European Union: Creation of the European Economic Community: …to increase efficiency, after the accession of 10 additional countries in 2004 the ECJ was allowed to sit in a “grand chamber” of only 13 judges. Eight impartial advocates-general assist the ECJ by presenting opinions on cases before the court. In 1989 an additional court, the Court of First Instance,…

accessory, in criminal law, a person who becomes equally guilty in the crime of another by knowingly and voluntarily aiding the criminal before or after the crime. An accessory is one kind of accomplice, the other being an abettor, who aids the criminal during the act itself. Common law once

fashion industry: Fashion design and manufacturing: …the manufacture and sale of accessories, such as shoes and handbags, and underwear are closely allied with the fashion industry. As with garments, the production of accessories ranges from very expensive luxury goods to inexpensive mass-produced items. Like apparel manufacturing, accessory production tends to gravitate to low-wage environments. Producers of…

accomplice: An accessory after the fact is often not considered an accomplice but is treated as a separate offender. Such an offender is one who harbours, protects, or assists a person who has already committed an offense or is charged with committing an offense. Usually the offense…

crime: Criminal responsibility: …or by providing information) are accessories before the fact. Usually, the law considers all equally responsible and liable to the same punishment.

fruit: Types of fruits: …the apple or strawberry, an accessory fruit results.

circulatory system: Hearts: …systemic heart, many species have accessory booster hearts at critical points in the circulatory system. Cephalopods have special muscular dilations, the branchial hearts, that pump blood through the capillaries, and insects may have additional ampullar hearts at the points of attachment of many of their appendages.

accessory mineral, any mineral in an igneous rock not essential to the naming of the rock. When it is present in small amounts, as is common, it is called a minor accessory. If the amount is greater or is of special significance, the mineral is called a varietal, or characterizing, accessory and

human nervous system: Accessory nerve (CN XI or 11): The accessory nerve is formed by fibers from the medulla oblongata (known as the cranial root) and by fibers from cervical levels C1–C4 (known as the spinal root). The cranial root originates from the nucleus ambiguus and exits the…

Cornelius Vanderbilt: …the 1849 gold rush, Vanderbilt’s Accessory Transit Company proved a huge success. He quit the business only after his competitors—whom he had nearly ruined—agreed to pay him $40,000 (later it rose to $56,000) a month to abandon his operation.

Guadix, town, Granada provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain, northeast of Granada city. The town originated as the Acci of the Romans; its present name was corrupted from the Arabic Wādī-Ash (“River of Life”). Outstanding landmarks

acciaccatura, in music, ornamental note sometimes confused with appoggiatura

Greece: Athens, Thebes, and Corinth: …the way for the Florentine Acciajuoli, lords of Corinth, to take Athens in 1388. The latter then ruled all three regions until their defeat at the hands of the Ottomans in the 1450s.

Niccolò Acciaiuoli was a statesman, soldier, and grand seneschal of Naples who enjoyed a predominant position in the Neapolitan court. Of a prominent and wealthy Florentine family, Acciaiuoli went to Naples in 1331 to direct the family’s banking interests. In 1335 King Robert made him a knight,

Greece: Athens, Thebes, and Corinth: …the way for the Florentine Acciajuoli, lords of Corinth, to take Athens in 1388. The latter then ruled all three regions until their defeat at the hands of the Ottomans in the 1450s.

inflection, in linguistics, the change in the form of a word (in English, usually the addition of endings) to mark such distinctions as tense, person, number, gender, mood, voice, and case. English inflection indicates noun plural (cat, cats), noun case (girl, girl’s, girls’), third person singular

Ezekiel Cheever: …publication by far was his Accidence, a Short Introduction to the Latin Tongue, written at New Haven. Cheever’s Accidence appeared in twenty editions by 1785 and was again republished in 1838. It was regarded as the standard Latin textbook throughout colonial New England.

Epicureanism: Criticism and evaluation: …atomistic terms—of Aristotle’s theory of accidents (i.e., of properties that are not essential to the substances in which they occur), inasmuch as an accident, too, as Aristotle himself had stated (Metaphysics I 3), is without a cause. Moreover, a similar view was seriously advanced in the 19th century under the…

accident, unexpected event, typically sudden in nature and associated with injury, loss, or harm. Accidents are a common feature of the human experience and result in injury or permanent disability to large numbers of people worldwide every year. Many accidents also involve damage to or loss of

New Zealand: Health and welfare: …the establishment of the government-run Accident Compensation Corporation, to which all New Zealanders must pay premiums and which handles claims. The cost of accident compensation is high, which leads to occasional political debate as to the best method of handling the risk of accident.

fallacy: Material fallacies: (2) The converse fallacy of accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule. Thus, the fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all people. (3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed…

fallacy: Material fallacies: …Aristotle’s Sophistic Refutations: (1) The fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstance (“accident”) makes the rule inapplicable. The truth that “men are capable of seeing” is no basis for the conclusion that “blind men are…

accidental, in music, sign placed immediately to the left of (or above) a note to show that the note must be changed in pitch. A sharp (♯) raises a note by a semitone; a flat (♭) lowers it by a semitone; a natural (♮) restores it to the original pitch. Double sharps (×) and double flats (♭♭)

bursa: Adventitious, or accidental, bursas arise in soft tissues as a result of repeated subjections to unusual shearing stresses, particularly over bony prominences. Adventitious bursas are not permanent, though they typically form in areas affected by chronic friction, such as the foot. Subcutaneous bursas ordinarily are…

insurance: Group health insurance: Accidental death and dismemberment insurance offers an insured or a beneficiary a lump sum; it is used widely as a form of travel accident insurance.

Aristotle: Form: …to the category of substance, accidental forms correspond to categories other than substance; they are nonsubstantial categories considered as universals. Socrates is wise, for example, may be described as predicating a quality (wise) of a first substance or as predicating an accidental form of a first substance. Aristotle calls such…

David O. Russell: …in 2015 under the title Accidental Love with the fictional “Stephen Greene” credited as director.) Russell’s relationship with Wahlberg that was formed during the making of Three Kings and I Heart Huckabees helped him secure directorial duties for the Wahlberg-starring vehicle The Fighter (2010), the story of a boxer training…

Anne Tyler: …it was made into a film directed by Lawrence Kasdan and starring William Hurt, Kathleen Turner, and Geena Davis. That year Tyler also published Breathing Lessons, which explores a couple’s relationship as they drive to a funeral; it won a Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1989.

Anne Tyler: Her highly successful novel The Accidental Tourist (1985) examines the life of a recently divorced man who writes travel guides for businessmen. In 1988 it was made into a film directed by Lawrence Kasdan and starring William Hurt, Kathleen Turner, and Geena Davis. That year Tyler also published Breathing…

Luis Batlle Berres: Batlle founded the newspaper Acción in 1948, using it as a vehicle for his political opinions. He also owned the radio station Ariel. His son Jorge Batlle Ibáñez, a prominent Colorado leader, became president of Uruguay in 2000.

Democratic Action (AD), social-democratic political party of Venezuela. Democratic Action was founded in 1936–37 as the National Democratic Party during a period when Venezuela’s government had relaxed its restrictive laws regulating political organizations. By the end of 1937, however, the

Hugo Bánzer Suárez: …the Acción Democrática Nacionalista (ADN; Nationalist Democratic Action), which became one of the country’s most powerful parties. Bánzer ran for president in 1985 and won in the popular vote but lost in the subsequent run-off vote in the country’s Congress. He was successful in his bid for the presidency in…

Doctor Atl: …he founded the radical journal Acción Mundiale in 1916 and became its editor. During that period he became active in the muralist movement along with politically active figures such as José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, and David Alfaro Siqueiros. He was appointed head of Mexico’s Department of Archaeological Monuments in…

Spain: The Second Republic: …Gil Robles, was known as Acción Popular and became the main component of the right-wing electoral grouping, the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights (Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas; CEDA). The left viewed CEDA’s “accidentalism” (the doctrine that forms of government are irrelevant provided the church can fulfill its mission) as…

Manuel Azaña: …organize a liberal republican party, Republican Action (Acción Republicana), in opposition to the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera. He was one of the signatories of the Pact of San Sebastián (August 1930), an alliance of republicans, socialists, and the Catalan left that called for the abdication of King…

accipiter, (genus Accipiter), any of approximately 50 species of bird hawks (hawks that prey particularly on other birds) that make up the bird genus Accipiter, the largest genus of birds of prey, in the family Accipitridae. Sometimes accipiters are referred to as the “true” hawks. They have broad

sparrowhawk: The Levant sparrowhawk, or shikra (A. brevipes), is gray above and brown barred white below. It occurs from southeastern Europe throughout most of continental southern Asia and subequatorial Africa. For the small falcon called sparrow hawk in the United States, see kestrel.

hawk: …the New World, and by Cooper’s hawk (A. cooperii), a North American species similar in appearance but larger—to 50 cm (20 inches) long. A long tail and short rounded wings give these fast low-flying birds great maneuverability. They feed on birds and small mammals; of all the New World raptors,…

goshawk: …bird catchers, of which the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) is best known. Originally called “goose hawk,” perhaps because of its size and its finely barred gray plumage, this bird reaches about 60 centimetres (2 feet) in length with a 1.3-m (4.3-ft) wingspread. It has long been used in falconry, where…

sparrowhawk: The African little sparrowhawk (A. minullus), slate gray above with white tail bars, barred white below, inhabits woods of East and South Africa. The Eurasian sparrowhawk (A. nisus), dark gray above and brown barred white below, is a common inhabitant of wooded areas throughout Europe, in…

sparrowhawk: The Eurasian sparrowhawk (A. nisus), dark gray above and brown barred white below, is a common inhabitant of wooded areas throughout Europe, in coastal northwestern Africa, and in temperate to sub-Arctic forests of Asia. The Levant sparrowhawk, or shikra (A. brevipes), is gray above and brown…

hawk: …called accipiters)—are exemplified by the sharp-shinned hawk (A. striatus), a bird with a 30-cm (12-inch) body length, gray above with fine rusty barring below, found through much of the New World, and by Cooper’s hawk (A. cooperii), a North American species similar in appearance but larger—to 50 cm (20 inches)…

falconiform: Reproduction: All members of the family Accipitridae, as well as caracaras, the osprey, and the secretary bird, construct nests, usually of sticks. The Cathartidae and the remaining Falconidae (forest falcons, falconets, and true falcons) do not make nests but use a hollow tree, another bird’s nest, or a scrape on a…

accismus, a form of irony in which a person feigns indifference to or pretends to refuse something he or she desires. The fox’s dismissal of the grapes in Aesop’s fable of the fox and the grapes is an example of accismus. A classic example is that of Caesar’s initial refusal to accept the crown, a

Lucius Accius was one of the greatest of the Roman tragic poets, in the view of his contemporaries. His plays (more than 40 titles are known, and about 700 lines survive) were mostly free translations from Greek tragedy, many from Euripides, with violent plots, flamboyant characterizations, and

acclimatization, any of the numerous gradual, long-term responses of an organism to changes in its environment. Such responses are more or less habitual and reversible should environmental conditions revert to an earlier state. The numerous sudden changes that evoke rapid and short-term responses

human nervous system: The eye: The initial stimulus for accommodation is a blurred visual image that first reaches the visual cortex. Through a series of cortical connections, the blurred image reaches two specialized motor centers. One of these, located in the frontal cortex, sends motor commands to neurons in the oculomotor nucleus controlling the…

human behaviour: Cognitive development: Accommodation, the second process, occurs when the information presented does not fit the existing concept. Thus, once the child learns that the ostrich does not fly, he will accommodate to that fact and modify his concept of bird to include the fact that some birds…

cognition: …two basic processes: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the process of interpreting reality in terms of a person’s internal model of the world (based on previous experience); accommodation represents the changes one makes to that model through the process of adjusting to experience. The American psychologist Jerome S. Bruner broadened…

recitative: The second variety, recitativo stromentato, or accompanied recitative, has stricter rhythm and more involved, often orchestral accompaniment. Used at dramatically important moments, it is more emotional in character. Its vocal line is more melodic, and typically it leads into a formal aria.

accompaniment, in music, auxiliary part or parts of a composition designed to support the principal part or to throw it into relief. In secular medieval music and in much folk and non-European music, instrumental accompaniments for singers consist of unison or octave duplications of the melody

accomplice, in law, a person who becomes equally guilty in the crime of another by knowingly and voluntarily aiding the other to commit the offense. An accomplice is either an accessory or an abettor. The accessory aids a criminal prior to the crime, whereas the abettor aids the offender during the

Wawrzyniec Goślicki: …Oldisworth appeared under the title The Accomplished Senator. Opposing absolute monarchy and supremacy of the people, Goślicki recommended that the senate should stand between the sovereign and the people, controlling the sovereign and representing the people. He was one of the earliest political theorists to advocate the right of revolt…

Western painting: Body and performance art: …works of the New York-based Vito Acconci were more essentially ironic. His notorious Seedbed (1972) involved him masturbating under a ramp in a gallery. As he imagined the audience walking above him, his groans were relayed to them via a loudspeaker. The work both empowered him, insofar as he achieved…

Vittoria Accoramboni was an Italian woman whose life story aroused a great deal of contemporary interest and was later the basis for a play by John Webster, The White Devil (1612), and for a novel by Ludwig Tieck, Vittoria Accorombona (1840). She was the 10th child in a well-to-do but not

automobile: Japanese cars: Honda’s Accord model, introduced in 1976, offered refinement and economy superior to comparable American models, albeit at a slightly higher price. The Accord was an immediate hit and resulted in construction of a Honda manufacturing plant in Ohio, the first of what would be many “transplant”…

Richard III: Formative years: However, this settlement, the Act of Accord, was resisted, and York was killed attempting to enforce it at Wakefield (now West Yorkshire) on December 30, 1460. This setback was reversed by York’s eldest son, Edward, who decisively defeated the Lancastrians in February 1461; he assumed the title King Edward…

accordion, free-reed portable musical instrument, consisting of a treble casing with external piano-style keys or buttons and a bass casing (usually with buttons) attached to opposite sides of a hand-operated bellows. The advent of the accordion is the subject of debate among researchers. Many

Beryl Bainbridge: … (1996), Master Georgie (1998), and According to Queeney (2001).

accordion, free-reed portable musical instrument, consisting of a treble casing with external piano-style keys or buttons and a bass casing (usually with buttons) attached to opposite sides of a hand-operated bellows. The advent of the accordion is the subject of debate among researchers. Many

Annie Proulx: Proulx’s next novel was Accordion Crimes (1996), which examines the immigrant experience by tracing the life of an Old World accordion in the United States.

Franciscus Accursius was an Italian legal scholar and leading jurist of the 13th century who was responsible for the renovation of Roman law. He was the last of a series of legal glossators (annotators) of Justinian’s compilation of Roman law. A professor at the University of Bologna, Accursius had

marketing: Advertising agencies: …typically consist of four departments: account management, a creative division, a research group, and a media planning department. Those in account management act as liaisons between the client and the agency, ensuring that client needs are communicated to the agency and that agency recommendations are clearly understood by the client.…

Sir James Young Simpson, 1st Baronet: …ether and published his classic Account of a New Anaesthetic Agent. Simpson persisted in the use of chloroform for relief of labour pains, against opposition from obstetricians and the clergy. He was appointed one of the queen’s physicians for Scotland in 1847 and in 1866 was created a baronet.

A Visit from St. Nicholas, narrative poem first published anonymously in the Troy (New York) Sentinel on December 23, 1823. It became an enduring part of Christmas tradition, and, because of its wide popularity, both Nicholas, the patron saint of Christmas, and the legendary figure Santa Claus were

James Boswell: Scottish lawyer and laird: In February 1768 Boswell published An Account of Corsica, The Journal of a Tour to That Island; and Memoirs of Pascal Paoli and stepped into fame. France had unmasked its intention of annexing the island, and people were greedy for information about Corsica and Paoli. Motives of propaganda caused him…

An Account of My Hut, poetic diary by Kamo Chōmei, written in Japanese in 1212 as Hōjōki. It is admired as a classic literary and philosophical work. An Account of My Hut (the title is sometimes translated as The Ten Foot Square Hut) relates the musings of a Buddhist who renounces the world to live

John Norris: Norris’ An Account of Reason and Faith in Relation to the Mysteries of Christianity (1697) was one of the best contemporary responses to Christianity Not Mysterious, by the English deist John Toland. Norris’ most significant work, An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible…

William Withering: Botanical works: …lies primarily with his publication An Account of the Foxglove, and Some of Its Medical Uses (1785). Though foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) had been used in folk medicine for centuries, Withering drew upon 156 of his own cases to objectively demonstrate its efficacy in treating dropsy, the edematous bodily swelling that…

English literature: Literary reactions to the political climate: …monarchy’s attraction to absolutism in An Account of the Growth of Popery, and Arbitrary Government in England (1677) that a reward of £100 was offered for revealing its author’s identity.

Thomas Sprat: …executor of Cowley, and his An Account of the Life and Writings of Mr. Abraham Cowley (1668) was the first biography of a writer attempting to show the interrelation between the poet’s life and personality and his works. Although he referred to the charm and interest of Cowley’s letters, he…

Samuel Johnson: The Gentleman’s Magazine and early publications of Samuel Johnson: …publication of this period was An Account of the Life of Mr. Richard Savage, Son of the Earl Rivers (1744). If, as Johnson claimed, the best biographies were written by those who had eaten and drunk and “lived in social intercourse” with their subjects, this was the most likely of…

Palau: History: George Keate’s An Account of the Pelew Islands (1788), which recounted the friendship and high adventure found in Palau, served to fuel the European myths of the noble savage and the island paradise. The first 70 years of the 19th century were punctuated by the occasional visits…

quarantine: Early practices: …of lazarettos, and his work An Account of the Principal Lazarettos in Europe (1789) presents a depressing picture.

John Fothergill: His “Account of the Sore Throat Attended with Ulcers” (1748) was the first authoritative paper on diphtheria. He also described facial neuralgia and migraine. Fothergill popularized the use of coffee in England and promoted its cultivation in the West Indies. A friend of Benjamin Franklin, he…

John Hawkesworth: …British Admiralty to compile An Account of the Voyages Undertaken in the Southern Hemisphere (1773), dealing chiefly with the voyages of exploration of Captain James Cook; but the work was severely criticized for inaccuracy and for failing to attribute escapes at sea to the workings of divine providence.

account payable, any amount owed by a company as the result of a purchase of goods or services from another company on a credit basis. Under a trade-credit arrangement, the purchasing company, after placing its order with the seller, receives the goods and an invoice denoting the price of the goods

account receivable, any amount owed to a business by a customer as a result of a purchase of goods or services from it on a credit basis. The company making the sale does not receive an acceptance or promissory note (i.e., written orders or promises to pay) from the purchaser but merely enters the

accountability, principle according to which a person or institution is responsible for a set of duties and can be required to give an account of their fulfilment to an authority that is in a position to issue rewards or punishment. Despite the apparent precision of this definition, controversy has

defense economics: Choosing weapon systems: …of budget is called an accountability budget because it accounts for defense expenditure, but it cannot inform the defense planner (or the taxpayer) how efficiently the defense department has spent the budget. Under functional costing, the objectives of a proposed military program are shown along with the costs of all…

constitution: Accountability: Under constitutional government, those who govern are regularly accountable to at least a portion of the governed. In a constitutional democracy, this accountability is owed to the electorate by all persons in government. Accountability can be enforced through a great variety of regular procedures,…

bankruptcy fraud: Bust-out schemes: …is the focus on prosecuting accountants and other professionals in the financial industry. These are the individuals who typically are responsible for large-scale increases in fraudulent bankruptcy claims. Individuals may not be familiar with how bankruptcy operates, but accountants and financial advisers who engage in bankruptcy fraud can encourage criminal…

Ben Affleck: Roles of the 2010s and beyond: …drug cartels in the thriller The Accountant. Movies from 2019 included Triple Frontier, a thriller in which a team of former Special Forces operatives face a series of moral dilemmas after staging an elaborate heist.

accounting, systematic development and analysis of information about the economic affairs of an organization. This information may be used in a number of ways: by a firm’s managers to help them plan and control ongoing operations; by owners and legislative or regulatory bodies to help them appraise

account payable, any amount owed by a company as the result of a purchase of goods or services from another company on a credit basis. Under a trade-credit arrangement, the purchasing company, after placing its order with the seller, receives the goods and an invoice denoting the price of the goods

account receivable, any amount owed to a business by a customer as a result of a purchase of goods or services from it on a credit basis. The company making the sale does not receive an acceptance or promissory note (i.e., written orders or promises to pay) from the purchaser but merely enters the

Accra, capital and largest city of Ghana, on the Gulf of Guinea (an arm of the Atlantic Ocean). The city lies partly on a cliff, 25 to 40 feet (8 to 12 metres) high, and spreads northward over the undulating Accra plains. The area’s susceptibility to faulting is the cause of occasional earthquakes.

Ghana: Relief and drainage: …consists of the gently rolling Accra Plains, which are underlain by some of the oldest Precambrian rocks known—mostly gneisses (coarse-grained rocks in which bands containing granular minerals alternate with bands containing micaceous minerals); in places they rise above the surface to form inselbergs (prominent steep-sided hills left after erosion). The…

crime laboratory: Crime laboratory issues: …have a mandatory process for accreditation. The United States offers a system of voluntary accreditation administered by an arm of the American Society of Crime Lab Directors. That accreditation signifies that the lab meets certain minimum standards in physical plant, documentation, analytical processes, and personnel but does not assess the…

medical tourism: Social and ethical issues in medical tourism: -based Joint Commission Resources; Accreditation Canada International; and the Australian Council on Healthcare Standards International. Those organizations charge fees to clients who want to have their facilities surveyed for accreditation, and each organization maintains a list of accredited hospitals to help persons wishing to travel internationally for health care…

Accredited investors are a category of high-net-worth individuals and certain financial entities that meet financial or professional criteria established by a regulatory authority, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the United States. Accredited investors have the privilege of

hydrosphere: Origin and evolution of the hydrosphere: Earth is thought to have accreted from a cloud of particles around the Sun. This gaseous matter condensed into small particles that coalesced to form a protoplanet, which in turn grew by the gravitational attraction of more particulates. Some of these particles had compositions similar to that of carbonaceous chondrite…

coral island: Coral islands created by accretion have developed from rubbly reef rock broken off from the reef by storms and waves and mixed with finer reef detritus. The exceptional conditions of cyclonic storms are sometimes sufficient to create reef-top shoals in a single event. Other material accumulates by more regular…

accretion disk, a disklike flow of gas, plasma, dust, or particles around any astronomical object in which the material orbiting in the gravitational field of the object loses energy and angular momentum as it slowly spirals inward. In astrophysics, the term accretion refers to the growth in mass

accretion disk, a disklike flow of gas, plasma, dust, or particles around any astronomical object in which the material orbiting in the gravitational field of the object loses energy and angular momentum as it slowly spirals inward. In astrophysics, the term accretion refers to the growth in mass

continental shield: …of the concept of continental accretion—i.e., that belts of successively younger rocks have undergone intense deformation in episodes of mountain building and have become welded onto the borders of the preexisting shields. In this way, the growth of continents might have occurred through geologic time.

lapillus: Accretionary lapilli are pellets formed by the accretion of volcanic ash or dust around moisture droplets; as in hailstones formed of water, these volcanic “hailstones” may show concentric rings—some as much as 10 cm (four inches) across—when they are carried through the eruption cloud several…

deep-sea trench: Structure: …plate and is termed an accretionary prism. A line of explosive volcanoes, extruding (erupting) a lava that forms the volcanic rock andesite, is found on the overriding plate usually 100 km (about 60 miles) or so from the trench. In marginal trenches these volcanoes form mountain chains, such as the…

Triassic Period: Paleogeography: This process of “accretionary tectonics” (or obduction) created more than 50 terranes of various ages in the Cordilleran region, including the Sonomia and Golconda terranes of the northwestern United States, both of which were accreted in the Early Triassic. The former microcontinent of Sonomia occupies what is now…

accretion disk: …growing is known as the accretor.