (2022). For Stag’s Leap (2012), which chronicles the 1997 dissolution of her marriage, she was awarded both the T.S. Eliot Prize and the Pulitzer Prize. In 2016 Olds received the Academy of American Poets’ Wallace Stevens Award.

Pedro Arias Dávila was a Spanish soldier and colonial administrator who led the first Spanish expedition to found permanent colonies on the American mainland. A soldier in his youth, Arias Dávila served with distinction in wars against the Moors in Granada in the 1490s and in North Africa in

Hernando Arias de Saavedra was a Spanish-American explorer, soldier, and lieutenant governor (1591–93) and governor (1602–09, 1614–18) of the Spanish district of Río de la Plata in South America. Hernandarias was known for his protection of the Indian population, for establishment of closer ties

Gordon Parks: Literature and film: …poetry, photograph, and watercolor collection Arias in Silence (1994).

Arnulfo Arias was three times president of Panama (June 1940–October 1941, November 1949–May 1951, and October 1–12, 1968) and was deposed three times. The younger brother of Harmodio Arias (Panamanian president, 1932–36), Arias was educated at the University of Chicago and Harvard Medical School

Panama: Early years: …orderly elections in 1932, when Harmodio Arias Madrid (brother of Arnulfo) was the winner.

Carlos Arias Navarro was a Spanish politician, the only civilian premier appointed by dictator General Francisco Franco. After receiving a doctorate in law, Arias Navarro began his service with the Ministry of Justice in 1929. During the Spanish Civil War (1936–39), he was imprisoned by the

Óscar Arias Sánchez is a Costa Rican politician who served as president of Costa Rica from 1986 to 1990 and again from 2006 to 2010. He was the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 for his Central American peace plan. (Read the essay Óscar Arias Sánchez wrote for Britannica about what he has

Arnulfo Arias was three times president of Panama (June 1940–October 1941, November 1949–May 1951, and October 1–12, 1968) and was deposed three times. The younger brother of Harmodio Arias (Panamanian president, 1932–36), Arias was educated at the University of Chicago and Harvard Medical School

Dame Margot Fonteyn was an outstanding ballerina of the English stage whose musicality, technical perfection, and precisely conceived and executed characterizations made her an international star. She was the first homegrown English ballerina, and she became an iconic and much-loved figure,

Buenaventura Carles Aribau was an economist and author whose poem Oda a la patria (1832; “Ode to the Fatherland”) marked the renaissance of Catalan literature in the 19th century in Spain. After working in Madrid at the banking establishment of Gaspar Remisa (1830–41), Aribau became the director of

Heribert Of Antimiano was the archbishop of Milan who for two years led his city in defying the Holy Roman emperor Conrad II. During the Risorgimento, the period of Italian unification in the 19th century, Heribert’s fame was revived as an example of Italian nationalism. Born to a family of Lombard

Heribert Of Antimiano was the archbishop of Milan who for two years led his city in defying the Holy Roman emperor Conrad II. During the Risorgimento, the period of Italian unification in the 19th century, Heribert’s fame was revived as an example of Italian nationalism. Born to a family of Lombard

Heribert Of Antimiano was the archbishop of Milan who for two years led his city in defying the Holy Roman emperor Conrad II. During the Risorgimento, the period of Italian unification in the 19th century, Heribert’s fame was revived as an example of Italian nationalism. Born to a family of Lombard

Heribert Of Antimiano was the archbishop of Milan who for two years led his city in defying the Holy Roman emperor Conrad II. During the Risorgimento, the period of Italian unification in the 19th century, Heribert’s fame was revived as an example of Italian nationalism. Born to a family of Lombard

Heribert Of Antimiano was the archbishop of Milan who for two years led his city in defying the Holy Roman emperor Conrad II. During the Risorgimento, the period of Italian unification in the 19th century, Heribert’s fame was revived as an example of Italian nationalism. Born to a family of Lombard

childhood disease and disorder: Malnutrition: Riboflavin deficiency results in lesions of the skin and corners of the mouth, with a peculiar smoothing of the tongue. Beriberi is a consequence of thiamine deficiency. The major clinical features often relate to cardiac impairment. Defects in the functioning of the nervous system also…

Arigböge was the brother of the great Mongol leader Kublai Khan and the Mongol chief most disposed toward Christianity. As commander of the Mongol homeland when the great khan Mangu died in 1259, Arigböge had himself proclaimed the chief Mongol leader. Meanwhile, his elder brother, Kublai, returned

Arica, city, northern Chile. It lies along the Pacific coast, at the foot of El Morro (a precipitous headland), and is fringed on its southern edge by sand dunes of the rainless Atacama Desert. Arica is situated near the Peruvian border and is the northernmost Chilean seaport. Founded as Villa de

War of the Pacific: …the provinces of Tacna and Arica for 10 years, after which a plebiscite was to be held to determine their nationality. But the two countries failed for decades to agree on what terms the plebiscite was to be conducted. This diplomatic dispute over Tacna and Arica was known as the…

anticholinesterase: …donepezil, which is marketed as Aricept, was found to marginally benefit some persons with early-onset Alzheimer disease, its use has been primarily limited to individuals with late-stage disease, for whom the benefits outweigh the risks of side effects.

Italy: The south, 774–1000: …central and northern Italy, Duke Arichis II of Benevento (758–787) responded by titling himself prince and claiming the legitimist tradition of the Lombards. Lombard princes then ruled in the south for 300 years, until the Norman conquest. Arichis and his son Grimoald III (787–806) were powerful rulers who held off…

Africa: Climatic regions: These are the hot desert, semiarid, tropical wet-and-dry, equatorial (tropical wet), Mediterranean, humid subtropical marine, warm temperate upland, and mountain regions.

Italian literature: Other writings: …Forest), Un cuore arido (1961; An Arid Heart), and Un uomo solo (1978; “A Man by Himself”).

Abu Dhabi: An Arid Lands Research Centre was founded at Al-Ain in the interior to seek improved methods of vegetable growing. Abu Dhabi also has a number of terrestrial and marine wildlife research centres.

valley: Arid zone: In arid regions moisture conditions are inadequate to support abundant vegetative cover of the land surface. As a result, the land is subjected to intense fluvial, eolian, and mass-wasting processes. The importance of fluvial action may seem ironic for an arid region. Although…

Al-ʿĀriḍ, central area of north-central Najd region, Saudi Arabia, in the arid Ṭuwayq Plateau. It consists of a number of important oases, of which Riyadh, the national capital, is the most

Aridisol, one of the 12 soil orders in the U.S. Soil Taxonomy. Aridisols are dry, desertlike soils that have low organic content and are sparsely vegetated by drought- or salt-tolerant plants. (Not included in this order are soils located in polar regions or high-elevation settings.) Dry climate

climate: Average relative humidity: …of the Northern Hemisphere when aridity is at a maximum. At other times the relative humidity generally will be higher. The humidities over the Southern Hemisphere in July indicate the humidities that comparable regions in the Northern Hemisphere will attain in January, just as July in the Northern Hemisphere suggests…

theatre music: Formative period: …the Stone Age, discovered at Ariège in France. Masks are tangible signs of that transfer of personality on which every form of theatre is based and in which song and dance have participated since the dawn of communication and animated ritual. Music in dramatic entertainment reached early peaks of development…

Ariel, the first international cooperative Earth satellite, launched April 26, 1962, as a joint project of agencies of the United States and the United Kingdom. Design, construction, telemetry, and launching of the 14.5-kilogram (32-lb) satellite was handled in the United States by the National

Ariel, second nearest of the five major moons of Uranus. It was discovered in 1851 by William Lassell, an English astronomer, and bears the name of characters in Alexander Pope’s poem The Rape of the Lock and William Shakespeare’s play The Tempest. Ariel revolves around Uranus at a mean distance of

José Enrique Rodó: …considered to be his masterpiece, Ariel (1900), Rodó set forth his moral credo. Concerned with patterns of human life and with both personal and political conduct, Rodó maintained that individual self-scrutiny is the basis for enlightened action for the good of all. Próspero, the venerable teacher in Ariel, cautions his…

Ariel, collection of poetry by American writer Sylvia Plath, published posthumously in the United Kingdom in 1965 and welcomed as a major literary event. It was published in the United States in 1966. Most of the poems were written during the last five months of Plath’s life, which ended by suicide

Ariel, the “airy spirit” in The Tempest (written c. 1611) by William Shakespeare. The witch Sycorax, who formerly ruled the island on which the play is set, had imprisoned the recalcitrant Ariel in a pine tree. The exiled duke Prospero, who is now in charge, releases him magically and engages his

bicycle: The ordinary bicycle: James Starley’s 1871 Ariel set the design standard for the ordinary bicycle. The Ariel had a 48-inch (122-cm) front wheel and a 30-inch (76-cm) rear wheel. Starley’s prolific improvements for bicycles and tricycles over the next 10 years earned him the title "Father of the Cycle Trade." By…

radio telescope: Earth-orbiting radio telescopes: -British Ariel 2, launched in 1964, which studied long-wavelength radio noise from Earth’s ionosphere and the Milky Way Galaxy. Ariel 2 was followed by two more satellites in the Ariel series and by the U.S. satellites Radio Astronomy Explorers 1 and 2, launched in 1968 and…

Heinrich Albert: His Arien (1638–50), published in eight volumes, are generally strophic settings for one or more voices and continuo, with texts by his friend Simon Dach, himself, and other contemporary poets. The songs are also important for the study of basso continuo performance practice, for some of…

Aries, in astronomy, zodiacal constellation in the northern sky lying between Pisces and Taurus, at about 3 hours right ascension and 20° north declination. Aries contains no very bright stars; the brightest star, Hamal (Arabic for “sheep”), has a magnitude of 2.0. The first point of Aries, or

vernal equinox, two moments in the year when the Sun is exactly above the Equator and day and night are of equal length; also, either of the two points in the sky where the ecliptic (the Sun’s annual pathway) and the celestial equator intersect. In the Northern Hemisphere the vernal equinox falls

Claudio Monteverdi: Three decades in Venice: …of the time, the fashionable arietta (i.e., a short aria), duets, and ensembles, and how they could be combined with the expressive and less fashionable recitative of the early part of the century. The emphasis is always on the drama: the musical units are rarely self-contained but are usually woven…

ʿAbd al-Salām ʿĀrif was an Iraqi army officer and politician who was president of Iraq from 1963 to 1966. ʿĀrif, the son of a cloth merchant, graduated from military college in 1939 and during his military career trained with British troops in Germany. His rise to power began in 1958 when he, along

Arigböge was the brother of the great Mongol leader Kublai Khan and the Mongol chief most disposed toward Christianity. As commander of the Mongol homeland when the great khan Mangu died in 1259, Arigböge had himself proclaimed the chief Mongol leader. Meanwhile, his elder brother, Kublai, returned

C.N. Annadurai was an Indian politician who served as the last chief minister of the erstwhile Madras state from 1967 to 1969 and as the first chief minister of Tamil Nadu (renamed from Madras) from January 14 to February 3, 1969. He founded the Dravidian Progressive Federation (Dravida Munnetra

Jericho, town located in the West Bank. Jericho is one of the earliest continuous settlements in the world, dating perhaps from about 9000 bce. Archaeological excavations have demonstrated Jericho’s lengthy history. The city’s site is of great archaeological importance; it provides evidence of the