Aleutian Islands: History: Adak (formerly Adak Station) was the site of a naval station (1942–97), its military installations used as a base for mounting the Attu campaign in May 1943. Before the closure of the naval station, Adak was once Alaska’s sixth largest city, with some 6,000 people.…

Afar, a people of the Horn of Africa who speak Afar (also known as ’Afar Af), a language of the Eastern Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. They live in northeastern Ethiopia, southeastern Eritrea, and Djibouti, where, with the Issas, they are the dominant people. It is thought

Adal, historic Islāmic state of eastern Africa, in the Danakil-Somali region southwest of the Gulf of Aden, with its capital at Harer (now in Ethiopia). Its rivalry with Christian Ethiopia began in the 14th century with minor border raids and skirmishes. In the 16th century, Adal rose briefly to

Conrad II: …gave his oath to Duke Adalbero of Carinthia never to side against him. Thus, when Conrad fell out with Adalbero in 1035, Henry’s oath severely strained relations between father and son. Conrad managed to overcome his son’s partisanship only by humbling himself before him. In the end, Conrad’s determination prevailed,…

Adalbero Of Ardennes was an archbishop of Reims who, by declaring the Frankish crown to be elective rather than hereditary, paved the way for the accession of Hugh Capet in place of the Carolingian claimant, Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine. Adalbero, a native of Lorraine, had opposed the attempts

Adalbero Of Ardennes was an archbishop of Reims who, by declaring the Frankish crown to be elective rather than hereditary, paved the way for the accession of Hugh Capet in place of the Carolingian claimant, Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine. Adalbero, a native of Lorraine, had opposed the attempts

Adalbero Of Ardennes was an archbishop of Reims who, by declaring the Frankish crown to be elective rather than hereditary, paved the way for the accession of Hugh Capet in place of the Carolingian claimant, Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine. Adalbero, a native of Lorraine, had opposed the attempts

Adalbero Of Ardennes was an archbishop of Reims who, by declaring the Frankish crown to be elective rather than hereditary, paved the way for the accession of Hugh Capet in place of the Carolingian claimant, Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine. Adalbero, a native of Lorraine, had opposed the attempts

Adalbert was a German archbishop, the most brilliant of the medieval prince bishops of Bremen, and a leading member of the royal administration. The youngest son of Frederick, Count of Goseck (on the Saale River), Adalbert attended the cathedral school at Halberstadt, becoming subsequently

Adalbert was a Lombard king of Italy, who shared the throne for 11 years with his father, Berengar II, and after Berengar’s exile continued his father’s struggle against the German king and Holy Roman emperor Otto I. Adalbert joined his father in 946–947 in fighting the co-kings of Italy, Hugh of

Henry V: Rebellion soon broke out; Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz fomented unrest in the upper Rhineland, and the revolt of Lothar of Supplinburg (later to become king as Lothar III and emperor as Lothar II) in Saxony ended in 1115 in a severe defeat for Henry.

Albert was an antipope in 1101. He was cardinal bishop of Silva Candida when elected early in 1101 as successor to the antipope Theodoric of Santa Ruffina, who had been set up against the legitimate pope, Paschal II, by an imperial faction supporting the Holy Roman emperor Henry IV in his struggle

Marie-Louise: …death that May, Marie-Louise married Adam Adalbert, count von Neipperg, having already borne him two children. Together they governed the duchies more liberally than did most other princes in Italy, though some authorities suggest that this resulted more from weakness of character than from policy. Josef von Werklein, however, who…

St. Adalbert ; canonized 999; feast day, April 23) was the first bishop of Prague to be of Czech origin. Descended from the Slavník princes of Bohemia, he was trained in theology at Magdeburg (Germany). At his confirmation he received his name from St. Adalbert, first archbishop of Magdeburg.

Adalbert was a Lombard king of Italy, who shared the throne for 11 years with his father, Berengar II, and after Berengar’s exile continued his father’s struggle against the German king and Holy Roman emperor Otto I. Adalbert joined his father in 946–947 in fighting the co-kings of Italy, Hugh of

Justice and Development Party, political party that came to power in Turkey in the general elections of 2002. In spite of the party’s nonconfessional mandate, the AKP draws significant support from nonsecular Turks and has faced objections from some segments of Turkish society that it harbours an

bacteriophage: Role in laboratory research: Adalimumab (Humira), used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, was the first fully human antibody made via phage display to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (approved in 2002). For their discoveries relating to phage display, Smith and Winter were awarded a…

Adam and Eve, in the Judeo-Christian and Islamic traditions, the original human couple, parents of the human race. In the Bible there are two accounts of their creation. According to the Priestly (P) history of the 5th or 6th century bce (Genesis 1:1–2:4), God on the sixth day of Creation created

Adam and Eve, in the Judeo-Christian and Islamic traditions, the original human couple, parents of the human race. In the Bible there are two accounts of their creation. According to the Priestly (P) history of the 5th or 6th century bce (Genesis 1:1–2:4), God on the sixth day of Creation created

Albrecht Dürer: First journey to Italy: …efforts was the great engraving Adam and Eve (1504), in which he sought to bring the mystery of human beauty to an intellectually calculated ideal form. In all aspects Dürer’s art was becoming strongly classical. One of his most significant classical endeavours is his painting Altar of the Three Kings…

A.E. Coppard: …first book of short stories, Adam and Eve and Pinch Me, was published when he was 43. His talent was recognized and other collections of stories followed, including Fishmonger’s Fiddle (1925), which contained what is perhaps his best story, “The Higgler.” The charm of his stories lay in his poetic…

Jan Bruegel the Elder: …human figures; an example is Adam and Eve in Paradise (1620).

Western sculpture: Carolingian and Ottonian periods: …interval in the episode of Adam and Eve reproached by the Lord has no precedent in the history of art. The influence of Classical art manifests itself clearly in the so-called Christ’s Column (c. 1020) at St. Michael’s, Hildesheim, which, with its figures spiralling around the shaft, reminds one of…

Christmas tree: …the religious feast day of Adam and Eve. They hung wafers on it (symbolizing the eucharistic host, the Christian sign of redemption); in a later tradition the wafers were replaced by cookies of various shapes. Candles, symbolic of Christ as the light of the world, were often added. In the…

Life of Adam and Eve, pseudepigraphal work (a noncanonical writing that in style and content resembles authentic biblical works), one of many Jewish and Christian stories that embellish the account of Adam and Eve as given in the biblical Genesis. Biography was an extremely popular literary genre

Malcolm McLaren: …and career of new-wave band Adam and the Ants and formed a spin-off act, Bow Wow Wow. In 1983 he released his own solo album, Duck Rock, an eclectic fusion of hip-hop and world music that spawned two British top 10 hits: “Buffalo Gals” and “Double Dutch.” Several other albums…

Adam Bede, novel written by George Eliot, published in three volumes in 1859. The title character, a carpenter, is in love with an unmarried woman who bears a child by another man. Although Bede tries to help her, he eventually loses her but finds happiness with someone else. Adam Bede was Eliot’s

John Gibson Lockhart: …clergyman’s surrender to sexual temptation, Adam Blair (1822).

Adam brothers were three French brothers who sculpted many monuments for the French and Prussian royal residences. They were exponents of a style that employed the textures of shells, corals, and perforated rocks. Lambert-Sigisbert Adam created sculptures for King Louis XV of France and Frederick

P.D. James: …known for her fictional detective Adam Dalgliesh of Scotland Yard.

Adam De La Halle was a poet, musician, and innovator of the earliest French secular theatre. Adam’s Jeu de la feuillée (“Play of the Greensward”) is a satirical fantasy based on his own life, written to amuse his friends in Arras upon his departure for Paris to pursue his studies. Le Congé (“The

Yasmina Reza: …find happiness in life, and Adam Haberberg (2002), which centres on an unsuccessful, unhappy middle-aged writer whose happenstance encounter with an old friend from high school reminds him of how much his life and his family mean to him. Reza’s later novels include Dans la luge d’Arthur Schopenhauer (2005; “Arthur…

Gregory Ratoff: Films of the 1930s and ’40s: …film for the studio was Adam Had Four Sons (1941), starring Bergman as a French governess who oversees the defiant daughter (Susan Hayward) of a widower (Baxter). In 1941 he also directed The Men in Her Life, with Young as a ballerina who reminisces about her many past loves, and…

Frederik Paludan-Müller: His Adam Homo, 3 vol. (1842–49; Eng. trans. Adam Homo), a lengthy satirical epic in three parts, is counted among the most important works of Danish literature. Its autobiographical hero, Adam Homo, is a worldly success who suffers the loss of his soul. He is saved…

Hugo Grotius: Early life: …philological works and a drama, Adamus Exul (1601; Adam in Exile), which was greatly admired by the English poet John Milton. Grotius also published many theological and politico-theological works, including De Veritate Religionis Christianae (1627; The Truth of the Christian Religion), the book that in his lifetime probably enjoyed the…

Adam Of Bremen was a German historian whose work on the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen provides valuable information on German politics under the Salian emperors and is also one of the great books of medieval geography. Of Franconian origin, he was probably educated at the cathedral school in

Opel AG, German automotive company, a wholly owned subsidiary of Stellantis NV, specializing in the manufacture of passenger cars and light vans. Its headquarters are in Rüsselsheim, Germany. The company was started in 1898 when the five Opel brothers began converting the bicycle and sewing machine

Jennifer Garner: Roles from the 2020s: …appeared in the science-fiction film The Adam Project. Her roles from 2023 include the love interest on the revival of the Starz cult comedy Party Down; Hannah Hall in the series The Last Thing He Told Me, based on the best-selling mystery novel by Laura Dave; and a mom who…

Isaac ben Solomon Luria: …returned to their source, and Adam Qadmon, the symbolic “primordial man,” who is the highest configuration of the divine light, is rebuilt. Man plays an important role in this process through various kawwanot used during prayer and through mystical intentions involving secret combinations of words, all of which is directed…

Adam Strange, fictional superhero introduced by DC Comics in 1958 and occasionally reintroduced to readers in decades that followed. Adam Strange—not to be confused with Doctor Stephen Strange of Marvel Comics, who first appeared in July 1963—is perhaps the most intellectual of all comic

Adam De La Halle was a poet, musician, and innovator of the earliest French secular theatre. Adam’s Jeu de la feuillée (“Play of the Greensward”) is a satirical fantasy based on his own life, written to amuse his friends in Arras upon his departure for Paris to pursue his studies. Le Congé (“The

Virginia Beach: The restored Adam Thoroughgood House (c. 1680), among the oldest surviving homes in the country, was built by one of Virginia’s first settlers. Facilities for water recreation and fishing are available from the city’s boardwalks, bays, and beaches. Virginia Beach is known for seafood. Inc. town, 1906;…

larynx: …elevation commonly known as the Adam’s apple. The plates tend to be replaced by bone cells beginning from about 20 years of age onward.

Radclyffe Hall: Adam’s Breed (1926), a sensitive novel about the life of a restaurant keeper, won the coveted Prix Fémina and the 1927 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction.

Adam’s Bridge, chain of shoals between Mannar Island, off the northwest coast of Sri Lanka, and Rameswaram Island, off the southeast coast of India. The “bridge” is 30 miles (48 km) long and separates the Gulf of Mannar (southwest) from the Palk Strait (northeast). Some of the sandbanks are dry,

Faith Baldwin: Her last completed novel, Adam’s Eden, appeared in 1977.

yucca: gloriosa), and Adam’s needle (Y. filamentosa) are commonly cultivated as ornamentals for their unusual appearance and attractive flower clusters.

Adam’s Peak, mountain in southwestern Sri Lanka. It is 7,559 feet (2,304 metres) high and located 11 miles (18 km) northeast of Ratnapura, the capital of Sabaragamuwa province. It is well known for the Sri Pada (Sinhala for “Sacred Footprint”), a hollow that is 67 inches (170 cm) long and 18 inches

Adam’s Rib, American romantic comedy film, directed by George Cukor and released in 1949, that was a vehicle for the powerhouse pairing of Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn in a classic battle of the sexes. The plot involves a husband and wife (played by Tracy and Hepburn) who are lawyers on

Adolphe Adam was a French composer whose music for the ballet Giselle (1841) is noted for its easy grace and cogency. It has retained its popularity with dancers and audiences to the present day. Adam wrote more than 70operas, of which the most popular in their day were Le Châlet (1834), Le

Adolphe Adam was a French composer whose music for the ballet Giselle (1841) is noted for its easy grace and cogency. It has retained its popularity with dancers and audiences to the present day. Adam wrote more than 70operas, of which the most popular in their day were Le Châlet (1834), Le

Adam brothers: François-Gaspard-Balthasar Adam was responsible for works at Frederick’s royal palace of Sanssouci near Potsdam and at Potsdam itself.

tapestry: …the contemporary engraver and sculptor Henri-Georges Adam, is a triptych (three panels). Until the 19th century, tapestries were often ordered in Europe by the “room” rather than by the single panel. A “room” order included not only wall hangings but also tapestry weavings to upholster furniture, cover cushions, and make…

Eritrea: Beginning of armed revolt: …all Muslims, were led by Idris Mohammed Adam, a leading political figure in Eritrea in the 1940s. By the mid-1960s the ELF was able to field a small guerrilla force in the western plain of Eritrea, and thus it began a war that was to last nearly three decades. In…

Robert Adam: The Adam style: …help of his younger brother James, who joined him in London in 1763, created and fully developed the Adam style. They later claimed that it “brought about, in this country…a kind of revolution in the whole system of this useful and elegant art.” The Adam style was marked by a…

rowing: Stroke and style of training: The German coach Karl Adam in the 1950s produced good results when he introduced new training methods based on Fahrtspiel (“speed play”), originally used for training runners, and on interval training (short sprints alternated with long runs).

Adam brothers: Lambert-Sigisbert Adam created sculptures for King Louis XV of France and Frederick the Great of Prussia. Nicolas-Sébastien Adam sculptured for Stanislas I Leszczyński, father-in-law of Louis and former king of Poland. François-Gaspard-Balthasar Adam was responsible for works at Frederick’s royal palace of Sanssouci near Potsdam…

Adam brothers: Nicolas-Sébastien Adam sculptured for Stanislas I Leszczyński, father-in-law of Louis and former king of Poland. François-Gaspard-Balthasar Adam was responsible for works at Frederick’s royal palace of Sanssouci near Potsdam and at Potsdam itself.

Paul Adam was a French author whose early works exemplify the naturalist and Symbolist schools and who later won a considerable reputation for his historical and sociological novels. Publication of his first naturalist novel, Chair molle (1885), led to his being prosecuted; his second, Le Thé chez

Robert Adam was a Scottish architect and designer who, with his brother James (1730–94), transformed Palladian Neoclassicism in England into the airy, light, elegant style that bears their name. His major architectural works include public buildings (especially in London), and his designs were used

Adenet Le Roi was a poet and musician, interesting for the detailed documentary evidence of his career as a household minstrel. He received his training in the court of Henry III, duke of Brabant, at Leuven; after his patron’s death in 1261, his fortunes wavered, owing to dynastic rivalries and the

Robert Adam: Early life: …was the second son of William Adam, the foremost Scottish architect of his time. William, who as master mason to the Board of Ordnance in North Britain supervised the design of military buildings, also designed numerous country houses in a conservative Palladian style—the modified classic Roman style that was originally…

French literature: Religious drama: …is the Jeu d’Adam (Adam: A Play). It is known from a copy in an Anglo-Norman manuscript, and it may have originated in England in the mid-12th century. With lively dialogue and the varied metres characteristic of the later mystères (all of which were based on biblical stories), it…

Adamawa: The emirate was founded by Modibbo Adama, who, under the authority of Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, began a Fulani jihad (holy war) in the region in 1809. Adama moved the capital of his kingdom, which was then known as Fumbina, several times before settling it finally in 1841 in Yola,…

mineral: Lustre: asbestos [Mg3Si2O5(OH)4]); and adamantine, having the brilliant lustre of diamond, exhibited by minerals with a high refractive index comparable to diamond and which as such refract light as strongly as the latter (examples are cerussite [PbCO3] and anglesite [PbSO4]).

Adamawa Plateau, volcanic upland in west-central Africa. Though the plateau is chiefly in north-central Cameroon, the part of it known as the Gotel Mountains is in southeastern Nigeria. The plateau is the source of the Benue River. Its highest elevations are more than 8,700 feet (2,650 metres)

gnosticism: Adversus haereses: …is a perfect human named Adamas—a divine prototype of the earthly Adam of Genesis. Adamas is united with a consort, Perfect Knowledge (gnosis). The teaching thus provides a mythic account of how plurality (of divine attributes) originated from unity and how true humanity is also divine. The last divine entity…

Adamawa, state, northeastern Nigeria. It was administratively created in 1991 from the northeastern half of former Gongola state. Adamawa is bordered on the north and northwest by Borno and Gombe states, on the west and southwest by Taraba state, and on the southeast and east by Cameroon. The

Adamawa, traditional emirate centred in what is now Adamawa state, eastern Nigeria. The emirate was founded by Modibbo Adama, who, under the authority of Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, began a Fulani jihad (holy war) in the region in 1809. Adama moved the capital of his kingdom, which was then known as

Adamawa-Ubangi languages: …languages are further subdivided into Adamawa and Ubangi subgroups.

Adamawa Plateau, volcanic upland in west-central Africa. Though the plateau is chiefly in north-central Cameroon, the part of it known as the Gotel Mountains is in southeastern Nigeria. The plateau is the source of the Benue River. Its highest elevations are more than 8,700 feet (2,650 metres)

Adamawa-Ubangi languages, branch of the Niger-Congo language family consisting of 120 languages spoken by approximately 12 million people in an area that stretches from northeastern Nigeria across northern Cameroon, southern Chad, the Central African Republic, and northern Democratic Republic of

Adamawa-Ubangi languages, branch of the Niger-Congo language family consisting of 120 languages spoken by approximately 12 million people in an area that stretches from northeastern Nigeria across northern Cameroon, southern Chad, the Central African Republic, and northern Democratic Republic of

quartz monzonite, intrusive igneous rock (solidified from a liquid state) that contains plagioclase feldspar, orthoclase feldspar, and quartz. It is abundant in the large batholiths (great masses of igneous rocks mostly deep below the surface) of the world’s mountain belts. Quartz monzonite differs

Louis Adamic was a novelist and journalist who wrote in the 1930s and ’40s about the experiences of minority communities in the United States, especially immigrants. Adamic was born in 1898 (which is widely used as his birth year) or 1899 (which he claimed during his lifetime and which appears on

Valdas Adamkus was the president of Lithuania (1998–2003 and 2004–09). During World War II Adamkus fought with Lithuanian insurrectionists against Soviet rule, published an underground newspaper during the Nazi occupation, and then resumed the fight against the returning Soviet army. In 1944 he

Valdas Adamkus was the president of Lithuania (1998–2003 and 2004–09). During World War II Adamkus fought with Lithuanian insurrectionists against Soviet rule, published an underground newspaper during the Nazi occupation, and then resumed the fight against the returning Soviet army. In 1944 he

Saint Adamnan: …reforms became known as the Law of Adamnan.

Saint Adamnan ; feast day September 23) was an abbot and scholar, particularly noted as the biographer of St. Columba. Nothing is known of Adamnan’s early life. In 679 he was elected abbot of Iona, the ninth in succession from St. Columba, the founder. While on a visit to Northumbria, he adopted

The Vision of Adamnán, in the Gaelic literature of Ireland, one of the earliest and most outstanding medieval Irish visions. This graceful prose work dates from the 10th century and is preserved in the later The Book of the Dun Cow (c. 1100). Patterned after pagan voyages (immrama) to the

Giovambattista Andreini: …the author of the play Adamo (“Adam”), which, it has been claimed, suggested the idea of Paradise Lost to John Milton.

Arthur Adamov was an avant-garde writer, a founder and major playwright of the Theatre of the Absurd. In 1912 Adamov’s wealthy Armenian family left Russia and settled in Freudenstadt, Ger. He was subsequently educated in Geneva, Mainz, and Paris, where, having mastered French, he settled in 1924,

Neptune: The ring system: …in the outermost ring, named Adams, where the density of ring particles is particularly high. Although rings also encircle each of the other three giant planets, none displays the striking clumpiness of Adams. The arcs are found within a 45° segment of the ring. From leading to trailing, the most…

René Clair: Early life and first films: …he also published a novel, Adams (1926), written in a cerebral and elliptical style.

Adams, town (township), Berkshire county, northwestern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies at the foot of Mount Greylock (3,491 feet [1,064 metres]), on the Hoosic River, 15 miles (24 km) north of Pittsfield. The town of North Adams is 5 miles north. Founded by Quakers in 1766, it was known as East Hoosuck

Adams, county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S., mostly consisting of a piedmont region bordered by Maryland to the south and the Blue Ridge Mountains to the west and north. The principal waterways are Lakes Meade and Heritage and Long Pine Run Reservoir, as well as Conewago, Toms, and Rock creeks.

Adams family, Massachusetts family with deep roots in American history whose members made major contributions to the nation’s political and intellectual life for more than 150 years. Established in America by Henry Adams, who emigrated from England to Massachusetts Bay Colony about 1636, the family

Washington, D.C.: Monuments and memorials: …the most striking being the Adams Memorial (1886–91), with a shrouded bronze figure designed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens and commissioned by historian Henry Adams (the great-grandson of John Adams), in memory of his wife, Marian. Saint-Gaudens called the sculpture The Mystery of the Hereafter, but it is often mistakenly called “Grief.”…

Alamosa: It is the seat of Adams State College (1921) and is the gateway to the Great Sand Dunes National Monument. Fort Garland is now a history museum. The Alamosa–Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge Complex, providing a habitat for migratory waterfowl, lies nearby, as does part of Rio Grande National Forest.…

Abigail Adams was an American first lady (1797–1801), the wife of John Adams, second president of the United States, and mother of John Quincy Adams, sixth president of the United States. She was a prolific letter writer whose correspondence gives an intimate and vivid portrayal of life in the

Amy Adams is an American actress, especially noted for her critically acclaimed portrayals of naive and charming characters in such movies as Junebug (2005) and Enchanted (2007). She received numerous Oscar nominations, including for her roles in Doubt (2008) and American Hustle (2013). Adams was

Amy Adams is an American actress, especially noted for her critically acclaimed portrayals of naive and charming characters in such movies as Junebug (2005) and Enchanted (2007). She received numerous Oscar nominations, including for her roles in Doubt (2008) and American Hustle (2013). Adams was

Ansel Adams was an American photographer who was one of the most important landscape photographers of the 20th century. He is also perhaps one of the most widely known and beloved photographer in the history of the United States; the popularity of his work has only increased since his death.

ion-exchange reaction: Ion-exchange materials: …discovered by the English chemists Basil Albert Adams and Eric Leighton Holmes. The resins were chemical relatives of the plastic Bakelite and were made by condensing polyhydric phenols or phenolsulfonic acids with formaldehyde.

Brooks Adams was a historian who questioned the success of democracy in the U.S. and who related the march of civilization to the westward movement of trade centres. Adams graduated from Harvard in 1870 and practiced law in Boston until 1881. Son of the diplomat Charles Francis Adams and grandson

Bryan Adams is a Canadian rock singer-songwriter, photographer, and social activist whose hit albums Cuts Like a Knife (1983) and Reckless (1984) made him one of the most popular and successful recording artists of the 1980s. Adams was musically talented at an early age and taught himself how to

Bryan Adams is a Canadian rock singer-songwriter, photographer, and social activist whose hit albums Cuts Like a Knife (1983) and Reckless (1984) made him one of the most popular and successful recording artists of the 1980s. Adams was musically talented at an early age and taught himself how to

Charles Follen Adams was a U.S. regional humorous poet, best known for his Pennsylvania German dialect poems. During the American Civil War he was wounded and taken prisoner. In 1872 he began writing humorous verses for periodicals and newspapers in a Pennsylvania German dialect. Collections of his

Charles Francis Adams was a U.S. diplomat who played an important role in keeping Britain neutral during the U.S. Civil War (1861–65) and in promoting the arbitration of the important “Alabama” claims. The son of Pres. John Quincy Adams and the grandson of Pres. John Adams, Charles was early

Charles Francis Adams III was an American lawyer and businessman, government official, yachtsman, and philanthropist who made Harvard University one of the most abundantly endowed academic institutions. Adams was the son of the politician John Quincy Adams II (1833–1894), as well as great-grandson