ostariophysan: Fin spines and adipose fin: An adipose fin consists of a small to elongated fleshy or fatty structure without fin ray supports, located dorsally between the rayed dorsal fin and caudal (tail) fin. It is present in most ostariophysan fishes.

adipose tissue, connective tissue consisting mainly of fat cells (adipose cells, or adipocytes), specialized to synthesize and contain large globules of fat, within a structural network of fibres. It is found mainly under the skin but also in deposits between the muscles, in the intestines and in

Fröhlich’s syndrome, rare childhood metabolic disorder characterized by obesity, growth retardation, and retarded development of the genital organs. It is usually associated with tumours of the hypothalamus, causing increased appetite and depressed secretion of gonadotropin. The disease is named

adipsia, rare disorder characterized by the lack of thirst even in the presence of dehydration. In adipsia the brain’s thirst centre, located in the hypothalamus, is damaged. People with adipsia have little or no sensation of thirst when they become dehydrated. These people must be instructed, even

Pampa: Pampa’s great work was the Adipurana (“First [or Original] Scriptures”), in which Jain teaching and tenets are expounded. Another epic of his creation is the Pampa-Bharata (c. 950; Bharata is both the ancient name for India and the name of a famous king), in which Pampa likened his royal master…

anorthosite: …(1,040 square miles), and the Adirondack Anorthosite is exposed over an area of about 3,900 square km (1,560 square miles). The Bushveld Complex underlies an area of about 50,000 square km (20,000 square miles); and the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe, another layered complex, has been traced for more than 480…

Adirondack Mountains: The state-owned Adirondack Forest Preserve now comprises some 3,900 square miles (10,100 square km) within the park and is a popular tourist area. The majority of the land in Adirondack Park, however, is privately owned and used for lumbering, agriculture, and recreation. The mining of iron ore,…

rustic style, in decorative arts, any ruralizing influence; more precisely, a type of furniture made of wood or metal, the main components of which are carved and fretted to resemble the branches of trees. Stemming from the idealization of nature and the “simple life” that occurred in the mid-18th

Adirondack Mountains, mountains in northeastern New York state, U.S. They extend southward from the St. Lawrence River valley and Lake Champlain to the Mohawk River valley. The mountains are only sparsely settled, and much of the area exists in a primitive natural state, protected by state law.

Essex: …Mountains, is entirely occupied by Adirondack Park (1892), which is one of the largest parks in the United States and the nation’s first forest preserve. Mount Marcy, in the central part of the county, is the highest point in the state (5,344 feet [1,629 metres]); surrounding peaks include Haystack, Skylight,…

Adirondack Mountains, mountains in northeastern New York state, U.S. They extend southward from the St. Lawrence River valley and Lake Champlain to the Mohawk River valley. The mountains are only sparsely settled, and much of the area exists in a primitive natural state, protected by state law.

Addis Ababa, capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It is located on a well-watered plateau surrounded by hills and mountains in the geographic centre of the country. Only since the late 19th century has Addis Ababa been the capital of the Ethiopian state. Its immediate predecessor, Entoto, was

Audre Lorde was an American poet, essayist, and autobiographer known for her passionate writings on lesbian feminism and racial issues. The daughter of Grenadan parents, Lorde attended Hunter College and received a B.A. in 1959 and a master’s degree in library science in 1961. She married in 1962

adit, a horizontal or near-horizontal passage driven from the Earth’s surface into the side of a ridge or mountain for the purpose of working, ventilating, or removing water from a mine. Where either a vertical shaft or an adit can be used to reach a mineral deposit, the generally lower cost of

Aditi, in the Vedic phase of Hindu mythology, the personification of the infinite and mother of a group of celestial deities, the Adityas. As a primeval goddess, she is referred to as the mother of many gods, including Vishnu in his dwarf incarnation and, in a later reappearance, Krishna. She

Aditi: …group of celestial deities, the Adityas. As a primeval goddess, she is referred to as the mother of many gods, including Vishnu in his dwarf incarnation and, in a later reappearance, Krishna. She supports the sky, sustains all existence, and nourishes the earth. It is in the latter sense that…

Halide Edib Adıvar was a novelist and pioneer in the emancipation of women in Turkey. Educated by private tutors and at the American College for Girls in Istanbul, she became actively engaged in Turkish literary, political, and social movements. She divorced her first husband in 1910 because she

Halide Edib Adıvar was a novelist and pioneer in the emancipation of women in Turkey. Educated by private tutors and at the American College for Girls in Istanbul, she became actively engaged in Turkish literary, political, and social movements. She divorced her first husband in 1910 because she

Adivasi, any of various ethnic groups considered to be the original inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent. The term is used primarily in India and Bangladesh. In the constitution of India, promulgated in 1950, most of these groups were listed—or scheduled—as targets for social and economic

Adıyaman: …Turkish republic, it was renamed Adıyaman in 1926. The ruins of Perre are just to the north.

Adıyaman, city located in a valley of southeastern Turkey. Founded in the 8th century by the Umayyad Arabs near the site of ancient Perre, Ḥiṣn Manṣūr was later fortified by Caliph Hārūn al-Rashīd and became the chief town of the area, replacing Perre. Ruled successively by the Byzantines, the

Benin: Ethnic groups: …other southern groups are various Adja peoples, including the Aizo, the Holi, and the Mina.

Les Diaboliques: …her victim and French actress Isabelle Adjani in the wife role.

Ajaria, autonomous republic in Georgia, in the southwestern corner of that country, adjacent to the Black Sea and the Turkish frontier. It is largely mountainous with the exception of a narrow coastal strip. Batumi is the capital and largest city. Area 1,112 square miles (2,880 square km). Pop.

David Adjaye: …published as a seven-volume set, Adjaye Africa Architecture: A Photographic Survey of Metropolitan Architecture (2011; also published as African Metropolitan Architecture). He also authored or coauthored several other publications, including David Adjaye: Houses: Recycling, Reconfiguring, Rebuilding (2005), David Adjaye: Making Public Buildings: Specificity, Customization, Imbrication (2006), David Adjaye: A House…

David Adjaye is a British-based architect of Ghanaian descent who won international acclaim for his diverse designs and innovative use of materials and light. Adjaye was born to Ghanaian parents in Tanzania, where his father, a diplomat, was stationed at the time. Because of his father’s career,

David Adjaye is a British-based architect of Ghanaian descent who won international acclaim for his diverse designs and innovative use of materials and light. Adjaye was born to Ghanaian parents in Tanzania, where his father, a diplomat, was stationed at the time. Because of his father’s career,

adjective, a word or phrase that modifies, or specifies, the meaning of a noun or pronoun. An adjective provides additional information about a noun or pronoun by answering the question What kind? (for example, a green bicycle), Which one? (the second episode), How much? (more ice cream), How many?

procedural law, the law governing the machinery of the courts and the methods by which both the state and the individual (the latter including groups, whether incorporated or not) enforce their rights in the several courts. Procedural law prescribes the means of enforcing rights or providing

Marseille: Government: …a local government of 27 adjoints, each with responsibility for a particular facet of government, such as town planning, culture, finance, employment, or transport, and by delegate councillors who assist the adjoints or undertake more detailed responsibilities.

foundations of mathematics: Isomorphic structures: …in foundations and elsewhere are adjoint functors (F,G). These are pairs of functors between two categories 𝒜 and ℬ, which go in opposite directions such that a one-to-one correspondence exists between the set of arrows F(A) → B in ℬ and the set of arrows A → G(B) in 𝒜—that…

chess: Standard controls: …events a game was usually adjourned after the first five-hour session of play and resumed at a later time. Critics said this gave a player an unfair chance to consult colleagues, seconds, or, after 1980, even computers.

bankruptcy: Assets subject to liquidation proceedings: …the bankrupt subsequent to his adjudication or conveyed away by him prior to that date.

English language: Origins and basic characteristics: …employ a plural noun as adjunct (modifier), as in wages board and sports editor; or even a conjunctional group, as in prices and incomes policy and parks and gardens committee. Any word class may alter its function in this way: the ins and outs (prepositions becoming nouns), no buts (conjunction…

hand tool: Plumb line, level, and square: The adjustable, or bevel, square was used for angles other than 90 degrees beginning in the 17th century. In the earliest examples, the thin blade moved stiffly because it was riveted into a slot in the thick blade. Later models of the 19th century, however, were…

wrench: The adjustable pipe, or Stillson, wrench is used to hold or turn pipes or circular bars. This wrench has serrated jaws, one of which is pivoted on the handle to create a strong gripping action on the work.

United States: The George W. Bush administration: …mortgages, most of which were adjustable-rate mortgages (ARM) at low, so-called teaser, interest rates that ballooned after a few years. The rates for many of those ARMs jumped at the same time that overbuilding undercut the housing market; foreclosures mounted, and investment banks that under recent deregulation had been allowed…

Atom Egoyan: The premise for The Adjuster (1991) took shape as Egoyan studied the insurance agent who came to assess the damage to his family’s business when it was destroyed by fire. Egoyan followed those films with Calendar (1993), in which he starred as a Canadian photographer taking snapshots of…

adjustment, in psychology, the behavioral process by which humans and other animals maintain an equilibrium among their various needs or between their needs and the obstacles of their environments. A sequence of adjustment begins when a need is felt and ends when it is satisfied. Hungry people, for

contract: Performance: The task of adjustment is relatively easy in cases in which both parties made a mistake or in which one party laboured under a mistaken assumption that was, or plainly should have been, known to the other. The problem of mistake becomes more intractable when the error is…

Matt Damon: The Departed, Invictus, and True Grit: …he starred in the thriller The Adjustment Bureau, based on a story by Philip K. Dick; Contagion, Soderbergh’s thriller about a deadly virus; and We Bought a Zoo, adapted from a memoir about a family who moves to a wildlife park. Damon then wrote with costar John Krasinski the drama…

international payment and exchange: The function of gold: …gold standard provided an automatic adjustment mechanism, that is, a mechanism that prevented any country from running large and persistent deficits or surpluses. It worked in the following manner. A country running a deficit would see its currency depreciate to the gold-export point. Arbitrage would then result in a gold…

nervous system: Nervous systems: …to an adjustor, called an interneuron. (All neurons are capable of conducting an impulse, which is a brief change in the electrical charge on the cell membrane. Such an impulse can be transmitted, without loss in strength, many times along an axon until the message, or input, reaches another neuron,…

adjutant, an officer who assists the commander of a military unit. In British and Commonwealth armed forces the adjutant is the principal administrative staff officer of the commander of a battalion, battle group, regiment, squadron, or military post. In the United States Army a human resources

aide-de-camp, (French: “camp assistant”), an officer on the personal staff of a general, admiral, or other high-ranking commander who acts as his confidential secretary in routine matters. On Napoleon’s staff such officers were frequently of high military qualifications and acted both as his “eyes”

stork: The adjutant stork (Leptoptilos dubius), or adjutant bird, of India and southeastern Asia, and the lesser adjutant (L. javanicus) are typical scavengers with naked pink skin on the head and neck.

adjutant general, an army or air force official, originally the chief assistant or staff officer to a general in command but later a senior staff officer with solely administrative responsibilities. In Britain the second military member of the army council was historically styled adjutant general

stork: The adjutant stork (Leptoptilos dubius), or adjutant bird, of India and southeastern Asia, and the lesser adjutant (L. javanicus) are typical scavengers with naked pink skin on the head and neck.

Detlev, baron von Liliencron: …Liliencron published his first book, Adjutantenritte und andere Gedichte (“Rides of the Adjutant and Other Poems”). The poems in this collection broke with established literary conventions; it has been called a landmark in the development of Naturalism in Germany.

adjuvant, substance that enhances the effect of a particular medical treatment. Administration of one drug may enhance the effect of another. In anesthesia, for example, sedative drugs are customarily given before an operation to reduce the quantity of anesthetic drug needed. In immunology an

therapeutics: Chemotherapy: Adjuvant chemotherapy is the use of drugs to eradicate or suppress residual disease after surgery or irradiation has been used to treat the tumour. This is necessary because distant micrometastases often occur beyond the primary tumour site. Adjuvant chemotherapy reduces the rate of recurrence of…

Adkins v. Children’s Hospital, (1923), U.S. Supreme Court case in which the court invalidated a board established by Congress to set minimum wages for women workers in the District of Columbia. Congress in 1918 had authorized the Wage Board to ascertain and fix adequate wages for women employees in

Adele is an English pop singer and songwriter whose soulful emotive voice and traditionally crafted songs made her one of the most broadly popular performers of her generation. Adkins was raised by a young single mother in various working-class neighbourhoods of London. As a child, she enjoyed

Who were the Von Erich wrestling family?: Fritz Von Erich (1929–97): …people say they were cursed? First, some context: this famous family’s legal surname wasn’t “Von Erich” at all. The name was adopted by Fritz (born Jack Adkisson) as part of his wrestling persona. Debuting under his given name in 1952 and assuming the character of a…

Leonard M. Adleman is an American computer scientist and cowinner, with American computer scientist Ronald L. Rivest and Israeli cryptographer Adi Shamir, of the 2002 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for their “ingenious contribution for making public-key cryptography

Sherman Minton: …program in the case of Joint Anti-fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath, which validated the federal government’s requirement (1947) that federal employees pledge loyalty to the U.S. government and the establishment of loyalty boards to investigate potential disloyalty. The following year he wrote the opinion of the court in Adler v.…

Guns N’ Roses: Guns N’ Roses was formed in Los…

Alfred Adler was a psychiatrist whose influential system of individual psychology introduced the term inferiority feeling, later widely and often inaccurately called inferiority complex. He developed a flexible, supportive psychotherapy to direct those emotionally disabled by inferiority feelings

Anastasia: Production notes and credits:

Cyrus Adler was a scholar, educator, editor, and Conservative Jewish leader who had great influence on American Jewish life in his time. Adler received his Ph.D. in Semitics in 1887 from Johns Hopkins University, where he later taught Semitic languages. In 1892 he founded the American Jewish

Dankmar Adler was an architect and engineer whose partnership with Louis Sullivan was perhaps the most famous and influential in American architecture. Adler immigrated to the United States in 1854 and settled in Detroit, where he began his study of architecture in 1857. Later he moved to Chicago,

Felix Adler was an American educator and founder of the Ethical Movement. (Read Peter Singer’s Britannica entry on ethics.) The son of a rabbi, Adler immigrated to the United States with his family in 1856 and graduated from Columbia College in 1870. After study at the Universities of Berlin and

Karl, count von Stürgkh: …shot by the left-wing socialist Friedrich Adler in October 1916 during World War I.

Guido Adler was an Austrian musicologist and teacher who was one of the founders of modern musicology. Adler’s family moved to Vienna in 1864, and four years later he began to study music theory and composition with Anton Bruckner at the Vienna Conservatory. Intending to pursue a career in law,

Sara Adler: …she divorced Heine and married Jacob Adler, the leading tragic actor on the American Yiddish stage. Jacob Adler, together with playwright Jacob Gordin, was undertaking to revitalize the Yiddish theatre, then overburdened by outmoded stock material, with modern drama reflecting the urban milieu of Jews in the United States. Sara…

Kurt Adler was an Austrian American chorus master and opera conductor who was known for his three-decade-long tenure (1943–73) at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. In addition to conducting more than 20 different operas and preparing the Met’s chorus for 30 years, Adler edited many volumes

Kurt Herbert Adler was an Austrian-born American conductor and administrator who transformed the San Francisco Opera into one of the nation’s leading opera companies. Adler was educated in Vienna at the Academy of Music, the Conservatory, and the University of Vienna. In the decade following his

Larry Adler was an American harmonica player generally considered to be responsible for the elevation of the mouth organ to concert status in the world of classical music. Adler’s family was not particularly musical, but their observance of Orthodox Judaism provided access to religious music. By

Lawrence James Adler was a Hungarian-born Australian businessman, founder of the Fire and All Risks Insurance Co. (later renamed FAI Insurance, Ltd.) and one of the 10 richest men in the country. Adler, whose father died in a Nazi concentration camp during World War II, fled his Hungarian homeland

Larry Adler was an American harmonica player generally considered to be responsible for the elevation of the mouth organ to concert status in the world of classical music. Adler’s family was not particularly musical, but their observance of Orthodox Judaism provided access to religious music. By

Lawrence James Adler was a Hungarian-born Australian businessman, founder of the Fire and All Risks Insurance Co. (later renamed FAI Insurance, Ltd.) and one of the 10 richest men in the country. Adler, whose father died in a Nazi concentration camp during World War II, fled his Hungarian homeland

Lou Adler: Although he lacked the signature sound of Phil Spector or Brian Wilson, Lou Adler was an important catalyst for the new folk-rock sound of California. After working with Herb Alpert as a songwriter, producer, and artist manager at Keen and Dore Records in the late…

Mortimer J. Adler was an American philosopher, educator, editor, and advocate of adult and general education by study of the great writings of the Western world. While still in public school, Adler was taken on as a copyboy by the New York Sun, where he stayed for two years doing a variety of

Mortimer J. Adler was an American philosopher, educator, editor, and advocate of adult and general education by study of the great writings of the Western world. While still in public school, Adler was taken on as a copyboy by the New York Sun, where he stayed for two years doing a variety of

Nathan Marcus Adler was the chief rabbi of the British Empire, who founded Jews’ College and the United Synagogue. Adler became chief rabbi of Oldenburg in 1829 and of Hanover in 1830. On Oct. 13, 1844, he was elected chief rabbi in London. There he originated and carried out his scheme for a

Arnold Schoenberg: Early life: …with Austrian musician and physician Oskar Adler (later the famed astrologer and author of The Testament of Astrology) was a decisive one. Adler encouraged him to learn the cello so that a group of friends could play string quartets. Schoenberg promptly began composing quartets, although he had to wait for…

Renata Adler is an Italian-born American journalist, experimental novelist, and film critic best known for her analytic essays and reviews for The New Yorker magazine and for her 1986 book that investigates the news media. Adler was educated at Bryn Mawr (Pennsylvania) College, the Sorbonne, and

Sara Adler was a Russian-born American actress, one of the most celebrated figures in the American Yiddish theatre. Sara Levitzky was born of a well-to-do Jewish family. She studied singing at the Odessa Conservatory for a time and then joined a Yiddish theatre troupe managed by Maurice Heine, whom

Stella Adler was an American actress, teacher, and founder of the Stella Adler Conservatory of Acting in New York City (1949), where she tutored performers in “the method” technique of acting (see Stanislavsky method). Adler was the daughter of classical Yiddish stage tragedians Jacob and Sara

Victor Adler was an Austrian Social Democrat, founder of a party representing all the nationalities of Austria-Hungary. Born into a wealthy Jewish family, Adler studied medicine at the University of Vienna, receiving his degree in 1881. While there, he became a member of Georg von Schönerer’s

Orlice Mountains, mountain range, a subgroup of the Sudeten mountains in northeastern Bohemia, Czech Republic, forming part of the frontier with Poland for a distance of 25 miles (40 km). The mountains are, for the most part, made up of crystalline rocks, like most of the northern highland rim of

Georg, Count Adlersparre was a political and social reformer who was a leader of the 1809 coup d’état that overthrew Sweden’s absolutist king Gustav IV. Holding the rank of lieutenant colonel in the army, Adlersparre led a faction of officers that, with another group, the “men of 1809,” deposed

Egypt: The interwar period: …instead to the Liberal Constitutionalist ʿAdlī Yakan, while Zaghloul held the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies until his death in 1927. Once again, tension developed between the parliament and the king, and in April 1927 ʿAdlī resigned, to be succeeded by another Liberal Constitutionalist, ʿAbd al-Khāliq Tharwat (Sarwat) Pasha,…

Egypt: The interwar period: …instead to the Liberal Constitutionalist ʿAdlī Yakan, while Zaghloul held the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies until his death in 1927. Once again, tension developed between the parliament and the king, and in April 1927 ʿAdlī resigned, to be succeeded by another Liberal Constitutionalist, ʿAbd al-Khāliq Tharwat (Sarwat) Pasha,…

Australian Democratic Labor Party, (ADLP), right-wing political party in Australia founded in 1956–57 by Roman Catholic and other defectors from the Australian Labor Party. Militantly anticommunist, the ADLP supported Western and other anticommunist powers in Oceania and Southeast Asia and strongly

activities of daily living (ADLs), any task that commonly is completed by most persons, that is performed habitually or repeatedly at regular intervals, and that often serves as a prerequisite for other activities. Examples of ADLs include dressing, eating, attending to hygiene, toileting, and

fumitory: The related climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), also known as Allegheny vine or mountain fringe, is a sprawling herbaceous biennial that coils its long leafstalks around supports. It reaches 3.5 metres (11.5 feet) in height and has clusters of white or pinkish tubular flowers borne among delicately cut…

molybdenum processing: Chemically pure molybdic oxide: …suitable for the manufacture of ammonium molybdate (ADM) and sodium molybdate, which are starting materials for all sorts of molybdenum chemicals. These compounds are obtained by reacting chemically pure MoO3 with aqueous ammonia or sodium hydroxide. Ammonium molybdate, in the form of white crystals, assays 81 to 83 percent MoO3,…

Patricia A. Woertz: …of the agricultural processing corporation Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM) from 2006 to 2014.

United Arab Emirates: Resources and power: …held by an ADNOC subsidiary, Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company (ADMA-OPCO), which is partially owned by British, French, and Japanese interests. One of the main offshore fields is located in Umm al-Shāʾif. Al-Bunduq offshore field is shared with neighboring Qatar but is operated by ADMA-OPCO. A Japanese consortium operates an…

Admetus, in Greek legend, son of Pheres, king of Pherae in Thessaly. Having sued for the hand of Alcestis, the most beautiful of the daughters of Pelias, king of Iolcos in Thessaly, Admetus was first required to harness a lion and a boar to a chariot. Apollo, who, for having killed the Cyclopes,

Henri Loyrette: …served as president (2013–15) of Admical, a nonprofit organization involved in corporate philanthropy.

administered price, price determined by an individual producer or seller and not purely by market forces. Administered prices are common in industries with few competitors and those in which costs tend to be rigid and more or less uniform. They are considered undesirable when they cause prices to

business organization: Types of business associations: …essential feature, a system of management, varies greatly. In a simple form of business association the members who provide the assets are entitled to participate in the management unless otherwise agreed. In the more complex form of association, such as the company or corporation of the Anglo-American common-law countries, members…

administration, in law, the management of an estate by a person, other than the legal owner, appointed or supervised by a court. The term is most often used to describe the management of a decedent’s estate by an administrator or executor, a ward’s estate by a guardian, the estate of a person

Middlesex: Under the Administration of Justice Act (1964) the Middlesex area of London was deemed a county for purposes of law. The name Middlesex continues to be used for postal districts and in the names of many county institutions and organizations.

Administration of Justice Act, British act (1774) that had the stated purpose of ensuring a fair trial for British officials who were charged with capital offenses while upholding the law or quelling protests in Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was one of several punitive measures, known as the

Central Intelligence Agency: Organization and responsibilities: The Directorate of Administration is responsible for the CIA’s finances and personnel matters. It also contains the Office of Security, which is responsible for the security of personnel, facilities, and information as well as for uncovering spies within the CIA.

administrative law, the legal framework within which public administration is carried out. It derives from the need to create and develop a system of public administration under law, a concept that may be compared with the much older notion of justice under law. Since administration involves the

bureaucracy: Trends in bureaucratic organization: The classic work Administrative Behavior, originally published in 1947 from the doctoral dissertation of the American social scientist Herbert Simon, dissected the vintage bureaucratic paradigm and concluded that it was frequently inconsistent with psychological and social realities. Workers on production lines, for example, often generated their own norms…