Hyndburn: Accrington is the borough’s largest town and administrative centre.

income tax: The meaning of income: …and capricious results is “accrued income,” which is the money value of the goods and services consumed by the taxpayer plus or minus any change in net worth during a given period of time. (Tax experts commonly call this the Haig-Simons definition of income, based on work by American…

acculturation, the processes of change in artifacts, customs, and beliefs that result from the contact of two or more cultures. The term is also used to refer to the results of such changes. Two major types of acculturation, incorporation and directed change, may be distinguished on the basis of

petroleum: Accumulation in reservoir beds: The porosity (volume of pore spaces) and permeability (capacity for transmitting fluids) of carrier and reservoir beds are important factors in the migration and accumulation of oil. Most conventional petroleum accumulations have been found in clastic reservoirs (sandstones and siltstones). Next…

social change: Mechanisms of one-directional change: accumulation, selection, and differentiation: …of technical knowledge stimulates capital accumulation, which leads to rising production levels. Population growth also may be incorporated in this model of cumulative evolution: it is by the accumulation of collective technical knowledge and means of production that human beings can increase their numbers; this growth then leads to new…

glacier: Mass balance: …a balance between income (accumulation) and outgo (ablation). If this mass balance is positive (more gain than loss), the glacier will grow; if it is negative, the glacier will shrink.

Rosa Luxemburg: …Die Akkumulation des Kapitals (1913; The Accumulation of Capital). In this analysis, she described imperialism as the result of a dynamic capitalism’s expansion into underdeveloped areas of the world. It was during this time also that she began to agitate for mass actions and broke completely with the established Social…

poison: Frequency of exposure: Toxic accumulation is one of the reasons repetitive exposures of a chemical produce toxicity while a single exposure may not. In a hypothetical case, as depicted in Figure 2, a concentration of more than 100 milligrams per gram in a target tissue is required for…

battery: Storage batteries: In contrast to primary cells, which are discharged once and then discarded, storage batteries can be supplied with direct current (DC) of the correct polarity and recharged to or near their original energy content and power capability—i.e., they can repeatedly store electrical energy.…

chemical analysis: Evaluation of results: Accuracy is the degree of agreement between the experimental result and the true value. Precision is the degree of agreement among a series of measurements of the same quantity; it is a measure of the reproducibility of results rather than their correctness. Errors may be…

Franciscus Accursius was an Italian legal scholar and leading jurist of the 13th century who was responsible for the renovation of Roman law. He was the last of a series of legal glossators (annotators) of Justinian’s compilation of Roman law. A professor at the University of Bologna, Accursius had

Armenian language: Morphology and syntax: genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, instrumental, and locative. However, many of these forms overlapped so that usually only three or four different forms existed; e.g., žam ‘time’ was both nominative and accusative, žamê was ablative, and žamu was genitive, dative, instrumental, and locative. A special form of locative…

adversary procedure, in law, one of the two methods of exposing evidence in court (the other being the inquisitorial procedure). The adversary procedure requires the opposing sides to bring out pertinent information and to present and cross-examine witnesses. This procedure is observed primarily in

crime laboratory: Crime laboratory issues: Criminal defendants frequently have no access to those public forensic science services and must often rely on private laboratories to analyze evidence for them. Most jurisdictions have some provisions for providing indigent defendants with funds to obtain forensic science services, but often the amount of funds…

rights of accused, in law, the rights and privileges of a person accused of a crime, guaranteeing him a fair trial. These rights were initially (generally from the 18th century on) confined primarily to the actual trial itself, but in the second half of the 20th century many countries began to

William Dieterle: Middle years of William Dieterle: In 1949 Dieterle directed The Accused, an entertaining film noir about a college professor (Loretta Young) on the run from a homicide detective (Wendell Corey) after she kills a student in self-defense. In the action adventure Rope of Sand (1949), the quest for hidden diamonds had Casablanca alumni Rains,…

Jodie Foster: The Silence of the Lambs and The Accused: In The Accused (1988) she gave a remarkable performance as Sarah Tobias, a rape victim who struggles with inequities in the justice system. In The Silence of the Lambs (1991) she tracks a serial killer as FBI agent Clarice Starling. Both performances won her Academy Awards…

dictionary: General-purpose dictionaries: Barnhart in The American College Dictionary (ACD), in 1947. (Barnhart also carried on Thorndike’s work in the Thorndike-Barnhart dictionaries after Thorndike’s death.) After mid-century, other college-size works were revised to meet that competition: Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language (1951), the Merriam-Webster Seventh New Collegiate…

Delta Force, tier-one special missions unit within the U.S. armed forces. It has also been referred to as the Combat Applications Group (CAG), Army Compartmented Elements (ACE), Task Force Green, and simply “the Unit,” as well as a host of cover names. Delta Force is primarily devoted to

Alan Turing: Computer designer: His design for the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) was the first complete specification of an electronic stored-program all-purpose digital computer. Had Turing’s ACE been built as he planned, it would have had vastly more memory than any of the other early computers, as well as being faster. However, his…

playing cards: Ranks: …the numeral 1 is designated ace and marked A accordingly. In games based on the superiority of one rank over another, such as most trick-taking games, the ace counts highest, outranking even the king. In games based on numerical value, the ace normally counts 1, as in cribbage, or 11,…

handball: Principles of play.: An ace is a legal serve that eludes the receiver. The greater variety of angle shots—for example, sidewall to front wall, ceiling to front, side to back—makes the four-wall game the most demanding form of handball. All versions require good physical condition, speed, control, and stamina,…

adrenal gland: Regulation of adrenal hormone secretion: …enzyme in the serum called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) then converts angiotensin I into an octapeptide (consisting of eight amino acids) called angiotensin II. Angiotensin II acts via specific receptors in the adrenal glands to stimulate the secretion of aldosterone, which stimulates salt and water reabsorption by the kidneys, and the…

asexuality, experiencing a complete or partial absence of sexual attraction or finding little interest in engaging in sexual activities with others. Asexuality encompasses a broad spectrum, and people who identify as asexual may experience varying degrees of sexual attraction, ranging from no

Billy Wilder: Films of the 1950s of Billy Wilder: Ace in the Hole (originally titled The Big Carnival; 1951) was Wilder’s first endeavour as both producer and director, and it would prove to be his first box-office failure. This acerbic drama, a corrosive account of a tabloid reporter (Kirk Douglas) who amorally manipulates a…

pharmaceutical industry: Contribution of scientific knowledge to drug discovery: …class of antihypertensive drugs called ACE inhibitors was developed. Similarly, once the role of AT1 receptors in blood pressure maintenance was understood, it was assumed that drugs that could block AT1 receptors would produce antihypertensive effects. Once again, this assumption proved correct, and a second class of antihypertensive drugs, the…

Jim Carrey: Stardom: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, The Mask, and The Truman Show: …scored an immediate hit with Ace Ventura: Pet Detective and had continued box-office success with Dumb and Dumber and The Mask (all 1994). In the latter film Carrey played a timid bank clerk who becomes a hip wisecracking green-faced dandy when he dons a magical mask. His performance earned Carrey…

Jim Carrey: Stardom: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, The Mask, and The Truman Show: He subsequently starred in Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1995) and played the Riddler in Batman Forever (1995).

Goodman Ace was an American radio writer and performer and producer-writer for television, whose literate writing, wry humour, and relaxed style influenced numerous radio and television writers from the 1930s on. From childhood Ace wanted to be a writer, and his writing was admired by his teachers.

Madrid train bombings of 2004: Indeed, Ángel Acebes, the country’s interior minister, claimed, “There is no doubt ETA is responsible.” In an outpouring of grief and defiance, the following day an estimated 11 million Spaniards, including some 2.3 million in Madrid alone, participated in demonstrations against the violence and in support…

sloth, in Roman Catholic theology, one of the seven deadly sins. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, issued by the Vatican in 1992, sloth is the “culpable lack of physical or spiritual effort.” The terms sloth and acedia are often used interchangeably, but some theologians

Aceh, autonomous daerah istimewa (special district) of Indonesia, with the status of propinsi (or provinsi; province), forming the northern extremity of the island of Sumatra. Aceh is surrounded by water on three sides: the Indian Ocean to the west and north and the Strait of Malacca to the east.

Acehnese, one of the main ethnic groups on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. They were estimated to number roughly 4.2 million in the early 21st century. They speak a language of the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) family. The Acehnese were ruled by Indian princes prior to 500 ce, and in the 13th

Austronesian languages: Major languages: Acehnese, Balinese, and Buginese of western Indonesia; and Malagasy of Madagascar. Each of these languages has more than one million speakers. Javanese alone accounts for about one-quarter of all speakers of Austronesian languages, which is a remarkable disparity in view of the total number of…

Acehnese War, (1873–1904), an armed conflict between the Netherlands and the Muslim sultanate of Aceh (also spelled Acheh, or Atjeh) in northern Sumatra that resulted in Dutch conquest of the Acehnese and, ultimately, in Dutch domination of the entire region. In 1871 the Netherlands and Britain had

Amtrak: …late that year of the Acela Express in the heavily traveled Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston, a high-speed electrified train that could cruise at some 125 miles (200 km) per hour and reach top speeds of about 150 miles (240 km) per hour. Amtrak also explored the possibility…

Amtrak: …late that year of the Acela Express in the heavily traveled Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston, a high-speed electrified train that could cruise at some 125 miles (200 km) per hour and reach top speeds of about 150 miles (240 km) per hour. Amtrak also explored the possibility…

Anatolia: Middle Bronze Age: …as Acemhöyük (probably the ancient Purushkhanda) and Hattusas (site of the later Hittite capital), which, together with a number of other cities in central Anatolia, were also violently destroyed. It is not clear who was responsible for the destruction. The Middle Bronze Age sites of western Anatolia were largely unaffected…

Daron Acemoglu is a Turkish-American economist and winner, with Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson, of the 2024 Nobel Prize for Economics (the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel) “for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity.” Acemoglu,

Daron Acemoglu is a Turkish-American economist and winner, with Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson, of the 2024 Nobel Prize for Economics (the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel) “for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity.” Acemoglu,

Lepidoptera: Thorax: …the aquatic snout moth (Acentropus) some females are wingless, while some females and males are winged. There are eight main wing veins, each with a characteristic pattern. These are usually designated according to the modified Comstock-Needham system. The names of the veins (with their symbols in parentheses) and the…

bivalve, (class Bivalvia), any of more than 15,000 species of clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and other members of the phylum Mollusca characterized by a shell that is divided from front to back into left and right valves. The valves are connected to one another at a hinge. Primitive bivalves

headless line, in prosody, a line of verse that is lacking the normal first syllable. An iambic line with only one syllable in the first foot is a headless line, as in the third line of the following stanza of A.E. Housman’s poem “To an Athlete Dying

maple, (Acer), any of a large genus (about 200 species) of shrubs or trees in the family Sapindaceae, widely distributed in the North Temperate Zone but concentrated in China. Maples constitute one of the most important groups of ornamentals for planting in lawns, along streets, and in parks. They

maple: …the popular smaller maples the hedge, or field, maple (A. campestre) and Amur, or ginnala, maple (A. ginnala) are useful in screens or hedges; both have spectacular foliage in fall, the former yellow and the latter pink to scarlet. The Japanese maple (A. palmatum), developed over centuries of breeding, provides…

maple: pennsylvanicum), the red snake-bark maple (A. capillipes), the Her’s maple (A. hersii), and the David’s maple (A. davidii). The chalk maple, with whitish bark, is sometimes classified as A. leucoderme, although some authorities consider it a subspecies of sugar maple.

maple: Coliseum maple (A. cappadocicum) and Miyabe maple (A. miyabei) provide golden-yellow fall colour. The three-flowered maple (A. triflorum) and the paperbark maple (A. griseum) have tripartite leaves and attractive peeling bark, in the former tannish and in the latter copper brown.

maple: The vine maple (A. circinatum), of wide-spreading, shrubby habit, has purple and white spring flowers and brilliant fall foliage. The shrubby Siebold maple (A. sieboldianum) has seven- to nine-lobed leaves that turn red in fall.

maple: hersii), and the David’s maple (A. davidii). The chalk maple, with whitish bark, is sometimes classified as A. leucoderme, although some authorities consider it a subspecies of sugar maple.

maple: campestre) and Amur, or ginnala, maple (A. ginnala) are useful in screens or hedges; both have spectacular foliage in fall, the former yellow and the latter pink to scarlet. The Japanese maple (A. palmatum), developed over centuries of breeding, provides numerous attractive cultivated varieties with varying leaf…

maple: …(30 feet) tall, include the big-toothed maple (A. grandidentatum); some believe it to be a subspecies of sugar maple, a Rocky Mountain tree, often multistemmed, displaying pink to red fall foliage. Coliseum maple (A. cappadocicum) and Miyabe maple (A. miyabei) provide golden-yellow fall colour. The three-flowered maple (A. triflorum) and…

maple: triflorum) and the paperbark maple (A. griseum) have tripartite leaves and attractive peeling bark, in the former tannish and in the latter copper brown.

maple: capillipes), the Her’s maple (A. hersii), and the David’s maple (A. davidii). The chalk maple, with whitish bark, is sometimes classified as A. leucoderme, although some authorities consider it a subspecies of sugar maple.

maple: The chalk maple, with whitish bark, is sometimes classified as A. leucoderme, although some authorities consider it a subspecies of sugar maple.

maple: The Oregon, or bigleaf, maple (A. macrophyllum) provides commercially valuable wood darker than that of other maples; it shows bright-orange fall foliage. The Sycamore maple (A. pseudoplatanus), an important shade and timber tree in Europe, has many ornamental varieties.

maple: cappadocicum) and Miyabe maple (A. miyabei) provide golden-yellow fall colour. The three-flowered maple (A. triflorum) and the paperbark maple (A. griseum) have tripartite leaves and attractive peeling bark, in the former tannish and in the latter copper brown.

box elder, (Acer negundo), hardy and fast-growing tree, of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), native to the central and eastern United States. Introduced to Europe, it is widely cultivated there as an ornamental. The tree grows to 9–15 m (30–50 feet) tall. The compound leaves (rare among maples)

maple syrup: …sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and black maple (Acer nigrum). Some botanists consider the second to be a subspecies of the first, but in any event the flavour of their syrups is nearly indistinguishable, with a rich, hearty taste that is not overwhelmingly sweet. The black maple, however, is less abundant…

maple: The Japanese maple (A. palmatum), developed over centuries of breeding, provides numerous attractive cultivated varieties with varying leaf shapes and colours, many useful in small gardens. The vine maple (A. circinatum), of wide-spreading, shrubby habit, has purple and white spring flowers and brilliant fall foliage. The…

maple: These trees are the striped maple (A. pennsylvanicum), the red snake-bark maple (A. capillipes), the Her’s maple (A. hersii), and the David’s maple (A. davidii). The chalk maple, with whitish bark, is sometimes classified as A. leucoderme, although some authorities consider it a subspecies of sugar maple.

maple: The Norway maple (A. platanoides), a handsome, dense, round-headed tree, has spectacular greenish-yellow flower clusters in early spring; many cultivated varieties are available with unusual leaf colour (red, maroon, bronze, or purple) and growth form (columnar, globular, or pyramidal).

maple: The Sycamore maple (A. pseudoplatanus), an important shade and timber tree in Europe, has many ornamental varieties.

red maple, (Acer rubrum), large, irregularly narrow tree of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), cultivated for its shade and spectacular autumn colour. It is one of the most common trees in its native eastern North America. The red maple grows to a height of 27 m (90 feet) or more on a straight

silver maple, (Acer saccharinum), large, spreading tree, of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), popular as a rapid-growing shade tree. Native to eastern North America, it is widely cultivated elsewhere. It grows to 18 metres (60 feet)—higher under favourable conditions—with a short, stout trunk and

sugar maple, (Acer saccharum), large tree in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), native to eastern North America and widely grown as an ornamental and shade tree. It is commercially important as a source of maple syrup, maple sugar, and hardwood lumber useful in furniture manufacture and flooring.

maple: The shrubby Siebold maple (A. sieboldianum) has seven- to nine-lobed leaves that turn red in fall.

maple: The three-flowered maple (A. triflorum) and the paperbark maple (A. griseum) have tripartite leaves and attractive peeling bark, in the former tannish and in the latter copper brown.

Sapindaceae, the soapberry family of flowering plants (order Sapindales), comprising about 145 genera and some 1,925 species. Its members occur mainly in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world and are especially abundant in the American tropics. A number of species produce wood useful for

man orchid: The common man orchid (Orchis anthropophora, formerly Aceras anthropophorum) is native to grasslands of Great Britain, Eurasia, and northern Africa. The flower spike, about 10 to 45 cm (4 to 18 inches) tall, may bear up to 90 greenish or yellowish flowers, which have an unpleasant…

fascism: Opposition to parliamentary democracy: …electoral reform, known as the Acerbo Law, that gave two-thirds of the seats in Parliament to the party that received the largest number of votes. Although Mussolini insisted that he wanted to save Parliament rather than undermine it, the Acerbo Law enabled the Fascists to take control of Parliament the…

apterygote: Annotated classification: Suborder Acerentomata Tracheal system absent; claw of middle and hindlegs broadly boat-shaped; lids to gland openings large and with or without teeth on posterior border. 3 families. Suborder Sinentomata Tracheal system present or absent; distinct sperm and pseudoculi. 2 families. Class

Sebastian Klonowic was a Polish poet whose work in Latin and Polish is valuable chiefly as cultural history. A burgher, Klonowic settled first in Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) and later in Lublin, where he became mayor and a municipal juror. In the Latin poem “Roxolania” (written 1584) he gave the first

Barbados cherry, (Malpighia emarginata), tropical and subtropical shrub or small tree (family Malpighiaceae), cultivated as an ornamental plant and for its tart edible fruits. The fruits are very rich in vitamin C and are used in preserves and commercial vitamin production. The plant is native to

acervulus, an open, saucer-shaped asexual fruiting body found in fungi (kingdom Fungi). Always developed below the epidermis of the host tissue, it bears conidiophores (specialized filaments, or hyphae) that form conidia

acervulus, an open, saucer-shaped asexual fruiting body found in fungi (kingdom Fungi). Always developed below the epidermis of the host tissue, it bears conidiophores (specialized filaments, or hyphae) that form conidia

Acestes, in Greek mythology, legendary king of Segesta (Greek Egesta) in Sicily. His mother, Egesta, had been sent from Troy by her parents to save her from being devoured by a sea serpent. Going to Sicily she met the river god Crimisus, by whom she became the mother of Acestes. Acestes appears

sweetener: Acesulfame potassium (marketed as Sunette) was approved in the United States in 1988. It is about 130–200 times as sweet as sucrose, has good shelf life and high stability, and was initially used in dry food mixes.

percussion instrument: Idiophones: Small cup-shaped cymbals called acetabulae, made of brass or silver, are mentioned by Cassiodorus (died c. 580) and Isidore of Sevilla. Although the modern practice of striking a single cymbal with a stick was anticipated by Isidore and by the Suda lexicon (late 10th century), larger cymbals continued to…

Acetabularia, genus of single-celled green algae (family Polyphysaceae) found in subtropical seas. The algae are among the largest single-celled organisms and also feature an unusually large nucleus. Because part of one species can be grafted onto another, Acetabularia has been used to study the

human skeleton: Pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle: …contributes a part of the acetabulum, the deep cavity into which the head of the thighbone, or femur, is fitted. The flaring upper part of the girdle is the ilium; the lower anterior part, meeting with its fellow at the midline, is the pubis; and the lower posterior part is…

major industrial polymers: Polyacetal: Also called polyoxymethylene (POM) or simply acetal, polyacetal has the simplest structure of all the polyethers. It is manufactured in a solution process by anionic or cationic chain-growth polymerization of formaldehyde (H2C=O), a reaction analogous to vinyl polymerization. By itself, the polymer is unstable…

acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), an aldehyde used as a starting material in the synthesis of 1-butanol (n-butyl alcohol), ethyl acetate, perfumes, flavourings, aniline dyes, plastics, synthetic rubber, and other chemical compounds. It has been manufactured by the hydration of acetylene and by the oxidation

aldehyde: Aldol reaction: Another important reaction of a carbon nucleophile with an aldehyde is the aldol reaction (also called aldol condensation), which takes place when any aldehyde possessing at least one α-hydrogen is treated with sodium hydroxide or sometimes with another base. The product of an…

acetaminophen, drug used in the treatment of mild pain, such as headache and pain in joints and muscles, and to reduce fever. Acetaminophen is the major metabolite of acetanilid and phenacetin, which were once commonly used drugs, and is responsible for their analgesic (pain-relieving) effects.

acetanilide, synthetic organic compound introduced in therapy in 1886 as a fever-reducing drug. Its effectiveness in relieving pain was discovered soon thereafter, and it was used as an alternative to aspirin for many years in treating such common complaints as headache, menstrual cramps, and

cellulose acetate: …known variously as acetate rayon, acetate, or triacetate. It can also be molded into solid plastic parts such as tool handles or cast into film for photography or food wrapping, though its use in these applications has diminished.

alcohol consumption: Processing in the liver: …aldehyde dehydrogenase, and converted to acetate, most of which enters the bloodstream and is ultimately oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Considerable utilizable energy—200 calories per ounce of alcohol (about 7.1 calories per gram)—is made available to the body during these processes, and in this sense alcohol serves as a…

dye: Fibre structure: …such as acrylamide and vinyl acetate to produce a fibre with improved dyeability. Fibres with 35–85 percent acrylonitrile are termed modacrylics.

cellulose acetate: …known variously as acetate rayon, acetate, or triacetate. It can also be molded into solid plastic parts such as tool handles or cast into film for photography or food wrapping, though its use in these applications has diminished.

protozoan: Photosynthesis and plastid acquisition: …these groups are commonly called acetate flagellates because their preferred organic carbon sources are acetates, simple fatty acids, and alcohols. These organisms are able to switch from carbohydrate-producing photosynthesis when light is available to heterotrophy on acetate and other substrates when light is not available.

cellulose acetate: …known variously as acetate rayon, acetate, or triacetate. It can also be molded into solid plastic parts such as tool handles or cast into film for photography or food wrapping, though its use in these applications has diminished.

pharmaceutical industry: Hypertension: Acetazolamide, which was developed by scientists at Lederle Laboratories (now a part of Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), became the first of a class of diuretics that serve as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. In an attempt to produce a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor more effective than acetazolamide, chlorothiazide was…

acetic acid (CH3COOH), the most important of the carboxylic acids. A dilute (approximately 5 percent by volume) solution of acetic acid produced by fermentation and oxidation of natural carbohydrates is called vinegar; a salt, ester, or acylal of acetic acid is called acetate. Industrially, acetic

ketene: …with acetic acid to form acetic anhydride.

carboxylic acid: Hydroxy and keto acids: Pyruvic acid and acetoacetic acid are the simplest and most important of the α-keto and β-keto acids, respectively.

ethyl acetoacetate (CH3COCH2COOC2H5), an ester widely used as an intermediate in the synthesis of many varieties of organic chemical compounds. Industrially it is employed in the manufacture of synthetic drugs and dyes. The ester is produced chiefly by self-condensation of ethyl acetate, brought

carboxylic acid: Hydroxy and keto acids: …a series of reactions (the acetoacetic ester synthesis) that is parallel to the malonic ester synthesis.

metabolism: Fatty acids: …attached to ACP and called acetoacetyl-S-ACP (reaction [64]).

vinegar: …Pasteur showed that it is Acetobacter bacteria that cause the conversion of alcohol to acetic acid. These bacteria work together symbiotically, producing enough acetic acid to prevent invasion by other organisms.

bacteria: Heterotrophic metabolism: …sulfide (S2−), and the bacterium Acetobacterium woodii and methanogenic archaea, such as Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus, reduce carbon dioxide to acetate and methane, respectively. The Archaea typically use hydrogen as an electron donor with carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor to yield methane or with sulfate as an electron acceptor to yield…