adaptive management, iterative approach by which resource managers work toward ecological restoration goals while simultaneously monitoring and studying the effects and impacts of previous management techniques. Adaptive management uses hypothesis testing to inform decisions about the next stage of

human nutrition: BMR and REE: energy balance: Adaptive thermogenesis, another small but important component of energy expenditure, reflects alterations in metabolism due to changes in ambient temperature, hormone production, emotional stress, or other factors. Finally, the most variable component in energy expenditure is physical activity, which includes exercise and other voluntary activities…

kin selection: …play when evaluating the genetic fitness of a given individual. It is based on the concept of inclusive fitness, which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). Kin selection occurs when…

transfer RNA (tRNA), small molecule in cells that carries amino acids to organelles called ribosomes, where they are linked into proteins. In addition to tRNA there are two other major types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). By 1960 the involvement of tRNAs in the assembly of

Judaism: Months and notable days: During leap year the Adar holidays are postponed to Second Adar. Since 1948 many Jewish calendars list Iyyar 5—Israel Independence Day—among the Jewish holidays.

Niger: Relief: …region consists of the rocky Adar Doutchi and Majia areas; it is the region of the gulbi (dried-up valleys of former tributaries of the Sokoto River) and the Tegama—a tableland of sandstone, ending, toward the Aïr, at the Tiguidit scarp. To the east the underlying rock reappears in the Damagarim,…

affirmative action: In Adarand Constructors v. Pena (1995), the court ruled that federal affirmative action programs were unconstitutional unless they fulfilled a “compelling governmental interest.”

Ethio-Semitic languages: …Ethiopia and central Eritrea; Argobba; Hareri; and Gurage. Although some scholars once considered the so-called Ethiopic languages to be a branch within Semitic, these languages are now referred to as Ethio-Semitic. They are generally grouped together with the dialects of the South Arabic language as Southern Peripheral Semitic or South…

Ross Sea: …175° W and lying between Cape Adare in northern Victoria Land on the west and Cape Colbeck on Edward VII Peninsula on the east. The northern limit lies approximately along the edge of the continental shelf and the southern limit along a great barrier wall of ice marking the front…

Bagratid Dynasty: Another Bagratid, Adarnase IV, became king of Georgia in 888, and his line ruled there intermittently until 1505.

adat, customary law of the indigenous peoples of Malaysia and Indonesia. It was the unwritten, traditional code governing all aspects of personal conduct from birth to death. Two kinds of Malay adat law developed prior to the 15th century: Adat Perpateh developed in a matrilineal kinship structure

adat: …prior to the 15th century: Adat Perpateh developed in a matrilineal kinship structure in areas occupied by the Minangkabau people in Sumatra and Negeri Sembilan; Adat Temenggong originated in bilaterally based territorial social units. Both adat forms were markedly transformed by Islāmic and later European legal systems.

adat: …in Sumatra and Negeri Sembilan; Adat Temenggong originated in bilaterally based territorial social units. Both adat forms were markedly transformed by Islāmic and later European legal systems.

electrochemical reaction: Electrocrystallization: …and freely moving atoms, called adatoms. Since the electrons tend to join the rest in the bulk of the metal, adatoms appear to have a partial charge, less than that of the elementary positive charge. The adatoms therefore attract solvent molecules, and the species is partially solvated. This reaction justifies…

Social Democratic Party of Germany: History: …merger in 1875 of the General German Workers’ Union, led by Ferdinand Lassalle, and the Social Democratic Workers’ Party, headed by August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht. In 1890 it adopted its current name, the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The party’s early history was characterized by frequent and intense internal…

angiosperm: Leaves: …side facing the stem (adaxial meristem). Growth at this adaxial meristem forms the flattened leaf with the radial (cylindrical) leaf tip typical of the monocotyledons. If the adaxial meristem is long-lived (Figure 10), long flat leaves in the same plane as the stem are formed (Iris; Iridaceae); if short-lived…

African Development Bank (ADB), African organization established in 1964, operational beginning in 1966, and dedicated to financing the economic and social development of its African member countries. Its membership includes 53 African states and 24 non-African countries. ADB headquarters are in

Asian Development Bank (ADB), organization that provides loans and equity investments for development projects in its member countries. The bank also provides technical assistance for projects and programs, and it promotes the investment of capital for development. It was established in August 1966

aṅgā: Abbhutadhamma, or adbhutadharma (“wondrous phenomena”), stories of miracles and supernatural events. Vedalla (perhaps meaning “subtle analysis”), teachings in catechetical form, according to the Pāli system. The Sanskrit tradition places here, as vaipulya, a number of important Mahāyāna works, including the Lotus Sūtra, Aṣṭasāhasrikā-prajñāpāramitā, and

United Arab Emirates: Resources and power: …by another ADNOC company, the Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations, which is likewise partially owned by American, French, Japanese, and British interests. Other concessions also are held by Japanese companies.

Fleur Adcock was a New Zealand-born British poet known for her tranquil domestic lyrics intercut with flashes of irony and glimpses of the fantastic and the macabre. Adcock’s family moved to England in 1939 but returned to New Zealand in 1947. After earning degrees at Wellington Girls’ College and

Fleur Adcock was a New Zealand-born British poet known for her tranquil domestic lyrics intercut with flashes of irony and glimpses of the fantastic and the macabre. Adcock’s family moved to England in 1939 but returned to New Zealand in 1947. After earning degrees at Wellington Girls’ College and

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a behavioral syndrome characterized by inattention and distractibility, restlessness, inability to sit still, and difficulty concentrating on one thing for any period of time. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) most commonly occurs in

plug-in, computer software that adds new functions to a host program without altering the host program itself. Widely used in digital audio, video, and Web browsing, plug-ins enable programmers to update a host program while keeping the user within the program’s environment. Plug-ins first gained

Adda River, river, in the Lombardia (Lombardy) regione of northern Italy, issuing from small lakes in the Rhaetian Alps at 7,660 feet (2,335 m). The Adda flows southward from Bormio to Tirano, where it turns west past Sondrio to enter Lake Como near its northern end after a course of 194 miles (313

Adda River, river, in the Lombardia (Lombardy) regione of northern Italy, issuing from small lakes in the Rhaetian Alps at 7,660 feet (2,335 m). The Adda flows southward from Bormio to Tirano, where it turns west past Sondrio to enter Lake Como near its northern end after a course of 194 miles (313

history of Mesopotamia: The last kings of Babylonia: His mother, Addagoppe, was a priestess of the god Sin in Harran; she came to Babylon and managed to secure responsible offices for her son at court. The god of the moon rewarded her piety with a long life—she lived to be 103—and she was buried in…

Oscar Isaac: Career: …he reprised the role in The Addams Family 2 (2021).

Raul Julia: …Family (1991) and its sequel, Addams Family Values (1993).

Christina Aguilera: …True” to the soundtracks for Addams Family (2019) and Mulan (2020), respectively. In 2019 she began a residency show titled Xperience at Planet Hollywood in Las Vegas. Aguilera received numerous accolades and awards for her music, including several Grammy Awards.

Sidney Lanfield: Television work: Train, McHale’s Navy, and The Addams Family; for each of the latter two programs, he directed some 50 episodes. Lanfield retired from directing in 1967.

Anjelica Huston: …the drolly dolorous Morticia in The Addams Family (1991) and its sequel, Addams Family Values (1993), to Cuban immigrant Carmela Perez in The Perez Family (1995) to a Buffalo Bills-obsessed housewife in the dark indie Buffalo ’66 (1998). In 1996 she directed Bastard out of Carolina, a film that eventually…

Charles Addams was a cartoonist whose drawings, known mostly through The New Yorker magazine, became famous in the United States as examples of macabre humour. Addams attended various schools from 1929 to 1932; thereafter, aside from a brief period as a commercial artist, he was a free-lance

Charles Addams was a cartoonist whose drawings, known mostly through The New Yorker magazine, became famous in the United States as examples of macabre humour. Addams attended various schools from 1929 to 1932; thereafter, aside from a brief period as a commercial artist, he was a free-lance

Frankie Addams, fictional character, the protagonist of Carson McCullers’s novel The Member of the Wedding (1946). Frankie is a lonely 12-year-old tomboy who feels the need for human connection. She particularly longs to be a member of her brother Jarvis’s wedding and to accompany him on his

Jane Addams was an American social reformer and pacifist, co-winner (with Nicholas Murray Butler) of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1931. She is probably best known as a co-founder of Hull House in Chicago, one of the first social settlements in North America. Addams graduated from Rockford Female

addax, (Addax nasomaculatus), the most desert-adapted African antelope, formerly found throughout most of the Sahara but nearly exterminated in the wild in the last quarter of the 20th century by poaching from motorized vehicles. The addax’s most striking feature is its long spiral horns. Male

addax, (Addax nasomaculatus), the most desert-adapted African antelope, formerly found throughout most of the Sahara but nearly exterminated in the wild in the last quarter of the 20th century by poaching from motorized vehicles. The addax’s most striking feature is its long spiral horns. Male

adder, any of several groups of venomous snakes of the viper family, Viperidae, and the Australo-Papuan death adders, viperlike members of Elapidae, the cobra family. The name adder may also be applied to certain other snakes, such as the hognose snake (Heterodon), a harmless North American genus.

Pogonia: Snakemouth (P. ophioglossoides), also known as rose pogonia and adder’s mouth, is common in bogs and swamps of eastern North America. The plant is about 8 to 53 cm (3 to 21 inches) tall. The Asian pogonia (P. japonica) grows in moist open areas of…

Erythronium: The common dog’s tooth violet, or adder’s tongue, of North America is E. americanum. It has yellow flowers and brown-mottled leaves. Several species of Erythronium are grown as rock-garden ornamentals.

Ophioglossaceae: The genus Ophioglossum (adder’s-tongue ferns), with 46 tropical and temperate species, has sporangia in two rows near the tip of a usually unbranched narrow fertile spike. The group is of interest because its members have the highest number of chromosomes of any organisms known to science; O. reticulatum…

Adderall, drug with stimulatory effects on the central nervous system that is prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Adderall is the trade name for a drug known as mixed amphetamine salts, which is a combination of two forms of amphetamine

Timothée Chalamet: Early life and career: …roles in feature films, including The Adderall Diaries (2015) and Miss Stevens (2016).

Adderall: Mechanism of action and side effects: …an extended-release alternative, known as Adderall XR, became available. The extended-release formulation produces effects that last between 10 and 12 hours, whereas the instant-release formulation’s effects last from about 4 to 8 hours. In both forms, Adderall functions by simulating the effects of naturally occurring chemicals in the brain, most…

Cape Town: The city layout: …that name, it was renamed Adderley Street in 1850. Other main roads paralleled it as the town grew. In Strand Street, on what once was the shore of Table Bay, stands the Castle of Good Hope, built by the company between 1666 and 1679. Near the Castle are the Botanic…

Cannonball Adderley was one of the most prominent and popular American jazz musicians of the 1950s and ’60s whose exuberant music was firmly in the bop school but which also employed the melodic sense of traditional jazz. A multi-instrumentalist, Adderley is best-known for his work on alto

Green Bay Packers: …Davis, tackle Henry Jordan, cornerback Herb Adderley, and safety Willie Wood. They won championships in 1961 and 1962 and followed with three straight championships starting in the 1965–66 season. On January 15, 1967, in the inaugural Super Bowl, the Packers defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 35–10. They successfully defended their…

Cannonball Adderley was one of the most prominent and popular American jazz musicians of the 1950s and ’60s whose exuberant music was firmly in the bop school but which also employed the melodic sense of traditional jazz. A multi-instrumentalist, Adderley is best-known for his work on alto

Nat Adderley was an American cornetist and songwriter who starred in the popular “soul jazz” quintet headed (1959–75) by his older brother, Cannonball Adderley. Although he began playing the trumpet in his teens, Nat Adderley switched in 1950 to the somewhat smaller cornet, playing it in the U.S.

Matthew Broderick: Roles from the late 1980s and early ’90s and marriage to Sarah Jessica Parker: …Meg Ryan in the rom-com Addicted to Love (1997). He also played Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman in Infinity (1996), for which his mother cowrote the script. Meanwhile, in 1991 Broderick met Sarah Jessica Parker through her brothers, Pippin Parker and Toby Parker, who were founding members of the Naked…

addiction, physical or psychological need for a substance or behavior that is physically, psychologically, or socially harmful. Addiction is accompanied by extreme difficulty in ceasing to use the substance or in ceasing to repeat the behavior, despite detrimental consequences. Substances to which

adding machine, a type of calculator (q.v.) used for performing simple arithmetical

card game: Classification: Adding-up games. A running total is kept of the face values of cards played to the table, and the aim is to make or avoid making certain totals. Cribbage, the most sophisticated example, also includes card combinations. Shedding games. The aim is either to be…

Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth was a British prime minister from March 1801 to May 1804. Honest but unimaginative and inflexibly conservative, he proved unable to cope with the problems of the Napoleonic Wars, and later, in his decade as home secretary, he made himself unpopular by his

Maybelle Carter was an American guitarist whose distinctive playing style and long influential career mark her as a classic figure in country music. By the time she was 12 years old, Maybelle Addington was well versed in the traditional hill-country songs of the region and had become a skilled and

Addis Ababa, capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It is located on a well-watered plateau surrounded by hills and mountains in the geographic centre of the country. Only since the late 19th century has Addis Ababa been the capital of the Ethiopian state. Its immediate predecessor, Entoto, was

Tedros Adhanom: …in drafting part of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA), a framework for advancing Africa’s economic, social, and political progress, and in coordinating a response to the 2013–16 Ebola outbreak in western Africa.

Sudan: The Addis Ababa Agreement: …in the signing of the Addis Ababa Agreement on February 27, 1972. The agreement ended the 17-year conflict between the Anya Nya and the Sudanese army and ushered in autonomy for the southern region, which would no longer be divided into the three provinces of Al-Istiwāʾiyyah (Equatoria), Baḥr al-Ghazāl, and…

Addis Ababa: It is the site of Addis Ababa University (1950) and contains several teacher-training colleges and technical schools. Also located in the city are the Museum of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies and the Yared School of Music, both of which are operated by the university; the National Library and Archives;…

Battle of Adwa: Outcome: The Treaty of Addis Ababa, signed in October 1896, abrogated the Treaty of Wichale and reestablished peace. The Italian claim to a protectorate over all of Ethiopia was thereafter abandoned, and the Italian colony of Eritrea, finally delimited by a treaty of peace (September 1900), was…

Addis Ababa, capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It is located on a well-watered plateau surrounded by hills and mountains in the geographic centre of the country. Only since the late 19th century has Addis Ababa been the capital of the Ethiopian state. Its immediate predecessor, Entoto, was

Addison, county, western Vermont, U.S. It is bounded by Lake Champlain (constituting the border with New York state) to the west and the Green Mountains to the east. Lowlands in the west give way to foothills and mountains in the east. The county is drained by Otter Creek, the state’s longest

pernicious anemia, disease in which the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) is impaired as a result of the body’s inability to absorb vitamin B12, which is obtained in the diet and is necessary for red blood cells to mature properly in the bone marrow. Pernicious anemia is one of many

Addison disease, rare disorder defined by destruction of the outer layer of the adrenal glands, the hormone-producing organs located just above the kidneys. Addison disease, a kind of autoimmune disease, is rare because it only occurs when at least 90 percent of the adrenal cortex is destroyed. In

Christopher Addison, Ist Viscount Addison was a British surgeon and statesman who was prominent in both Liberal and Labour governments between the wars and after World War II. Addison was educated at Trinity College, Harrogate, Yorkshire, and at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical College, London.

Christopher Addison, Ist Viscount Addison was a British surgeon and statesman who was prominent in both Liberal and Labour governments between the wars and after World War II. Addison was educated at Trinity College, Harrogate, Yorkshire, and at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical College, London.

Joseph Addison was an English essayist, poet, and dramatist, who, with Richard Steele, was a leading contributor to and guiding spirit of the periodicals The Tatler and The Spectator. His writing skill led to his holding important posts in government while the Whigs were in power. Addison was the

Thomas Addison was an English physician after whom Addison’s disease, a metabolic dysfunction caused by atrophy of the adrenal cortex, and Addison’s (pernicious) anemia were named. He was the first to correlate a set of disease symptoms with pathological changes in one of the endocrine glands. In

arithmetic: Addition and multiplication: …forming the sum is called addition, the symbol + being read as “plus.” This is the simplest binary operation, where binary refers to the process of combining two objects.

major industrial polymers: Polyimides: …of these polymers, condensation and addition. The former are made by step-growth polymerization and are linear in structure; the latter are synthesized by heat-activated addition polymerization of diimides and have a network structure.

surface coating: Step-growth and chain-growth polymers: Step-growth polymers include polyesters, epoxies, polyurethanes, polyamides, melamine, and phenolic resins. They are formed most often by reactions between two dissimilar monomers—acids and

polymerization: In addition polymerization, monomers react to form a polymer without the formation of by-products. Addition polymerizations usually are carried out in the presence of catalysts, which in certain cases exert control over structural details that have important effects on the properties of the polymer.

addition reaction, any of a class of chemical reactions in which an atom or group of atoms is added to a molecule. Addition reactions are typical of unsaturated organic compounds—i.e., alkenes, which contain a carbon-to-carbon double bond, and alkynes, which have a carbon-to-carbon triple bond—and

Maria II: …modified the Charter with the Additional Act (1852). This remained the Portuguese constitution until 1910.

election: Hybrid systems: …are called mixed-member proportional or additional-members systems. Although there are a number of variants, all mixed-member proportional systems elect some representatives by proportional representation and the remainder by a nonproportional formula. The classic example of the hybrid system is the German Bundestag, which combines the personal link between representatives and…

food additive, any of various chemical substances added to foods to produce specific desirable effects. Additives such as salt, spices, and sulfites have been used since ancient times to preserve foods and make them more palatable. With the increased processing of foods in the 20th century, there

man-made fibre: Additives: In order to achieve certain desirable fibre properties that cannot be obtained by polymers alone or to overcome certain deficiencies of polymers, various additives are mixed into polymer melts or solutions prior to the spinning of fibres. Some of the more common additives are…

electrochemical reaction: Electrocrystallization: …some foreign species, called an additive, is present in solution and adsorbs on the surface and inhibits the process of discharge. If those molecules are incorporated into a growing deposit, a situation may arise in which their supply to recessed parts of the surface becomes slower than to elevated parts.…

technology of photography: Additive colour films: These are simpler in structure and consist, in addition to protective and other interlayers, of a film base, carrying a filter raster, and a black-and-white emulsion layer. The raster consists of sequences of very narrow red, green, and blue transparent filter lines…

colour: The laws of colour mixture: As the names imply, additive mixture involves the addition of spectral components, and subtractive mixture concerns the subtraction or absorption of parts of the spectrum.

music synthesizer: …of Illinois, in contrast, used additive synthesis—building tones from signals for pure tones, i.e., without overtones (sine-wave signals)—and offered certain advantages in the nuances of tone colours produced.

colour: The laws of colour mixture: As the names imply, additive mixture involves the addition of spectral components, and subtractive mixture concerns the subtraction or absorption of parts of the spectrum.

animal breeding: Breeding and variation: …partition total genetic variation into additive, dominance, and epistatic types of gene action, which are defined in the following paragraphs. Additive variation is easiest to use in breeding because it is common and the effect of each allele at a locus just adds to the effect of other alleles at…

industrial glass: Properties of glass: …applying what are known as additivity relationships over a narrow range of compositions. In additivity relationships, it is assumed that each ingredient in a glass contributes to the properties of the glass by an amount equal to the concentration of that ingredient multiplied by a specific additivity factor. Many properties…

Runnymede: The town of Addlestone is the administrative centre.

Addo Elephant National Park, national park in Eastern Cape province, South Africa. It has an area of 208 square miles (540 square km) and consists of two sections connected by a corridor. The southern part of the park lies in the Sundays River valley south of the Suurberg Range, north of Gqeberha

Texas Christian University, private, coeducational institution of higher education in Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. It is affiliated with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). It grants about 14 undergraduate degrees in more than 80 areas and about 14 graduate degrees in more than 30 fields,

Texas Christian University, private, coeducational institution of higher education in Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. It is affiliated with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). It grants about 14 undergraduate degrees in more than 80 areas and about 14 graduate degrees in more than 30 fields,

Karl Marx: Role in the First International of Karl Marx: His “Address and the Provisional Rules of the International Working Men’s Association,” unlike his other writings, stressed the positive achievements of the cooperative movement and of parliamentary legislation; the gradual conquest of political power would enable the British proletariat to extend these achievements on a national…

Ralph Waldo Emerson: Mature life and works: Emerson’s “Address at Divinity College,” Harvard University, in 1838 was another challenge, this time directed against a lifeless Christian tradition, especially Unitarianism as he had known it. He dismissed religious institutions and the divinity of Jesus as failures in man’s attempt to encounter deity directly through…

television: Plasma display panels: …and discharge electrodes and an address electrode. An alternating current is applied continuously to the sustain electrode, the voltage of this current carefully chosen to be just below the threshold of a plasma discharge. When a small extra voltage is then applied across the discharge and address electrodes, the gas…

Karl Marx: Early years in London of Karl Marx: An “Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League,” written with Engels in March 1850, urged that in future revolutionary situations they struggle to make the revolution “permanent” by avoiding subservience to the bourgeois party and by setting up “their own revolutionary workers’ governments” alongside…

patristic literature: The Cappadocian Fathers: …successful of which is the Great Catechetical Oration, a systematic theology in miniature. The output of Gregory of Nazianzus was much smaller, but his 45 Orations, as well as being masterpieces of eloquence, contain his classic statement of Trinitarian orthodoxy. Basil’s vast correspondence testifies to his practical efforts to reconcile…

Germany: The Reformation of Germany: …pamphlet he published that year, Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, urged the empire’s secular rulers to reform a church that would not set its own house in order. Popes and prelates are not sacrosanct, he argued; they may be brought to justice. As every Christian can…

Catharine Macaulay: …British colonial taxation in her Address to the People of England, Scotland and Ireland (1775). On a visit to Paris at the peak of her fame in 1777, she met Jacques Turgot and Benjamin Franklin; but her marriage the following year to William Graham, the 21-year-old brother of a quack…

St. Basil the Great: Works and legacy: …of the best known, the Address to Young Men, defends the study of pagan literature by Christians (Basil himself made considerable critical use of Greek philosophical thought). In the Hexaëmeron (“Six Days”), nine Lenten sermons on the days of the Creation, Basil speaks of the varied beauty of the world…

television: Plasma display panels: …and discharge electrodes and an address electrode. An alternating current is applied continuously to the sustain electrode, the voltage of this current carefully chosen to be just below the threshold of a plasma discharge. When a small extra voltage is then applied across the discharge and address electrodes, the gas…

Johann Gottlieb Fichte: Last years: …an die deutsche Nation (Addresses to the German Nation), full of practical views on the only true foundation for national recovery and glory. From 1810 to 1812 he was rector of the new University of Berlin. During the great effort of Germany for national independence in 1813, he lectured…

acid–base reaction: Reactions of Lewis acids: …is the formation of an adduct in which the two species are joined by a covalent bond; proton transfers are not normally involved. If both the Lewis acid and base are uncharged, the resulting bond is termed semipolar or coordinate, as in the reaction of boron trifluoride with ammonia: